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Alternatives to Antibiotics pp 3–32Cite as

Quest for Alternatives to Antibiotics: An Urgent Need of the Twenty-First Century

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Abstract

Antibiotics have saved uncountable lives from many infectious diseases caused by bacteria. But their inappropriate and indiscriminate use has given enough clues to some pathogenic bacteria to evolve as resistant microbial populations. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop new and innovative antibacterial agents with diverse chemical structures and mechanisms. Novel approaches ranging from naturally sourced to chemically synthesised compounds, nanomaterials and even symbiotic bacteria or their beneficial by-products are being investigated as potential alternatives to curb the menace of resistance development. Naturally sourced alternatives like phytochemicals, enzyme-based composites, antibodies, phage therapy, use of vaccine etc. have potential to reduce the load of antibiotic treatment. Chemical modification of antibiotics like semisynthetic modifications of vancomycin also has given the alternative routes to bypass resistance. Additionally, metal complexes, cationic amphiphiles and organic frameworks are also promising antibacterial entities which are synthetically designed in the chemical laboratories as alternative approaches. Polymeric biocides, dendrimeric entities and carbon-based and metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) also have been developed with potential antibacterial applications. Interestingly, the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics is being explored as alternatives to antibiotics because of their implications on enhancing mucosal immunity, thereby lessening the need of using antibiotics. There is ample scope to review the recent developments in these areas of research and postulate the future directives to overcome the crisis of drug resistance and implement effective antibacterial treatment. This chapter aims to present a cumulative introductory note for these promising alternative approaches and encourage the required scientific temperament to usher in the next-generation therapeutics.

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Abbreviations

ARGs:

Antibiotic resistance genes

MDR:

Multidrug resistant

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

WHO:

World Health Organisation

TB:

Tuberculosis

CRE:

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

FLs:

Flavonoids

EOs:

Essential oils

MICs:

Minimum inhibitory concentrations

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

QS:

Quorum sensing

QQ:

Quorum quenching

QSIs:

QS inhibitors

AMPs:

Antimicrobial peptides

SAR:

Structure–activity relationship

CNMs:

Carbon-based nanomaterials

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

AAD:

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

FOS :

Fructo-oligosaccharides

GOS :

Galacto-oligosaccharides

XOS:

Xylo-oligosaccharides

WGS:

Whole genome sequencing

AV:

Antivirulence

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Dr. Subires Bhattacharya, Vice Chancellor, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, India, for his inspiration and extending infrastructural support. We also express our sincere thanks to the Registrar (Officiating), Prof. Pranab Ghosh, University of North Bengal, for his valuable suggestions. We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Lalit P. Tirkey, Principal, North Bengal St. Xavier’s College (NBSXC), Rajganj, Jalpaiguri, for extending infrastructural support and valuable suggestions.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing conflict of interest.

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  1. Manab Deb Adhikari and Tilak Saha contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, India

    Manab Deb Adhikari & Tilak Saha

  2. Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, India

    Manab Deb Adhikari

  3. Department of Microbiology, North Bengal St. Xavier College, Rajganj, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India

    Bipransh Kumar Tiwary

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  1. Manab Deb Adhikari
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  3. Bipransh Kumar Tiwary
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India

    Tilak Saha

  2. Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India

    Manab Deb Adhikari

  3. Department of Microbiology, North Bengal St. Xavier’s College, Rajganj, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India

    Bipransh Kumar Tiwary

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Deb Adhikari, M., Saha, T., Tiwary, B.K. (2022). Quest for Alternatives to Antibiotics: An Urgent Need of the Twenty-First Century. In: Saha, T., Deb Adhikari, M., Tiwary, B.K. (eds) Alternatives to Antibiotics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1854-4_1

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