Abstract
The digestive system is essential to life. It breaks food into small molecules and absorbs nutrients into the blood stream so then they can be used for energy, growth, and repair. Functions of the digestive system are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones, local paracrine messengers, immune factors, and microbiota in the gut. Dopamine is a type of catecholamine that is found not only in the brain but also in the gut, including the enteric nervous system, epithelial cells, endocrine cells, and immune cells. A great mount of dopamine is also detected in the feces. Dopamine receptors and the enzymes involved in dopamine synthesis and metabolism are widely distributed in the gut. Therefore, dopamine in the gut has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain has been found in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Paradoxically, enzymes for dopamine synthesis and dopamine transporter levels are higher in the gut of PD animal models. Patients with PD often have impairment in gastrointestinal function such as gastroparesis or constipation, which usually appears many years before motor symptoms are diagnosed. Dopamine has been found to influence gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and mucosal barrier function. Recently, dopamine has also been reported to have anti-inflammation and anti-tumor functions. This chapter provides a brief overview of the dopaminergic system and the latest advances in dopamine receptor signaling. The role of dopamine in the regulation of gut functions will be discussed in detail in the following chapters.
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Abbreviations
- 3-MT:
-
3-Methoxytyramine
- Akt:
-
Protein kinase B
- ALDH:
-
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALR/AR:
-
Aldehyde/aldose reductase
- AMPA:
-
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- CaMKII:
-
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
- cAMP:
-
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- CDK5:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COMT:
-
Catechol-o-methyltransferase
- CREB:
-
cAMP response element-binding protein
- D1R:
-
Dopamine D1 receptor
- D2L:
-
Dopamine D2 receptor-long
- D2R:
-
Dopamine D2 receptor
- D2S:
-
Dopamine D2 receptor-short
- D3R:
-
Dopamine D3 receptor
- D4R:
-
Dopamine D4 receptor
- D5R:
-
Dopamine D5 receptor
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- DAG:
-
Diacylglycerol
- DARPP-32:
-
Dopamine and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein
- DAT:
-
Dopamine transporter
- DOPAC:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
- DOPAL:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
- DOPET:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol
- ENS:
-
Enteric nervous system
- GABAA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor
- GIRKs:
-
Inwardly rectifying potassium channels
- GPCR:
-
G protein-coupled receptor
- GSK-3:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HVA:
-
Homovanillic acid
- IP3:
-
Inositol trisphosphate
- l-DOPA:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
- MAO:
-
Monoamine oxidase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MB-COMT:
-
Membrane-bound COMT
- NMDA:
-
N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PIP2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKA:
-
Protein kinase A
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- PLA2:
-
Phospholipase A2
- PLC:
-
Phospholipase C
- PLD:
-
Phospholipase D
- PP1:
-
Protein phosphatase 1
- PP2A:
-
Protein phosphatase 2A
- PP2B:
-
Protein phosphatase calcineurin/protein phosphatase 2B
- PPP1R1B:
-
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B
- S-COMT:
-
Soluble COMT
- VMAT:
-
Vesicular monoamine transporter
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Liu, S., Zhu, JX. (2021). Introduction. In: Zhu, JX. (eds) Dopamine in the Gut. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6586-5_1
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Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-33-6585-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-33-6586-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)