Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecosystem Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Healthy Urbanism

Part of the book series: Planning, Environment, Cities ((PEC))

  • 557 Accesses

Abstract

Humans rely upon functioning ecosystems to produce clean air, water, food and many other services. The urban environment can be designed to reduce negative impacts on ecosystem health through infrastructure provision that treats nature as a partner. This chapter describes design and policy initiatives to sustain air, water and soil quality and greenspace and to improve waste, sanitation and mobility infrastructure. Policy and development case studies are used to illustrate the challenges and opportunities with implementing ecosystem health initiatives. For example, air pollution reduction policies in Beijing, China, illustrate the rapid pace of action that can be achieved through strong regulatory governance. Nature-based solutions are increasingly being used to meet ecosystem health requirements whilst adapting to the changing climate. An Indonesian example shows how sanitation infrastructure can be delivered using affordable and natural materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alirol, E., Getaz, L., Stoll, B., Chappuis, F., & Loutan, L. (2011). Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11, 131–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J., & Balfour, R. (2014). Natural solutions for tackling health inequalities. UCL Institute of Health Equity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Laurent, J. G. C., Flanigan, S. S., Eitland, E. S., & Spengler, J. D. (2015). Green buildings and health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2, 250–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, A., Deng, J., Du, K., Zheng, M., Yan, C., Sköld, M., & Gustafsson, Ö. (2015). Regionally-varying combustion sources of the January 2013 severe haze events over Eastern China. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 2038–2043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annerstedt van den Bosch, M., & Depledge, M. H. (2015). Healthy people with nature in mind. BMC Public Health, 15, 1232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asian Development Bank, Revitalising Informal Settlements and their Environments (RISE). (2021). Water-sensitive informal settlement upgrading: Overall principles and approach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, P. (2021). Regulation 28: Report to prevent future deaths. Ref: 2021-0113. Retrieved April 23, 2021 from https://www.judiciary.uk/publications/ella-kissi-debrah/

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. W., Williamson, C. E., Lucas, R. M., Robinson, S. A., Madronich, S., Paul, N. D., Bornman, J. F., Bais, A. F., Sulzberger, B., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., McKenzie, R. L., Neale, P. J., Austin, A. T., Bernhard, G. H., Solomon, K. R., Neale, R. E., Young, P. J., Norval, M., … Zepp, R. G. (2019). Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future. Nature Sustainability, 2, 569–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beatley, T. (2016). Handbook of biophilic city planning and design. Island Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Beato, C., & Velásquez, C. (2021). Participatory Slum upgrading and urban peacebuilding challenges in Favela settlements: The Vila Viva Program at Aglomerado da Serra (Belo Horizonte, Brazil). The Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 2, 155–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S. (2015). Renegotiating urban water. Progress in Planning, 96, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, I., Zhang, S., Kirkbride, J. B., Osborn, D. P. J., & Hayes, J. F. (2019). Air pollution (particulate matter) exposure and associations with depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis and suicide risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127, 126002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, E., Kindermann, G., Domegan, C., & Carlin, C. (2020). Blue care: A systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing. Health Promotion International, 35, 50–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullitt Center. (n.d.). Greywater system. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://bullittcenter.org/building/building-features/wastewater-use/

  • Buse, C. G., Oestreicher, J. S., Ellis, N. R., Patrick, R., Brisbois, B., Jenkins, A. P., McKellar, K., Kingsley, J., Gislason, M., Galway, L., McFarlane, A., Walker, J., Frumkin, H., & Parkes, M. (2018). Public health guide to field developments linking ecosystems, environments and health in the Anthropocene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72, 420–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Escobar, O., Fenton, C., & Craig, P. (2018). The impact of participatory budgeting on health and wellbeing: A scoping review of evaluations. BMC Public Health, 18, 822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, A. M., Rezende, B. de M., Santos, D. G. O., Miranda, I. G., Merladet, F. A. D., Coelho, L. X. P., de Oliveira, R. A. P., & Isaías, T. L. S. (2012). Vila Viva, a project of urban, social and political organization of Aglomerado da Serra: Analysis of effects.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centric Lab. (2020). Air pollution and health in Southall. A report for C.A.S.H.

    Google Scholar 

  • City of New York. (2010). Active design guidelines: Promoting physical activity and health in design.

    Google Scholar 

  • City of Seattle. (2015). Seattle launches Vision Zero plan to end traffic deaths and injuries by 2030 [WWW Document]. Seattle.gov. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from http://murray.seattle.gov/seattle-launches-vision-zero-plan-to-end-traffic-deaths-and-injuries-by-2030/

  • City of Seattle. (n.d.). Vision Zero—transportation. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/safety-first/vision-zero

  • Cole, H. V. S., Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J. T., García-Lamarca, M., Perez-del-Pulgar, C., Shokry, G., & Triguero-Mas, M. (2021). Adapting the environmental risk transition theory for urban health inequities: An observational study examining complex environmental riskscapes in seven neighborhoods in Global North cities. Social Science & Medicine, 277, 113907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, H. V. S., Lamarca, M. G., Connolly, J. J. T., & Anguelovski, I. (2017). Are green cities healthy and equitable? Unpacking the relationship between health, green space and gentrification. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71, 1118–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corburn, J., & Sverdlik, A. (2017). Slum upgrading and health equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corkery, L. (2015). Urban greenspaces and human well-being. In H. Barton, S. Thompson, M. Grant, & S. Burgess (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of planning for health and well-being: Shaping a Sustainable and healthy future (pp. 239–253). Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dakubo, C. Y. (2011). Ecosystems and human health: A critical approach to ecohealth research and practice. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, M. A. d. S., Friche, A. A. d. L., Mingoti, S. A., Costa, D. A. d. S., Andrade, A. C. d. S., Freire, F. M., de Oliveira, V. B., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2019). Mortality from homicides in slums in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil: An evaluation of the impact of a re-urbanization project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias, M. A. d. S., Friche, A. A. d. L., de Oliveira, V. B., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2015). The Belo Horizonte Observatory for Urban Health: Its history and current challenges. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31, 277–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, C. (2020). Air pollution from road traffic contributed to girl’s death from asthma, coroner concludes. BMJ, 371, m4902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ECDG. (2015). Towards an EU research and innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities: Final report of the Horizon 2020 expert group on ‘Nature based solutions and re naturing cities’: (full version). Publications Office, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P., & Tsouros, A. D. (2008). A healthy city is an active city: A physical activity planning guide. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. D., Iroz-Elardo, N., MacLeod, K. E., & Hong, A. (2019). Pathways from built environment to health: A conceptual framework linking behavior and exposure-based impacts. Journal of Transport and Health, 12, 319–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friche, A. A. d. L., Dias, M. A. d. S., Reis, P. B. d., Dias, C. S., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2015). Urban upgrading and its impact on health: A “quasi-experimental” mixed-methods study protocol for the BH-Viva Project. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31, 51–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, J., Baldauf, R., Fuller, C. H., Kumar, P., Gill, L. W., & McNabola, A. (2015). Passive methods for improving air quality in the built environment: A review of porous and solid barriers. Atmospheric Environment, 120, 61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M. P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220, 1207–1221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiassee, C., Urquhart, G., Duarte-Davidson, R., Wilding, J., Landeg-Cox, C., & Gittins, A. (2014). Key concepts and framework for investigation. In N. Bradley, H. Harrison, G. Hodgson, R. Kamanyire, A. Kibble, & V. Murray (Eds.), Essentials of environmental public health science (pp. 20–56). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. (2019). Families hit out at London gasworks redevelopment. The Observer. May 5, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/04/brownfield-site-new-homes-building-wrecking-health-southall

  • Griffin, J. (2020a). Residents demand new clean air rules for former gasworks sites in England. The Guardian. September 22, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/22/residents-demand-new-clean-air-rules-for-former-gasworks-sites-in-england

  • Griffin, J. (2020b). Londoners claim toxic air from gasworks damaging their health. The Guardian. August 27, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/27/londoners-claim-toxic-air-from-gasworks-damaging-their-health

  • Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: A global review of waste management. Urban Development Series; Knowledge Papers no. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, G., Zhou, W., Qian, Y., & Fisher, B. (2019). Breathing the same air? Socioeconomic disparities in PM2.5 exposure and the potential benefits from air filtration. Science of the Total Environment, 657, 619–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, R. F., Christian, H., Veitch, J., Astell-Burt, T., Hipp, J. A., & Schipperijn, J. (2015). The impact of interventions to promote physical activity in urban green space: A systematic review and recommendations for future research. Social Science & Medicine, 124, 246–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Health Equity. (2014). Local action on health inequalities: Improving access to green spaces. Health Equity Briefing 8. Public Health England, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, F. J., & Fussell, J. C. (2019). Improving indoor air quality, health and performance within environments where people live, travel, learn and work. Atmospheric Environment, 200, 90–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, M. C., South, E. C., & Branas, C. C. (2015). Nature-based strategies for improving urban health and safety. Journal of Urban Health, 92, 800–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kremen, C. (2005). Managing ecosystem services: What do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters, 8, 468–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, T. M., Vaartjes, I., Grobbee, D. E., Karssenberg, D., & Lakerveld, J. (2021). Associations between the built environment and obesity: An umbrella review. International Journal of Health Geographics, 20, 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennon, M., Douglas, O., & Scott, M. (2017). Urban green space for health and well-being: Developing an ‘affordances’ framework for planning and design. Journal of Urban Design, 22, 778–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., & Wang, S. (2019). The global issue of foreign waste. Lancet Planetary Health, 3, e120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, E., Carvalho, P., & Pedrosa Nahasunder, M. I. (2010). Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Villa Viva Programme—Aglomerado da Serra. UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Fink, C. (2008). Addressing women’s fear of victimization in transportation settings: A survey of U.S. transit agencies. Urban Affairs Review, 44, 554–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusk, A. C., Willett, W. C., Morris, V., Byner, C., & Li, Y. (2019). Bicycle facilities safest from crime and crashes: Perceptions of residents familiar with higher crime/lower income neighborhoods in Boston. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R. I., Weber, K., Padowski, J., Flörke, M., Schneider, C., Green, P. A., Gleeson, T., Eckman, S., Lehner, B., Balk, D., Boucher, T., Gril, G., & Montgomery, M. (2014). Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure. Global Environmental Change, 27, 96–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Khreis, H. (Eds.). (2019). Integrating human health into urban and transport planning: A framework. Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016). Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in cities. Environmental Health, 15, S38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauleit, S., Zölch, T., Hansen, R., Randrup, T. B., & Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C. (2017). Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Change—Four Shades of Green. In N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, & A. Bonn (Eds.), Nature-based solutions to climate change adaptation in urban areas: Linkages between science, policy and practice, theory and practice of urban sustainability transitions (pp. 29–49). Springer International Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, R., Peters, J., Booth, A., & Mudway, I. (2015). Is air pollution associated with increased risk of cognitive decline? A systematic review. Age and Ageing, 44, 755–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineo, H., Glonti, K., Rutter, H., Zimmermann, N., Wilkinson, P., & Davies, M. (2018a). Urban health indicator tools of the physical environment: A systematic review. Journal of Urban Health, 95, 613–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, J., & Barton, J. (2020). Nature-based interventions and mind–body interventions: Saving public health costs whilst increasing life satisfaction and happiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 7769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Public Health England. (n.d.). Health matters: Air pollution [WWW Document]. GOV.UK. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-air-pollution/health-matters-air-pollution

  • Richardson, M., Maspero, M., Golightly, D., Sheffield, D., Staples, V., & Lumber, R. (2017). Nature: A new paradigm for well-being and ergonomics. Ergonomics, 60, 292–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2017). Air pollution [WWW Document]. Our World Data. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution

  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (n.d.). Emissions by sector [WWW Document]. Our World Data. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector

  • Romanelli, C., Cooper, H. D., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Maiero, M., Karesh, W. B., Hunter, D., & Golden, C. D. (2015). Connecting global priorities: Biodiversity and human health, a state of knowledge review. World Health Organization and Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2016). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 80–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahlin, E., Ahlborg, G., Tenenbaum, A., & Grahn, P. (2015). Using nature-based rehabilitation to restart a stalled process of rehabilitation in individuals with stress-related mental illness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 1928–1951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., Salvo, D., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Cain, K. L., Davey, R., Kerr, J., Lai, P.-C., Mitáš, J., Reis, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Schofield, G., Troelsen, J., Van Dyck, D., … Owen, N. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 387, 2207–2217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., & Patel, S. (2018). Responding to climate change in cities and in their informal settlements and economies. International Institute for Environment and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J. M. (2019). Disasters. In S. Galea, C. K. Ettman, & D. Vlahov (Eds.), Urban health (pp. 156–165). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira, D. C., Carmo, R. F., & Luz, Z. M. P. (2019). Planning in four areas of the Vila Viva Program in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil: A documentary analysis. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 24, 1165–1174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanaway, J. D., Afshin, A., Gakidou, E., Lim, S. S., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, M., Abebe, Z., Abera, S. F., Abil, O. Z., Abraha, H. N., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392, 1923–1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigsdotter, U. K., Palsdottir, A. M., Burls, A., Chermaz, A., Ferrini, F., & Grahn, P. (2011). Nature-based therapeutic interventions. In K. Nilsson, M. Sangster, C. Gallis, T. Hartig, S. de Vries, K. Seeland, & J. Schipperijn (Eds.), Forests, trees and human health (pp. 309–342). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y.-T., Chan, F. K. S., O’Donnell, E. C., Griffiths, J., Lau, L., Higgitt, D. L., & Thorne, C. R. (2018). Aligning ancient and modern approaches to sustainable urban water management in China: Ningbo as a “Blue-Green City” in the “Sponge City” campaign. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11, e12451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twohig-Bennett, C., & Jones, A. (2018). The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research, 166, 628–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019a). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision, File 3: Urban Population at Mid-Year by Region, Subregion, Country and Area, 1950–2050 (thousands).

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019b). World population prospects 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423).

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch, M., & Ode Sang, Å. (2017). Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health—A systematic review of reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, A. (2020). Landmark ruling says air pollution contributed to death of 9-year-old. New Scientist. December 16, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2263165-landmark-ruling-says-air-pollution-contributed-to-death-of-9-year-old/

  • Wang, L., Zhang, F., Pilot, E., Yu, J., Nie, C., Holdaway, J., Yang, L., Li, Y., Wang, W., Vardoulakis, S., & Krafft, T. (2018). Taking action on air pollution control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region: Progress, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2013). Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution—REVIHAAP project: Technical report. WHO Regional Office for Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2016). Waste and human health: Evidence and needs. WHO Meeting Report, 5–6 November 2015, Bonn, Germany. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2018a). Global status report on road safety. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2018b). WHO housing and health guidelines. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2018c). Air pollution and child health: Prescribing clean air. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2020). Personal interventions and risk communication on air pollution. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2021a). WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2021b). Policies, regulations and legislation promoting healthy housing: A review. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund. (2017). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. 2017 update and SDG baseline. WHO and United Nations Children’s Fund, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Eds.). (2010). Hidden cities: Unmasking and overcoming health inequities in urban settings. WHO; UN-HABITAT, Kobe, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yolande, M., Kerry, F., Paul, H., Louise, U., Sian, M., & George, K. (2014). Contaminated land and public health. In N. Bradley, H. Harrison, G. Hodgson, R. Kamanyire, A. Kibble, & V. Murray (Eds.), Essentials of environmental public health science (pp. 115–145). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IEDE, University College London, London, UK

    Helen Pineo

Authors
  1. Helen Pineo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helen Pineo .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pineo, H. (2022). Ecosystem Health. In: Healthy Urbanism. Planning, Environment, Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9647-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9647-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9646-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-9647-3

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation