Skip to main content
Log in

Oncology imaging: nodal spread-intrathoracic nodes

  • Review Article
  • Oncology Imaging
  • Published:
European Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Naruke T, Suemasu K, Ishikawa S. (1978) Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76: 832–839.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mountain CF, Carr DT, Anderson WAD (1974) A system for the clinical staging of lung cancer. AJR 120: 130–138.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mountain CF (1986) A new international staging system for lung cancer. Chest 89 (Suppl): 223S–225S.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Thoracic Society (1983) Clinical staging of primary lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pearson FG, Delarue NC, Ilves R, Todd TRJ, Cooper JD (1982) Significance of positive superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable cancer of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 3: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Funatsu T. Matsubaru Y, Hatakenaka R, Kosaba S, Yasuda Y, Ikeda S (1992) The role of mediastinoscopic biopsy in preoperative assessment of lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 104: 1688–1695.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Goldstraw P, Mannam GC, Kaplan DK, Michail P (1994) Surgical management of non-small cell lung cancer with ipsilateral mediastinal node metastasis (N2 disease). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107: 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  8. de Leyn P, Schoonooghe P, Deneffe G, Van Raemdonck D, Coosemans W, Vansteenskiste J, Lerut T (1995) Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer with unsuspected metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal nodes (N2 disease). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg (in press).

  9. Martini N, Kris MG, Flehinger BJ, Gralla RJ, Bains MS, Burt ME, Heelan R, McCormack PM, Pisters KMW, Rigas JR, Rusch VW, Ginsberg RJ (1993) Preoperative chemotherapy for stage IIIa (N2) lung cancer: the Sloan-Kettering experience with 136 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 55: 1365–1374.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Roth JA, Fosella F, Komaki R, Ryan MB, Putnam JB, Lee JS, Dhingra H, Caro L de, Chasen M, McGavran M, Atkinson EN, Hong WK (1994) A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage III A non-small cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 673–680.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Carlens E (1959) Mediastinoscopy: a method for inspection and tissue biopsy in the superior mediastinum. Dis Chest 36: 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Patterson GA, Ginsberg RJ, Poon PY, Cooper JD, Goldberg M, Jones D, Pearson FG, Todd TR, Waters P, Bull S (1987) A prospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy in the preoperative assessment of mediastinal node status in bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94: 679–684.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Webb WR, Gamsu G, Stark DD, Moore EH (1984) Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and abnormal pulmonary hila. Radiology 152: 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Batra P, Brown K, Steckel RJ, Collins JD, Ovenfors CO, Aberle D (1988) MR imaging of the thorax: a comparison of axial, coronal and sagittal imaging planes. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Chenevert TL, Borrello JA, Penner MW, Quint LE, Li KC, Aisen AM (1988) Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging. Radiology 168: 429–431.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Grover FL (1994) The role of CT and MRI in staging of the mediastinum. Chest 106 (Suppl): 391S–396S.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Quint LE, Francis IR, Wahl RL, Gross BH, Glazer GM (1995) Preoperative staging of non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung: imaging methods. AJR 164: 1349–1359.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Webb WR, Golden JA (1991) Imaging strategies in the staging of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 12: 133–150.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Armstrong P, Vincent JM (1993) Staging non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Radiol 48: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Glazer GM, Gross BH, Quint LE, Francis IR, Bookstein FL, Orringer MB (1985) Normal mediastinal lymph nodes: number and size according to American Thoracic Society mapping. AJR 144: 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ikezoe J, Kadowaki K, Morimoto S (1990) Mediastinal lymph node metastases from non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma: re-evaluation with CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14: 340–344.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dillemans B, Deneffe G, Verschakelen J, Decramer M (1994) Value of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in preoperative evaluation of mediastinal nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 8: 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Becker GL, Whitlock WL, Schaefer PS, Tenholder MF (1990) The impact of thoracic computed tomography in clinically staged T1, N0, M0 chest lesions. Arch Intern Med 150: 557–559.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Parker LA, Mauro MA, Delany DJ (1991) Evaluation of T1N0M0 lung cancer with CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15: 943–947.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Seely JM, Mayo JR, Miller RR, Müller NL (1993) T1 lung cancer: prevalence of mediastinal nodal metastases and diagnostic accuracy of CT. Radiology 186: 129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  26. McLoud TC, Bourgouin PM, Greenberg RW, Kosiuk JP, Templeton PA, Shepard JA, Moore EH, Wain JC, Mathiesen DJ, Grillo HC (1992) Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 182: 319–323.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Buy JN, Ghossain MA, Poirson F, Bazot M, Meary E, Malbec L, Rochemaure J, Lebeau B, Prudent J, Capron F et al. (1988) Computed tomography of mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small-cell lung cancer: a new approach based on the lymphatic pathway of tumor spread. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 545–552.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Glazer GM (1989) Radiologic staging of lung cancer using CT and MRI. Chest 96 (Suppl): 44S–47S.

  29. Grenier Ph, Dubray B, Carette MF, Frija G, Musset D, Chastang CI (1989) Preoperative thoracic staging of lung cancer: CT and MR evaluation. Diagn Interv Radiol 1: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bekerman C, Caride VJ, Hoffer PB, Boles CA (1990) Non-invasive staging of lung cancer: indications and limitations of gallium-67 citrate imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 28: 497–510.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Matsuno S, Tanabe M, Kawasaki Y, Satoh K, Urrutia AE, Ohkawa M, Maeda M (1992) Effectiveness of planar image and single photon emission tomography of thallium-201 compared with gallium-67 in patients with primary lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 19: 86–95.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Yokoi K, Okuyama A, Mori K, Tominaga K, Miyazawa N, Takizawa I, Sasagawa M (1994) Mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer: evaluation with T1–201 SPECT — comparison with CT. Radiology 192: 813–817.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wahl RL, Quint LE, Greenough R, Meyer C, Whyte R, Orringer M (1994) Staging of mediastinal non-small cell lung cancer with FDG PET, CT, and fusion images: preliminary prospective evaluation. Radiology 191: 371–377.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lewis JW Jr, Pearlberg JL, Beute GH, Alpern M, Kvale PA, Gross BH, Magilligan DJ Jr (1990) Can computed tomography of the chest stage lung cancer? Yes and no. Ann Thorac Surg 49: 591–596.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Daly BD, Mueller JD, Faling LJ, Diehl JT, Bankoff MS, Karp DD, Rand WM (1993) N2 lung cancer: outcome in patients with false-negative computed tomographics scans of the chest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105: 904–911.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hansen HH, Dombernowsky P, Hirsch FR (1978) Staging procedures and prognostic features in small cell anaplastic bronchogenic carcinoma. Semin Oncol 5: 280–287.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Shepherd FA, Ginsberg RJ, Haddad R, Feld R, Sagman U, Evans WK, Boer G de, Maki E (1993) The importance of clinical staging in limited small-cell lung cancer: a valuable system to separate prognostic subgroups. J Clin Oncol 8: 1592–1597.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Stahel R, Aisner J, Ginsberg R et al. (1989) Staging and prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 5: 119.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wolfman NT, Scharling ES, Chen MYM (1994) Esophageal squamous carcinoma. Radiol Clin North Am 32: 1183–1201.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Herskovic A, Martz K, Al-Sarraf M, Leichman L, Brindle J, Vaitkevicius V, Cooper J, Byhardt R, Davis L, Emami B (1992) Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 326: 1593–1598.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hutter RVP et al. (eds) (1992) Esophagus. In: Manual for Staging of Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (4th edn). Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Kawamura T, Ono Y (1981) Principles of surgical treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus. Analysis of lymph node involvement. Ann Surg 194: 438–446.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Moss AA, Schnyder P, Thoeni RF, Margulis AR (1981) Esophageal carcinoma: pretherapy staging by computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 136: 1051–1056.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Quint LE, Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Gross BH (1985) Esophageal carcinoma: CT findings. Radiology 155: 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Halvorsen RA, Thompson WM (1984) Computed tomographic evaluation of esophageal carcinoma. Semin Oncol 11: 113–126.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lehr L, Rupp N, Siewert JR (1988) Assessment of resectability of esophageal cancer by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgery 103: 344–350.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Picus D, Balfe DM, Koehler RE, Roper CL, Owen JW (1983) Computed tomography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma. Radiology 146: 433–438.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rankin S, Mason R (1992) Staging of esophageal cancer. Clin Radiol 46: 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Vilgrain V, Mompoint D, Palazzo L, Menu Y, Gayet B, Ollier P, Nahum H, Fekete F (1990) Staging of esophageal carcinoma: comparison of results with endoscopic sonography and CT. Am J Roentgenol 155: 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Botet JF, Lightdale C (1992) Endoscopic ultrasonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Radiol Clin North Am 30: 1067–1083.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Caletti GC, Ferrari A, Fiorino S, Bocus P, Barbara L (1993) Staging of esophageal carcinoma by endoscopy. Endoscopy 25: 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tio TL, Coene PPLO, Schouwink MH, Tytgat GN (1989) Esophagogastric carcinoma: preoperative TNM classification with endosonography. Radiology 173: 411–417.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rice TW, Sivak MV, Coop FD (1991) Esophageal ultrasound and the preoperative staging of carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101: 536–544.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Heintz A, Höhne U, Schweden F, Junginger T (1991) Preoperative detection of intrathoracic tumor spread of esophageal cancer: endosonography versus computed tomography. Surg Endosc 5: 75–78.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Armengol Miro JR, Benjamin S, Binmoeller K et al. (1993) Clinical applications of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastroenterology — state of the art 1993. Results of a Consensus Conference, Orlando, Florida, 19 January 1993: Endoscopy 25: 358–366.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Botet JF, Lightdale CJ, Zauber AG, Gerdes H, Winawer SJ, Urmacher C, Brennan MF (1991) Preoperative staging of gastric cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology 181: 426–432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Overhagen H van, Lameris JS, Berger MV, Voorde F van der, Tilanus HW, Klooswijk A, Zonderland HM, Pal R van (1991) Supraclavicular lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: assessment with CT, US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Radiology 179: 155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Halvorsen RA Jr, Thompson WM (1989) Ct of esophageal neoplasms. Radiol Clin North Am 27: 667–685.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Filly R, Blank N, Castellino RA (1976) Radiographic distribution of intrathoracic disease in previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiology 120: 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Strijk SP, Heystraten FMJ (1987) Radiologic examination of the chest in staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Med Imaging 1: 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Castellino RA, Blank N, Hoppe RT, Cho C (1986) Hodgkin disease: contributions of chest CT in the initial staging evaluation. Radiology 160: 603–605.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers EW, Tubiana M (1971) Report of the committee on Hodgkin's disease staging. Cancer Res 31: 1860–1861.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lister TA, Crowther DM, Sutcliffe SB (1989) Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswold meeting. J Clin Oncol 7: 1630–1636.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Sandrasegaran K, Robinson PJ, Selby P (1994) Staging of lymphoma in adults. Clin Radiol 49: 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Cabanillas F, Fuller LM (1990) The radiologic assessment of the lymphoma patient from the standpoint of the clinician. Radiol Clin North Am 28: 683–695.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Castellino RA (1986) Hodgkin disease: practical concepts for the diagnostic radiologist. Radiology 159: 305–310.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Goffinet DR, Warnke R, Dunnick NR, Castellino R, Glatstein E, Nelsen TS et al. (1977) Clinical and surgical (laparotomy) evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 981–992.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Freeman C, Berg JW, Cutler SJ (1972) Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphoma. Cancer 29: 252–260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gallagher CJ, White FE, Tucker AK, Fry IK, Malpas JS, Lister TA (1984) The role of computerised tomography in the detection of intrathoracic lymphoma. Br J Cancer 49: 621–629.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Khoury MB, Godwin JD, Halvorsen R, Hanun Y, Putman CE (1986) Role of chest CT in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiology 158: 659–662.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Webb RW (1989) MR imaging of treated mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Radiology 170: 315–316.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Nyman R, Sehn SM, Glimelius BLG, Hagberg HE, Hemmingson AL, Sundstrom CJ (1989) Residual mediastinal masses in Hodgkin's disease: prediction of size with MR imaging. Radiology 170: 435–440.

    Google Scholar 

  73. McLaughlin AF, Magee MA, Greenough R, Allman KC, Southee AE, Meikle SR et al. (1990) Current role of gallium scanning in the management of lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med 16: 755–771.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Front D, Israel O, Epelbaum R, Ben Haim S, Sapir EE, Jerushalmi J et al. (1990) Ga-67 SPECT before and after treatment of lymphoma. Radiology 175: 515–519.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kaplan WD, Jochelson M, Herman T, Stomper P (1988) Use of gallium-67 citrate (Ga-67) to predict response to therapy of diffuse, large cell lymphoma (DLCL). J Nucl Med 29: 799.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wittich GR, Nowels KW, Korn RL, Walter RM, Lucas DE, Dake MD et al. (1992) Coaxial transthoracic fine-needle biopsy in patients with a history of malignant lymphoma. Radiology 183: 175–178.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Correspondence to: J. A. Verschakelen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Verschakelen, J.A., De Leyn, P., Bogaert, J. et al. Oncology imaging: nodal spread-intrathoracic nodes. Eur. Radiol. 6, 251–261 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180590

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180590

Keywords

Navigation