Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are analytical tools converting a biochemical reaction into an output current signal and are generally composed with a transducer and biorecognition platform. Electrochemical sensors should be stable with highly active catalytic sites and a fast reaction–diffusion biosystem. Carbon nanomaterials display the opportunity to be fastly printed on the various structures to get flexible electrodes as low-cost disposable ready-to-use for controlling human chronic diseases. In this chapter, techniques for the preparation of the electrodes based on carbon materials with various forms, including paper-based electrodes, screen printed, and flexible electrodes, are described. Also, the most important carbon printing strategies and the miniaturization processes of biosensors using 3D-printed carbon electrodes are discussed. The effect of the 3D printing strategy on the analytical performance of biosensors is highlighted. Also, this chapter presents an overview of the progress in the field and discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations of using miniaturized electrochemical biosensors as analytical tools to monitor organic pollutants and for clinical and cancer treatment.
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Fethi, A., Hicham, M. (2022). Carbon Electrodes as Emerging Platforms for Miniaturization of Electrochemical Biosensors. In: Chandra, P., Mahato, K. (eds) Miniaturized Biosensing Devices. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9897-2_2
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