Abstract
Three basic models of attributional sex differences are reviewed: General Externality, Self-Derogation, and Low Expectancy. Although all of the models predict that women are unlikely to attribute their successes to ability, the models were quite different in other predictions. A meta-analysis of 21 studies examining sex differences in success-failure attributions was done to determine which of these three models had the most empirical support. Wording of attribution questions was also assessed. Results indicated only two consistent sex differences: Men make stronger ability attributions than women regardless of the outcome when informational attributional wording is used; and men attribute their successes and failures less to luck. Empirically, none of the models was well supported.
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Frieze, I.H., Whitley, B.E., Hanusa, B.H. et al. Assessing the theoretical models for sex differences in causal attributions for success and failure. Sex Roles 8, 333–343 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287273
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287273