Abstract
Pathogenic infections cause tremendous health threats and socioeconomic burdens worldwide. Conventional methods for bacteria detection are laborious, time-consuming, expensive, and require particular devices and highly qualified specialists. Sensitive, selective, inexpensive, quick, and user-friendly biosensors are in urgent demand to prevent and detect bacterial infections in many fields, e.g., healthcare, food industry, or terrorism prevention. Among biorecognition elements utilized in biosensors, bacteriophages are highly promising due to their numerous advantages, such as host specificity, cheap and simple production, resistance to external factors, and ease of immobilization. Here we reviewed currently used methods for bacteria detection, pointing their advantages and disadvantages. We paid particular attention to bacteriophage-based methods, including phage-based sensors and phage display method.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ackermann H-W (2007) 5500 phages examined in the electron microscope. Arch Virol 152:227–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-006-0849-1
Ahmed A, Rushworth JV, Hirst NA, Millner PA (2014) Biosensors for whole-cell bacterial detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 27:631–646. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00120-13
Alam N, Oskam E, Stassen PM et al (2018) Prehospital antibiotics in the ambulance for sepsis: a multicentre, open label, randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med 6:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30469-1
Alexandrakis D, Brunton NP, Downey G, Scannell AGM (2012) Identification of spoilage marker metabolites in Irish chicken breast muscle using HPLC, GC-MS coupled with SPME and traditional chemical techniques. Food Bioprocess Technol 5:1917–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0500-8
Anany H, Brovko L, El Dougdoug NK et al (2018) Print to detect: a rapid and ultrasensitive phage-based dipstick assay for foodborne pathogens. Anal Bioanal Chem 410:1217–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0597-y
Armon R, Kott Y (1996) Bacteriophages as indicators of pollution. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 26:299–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389609388494
Armstrong DW, Schulte G, Schneiderheinze JM, Westenberg DJ (1999) Separating microbes in the manner of molecules. 1. Capillary electrokinetic approaches. Anal Chem 71:5465–5469. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac990779z
Armstrong DW, Girod M, He L et al (2002) Mechanistic aspects in the generation of apparent ultrahigh efficiencies for colloidal (microbial) electrokinetic separations. Anal Chem 74:5523–5530. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac025726n
Arora P, Sindhu A, Dilbaghi N, Chaudhury A (2011) Biosensors as innovative tools for the detection of food borne pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 28:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.002
Bárdy P, Pantůček R, Benešík M, Doškař J (2016) Genetically modified bacteriophages in applied microbiology. J Appl Microbiol 121:618–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13207
Bazan J, Całkosiñski I, Gamian A (2012) Phage displaya powerful technique for immunotherapy: 1. Introduction and potential of therapeutic applications. Hum Vaccines Immunother 8:1817–1828. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21703
Beckmann BM, Grünweller A, Weber MHW, Hartmann RK (2010) Northern blot detection of endogenous small RNAs (~14 nt) in bacterial total RNA extracts. Nucleic Acids Res 38:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq437
Ben SM, Ben SM, Achouri F et al (2019) Detection of active pathogenic bacteria under stress conditions using lytic and specific phage. Water Sci Technol 80:282–289. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.271
Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj SK, Mehta J et al (2016) Bacteriophage conjugated IRMOF-3 as a novel opto-sensor for: S. arlettae. New J Chem 40:8068–8073. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nj00899b
Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj SK, Mehta J et al (2017) MOF-bacteriophage biosensor for highly sensitive and specific detection of staphylococcus aureus. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:33589–33598. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07818
Bone U, Steller E, Warner JF, et al (2017) Chapter 14: Microsatellite analysis for identification of individuals, vol 1606, pp 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6990-6
Braun P, Rupprich N, Neif D, Grass G (2021) Enzyme-linked phage receptor binding protein assays (Elpra) enable identification of bacillus anthracis colonies. Viruses 13:1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081462
Breaker RR, Banerji A, Joyce GF (1994) Continuous in vitro evolution of bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoters. Biochemistry 33:11980–11986. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00205a037
Bremer E, Silhavy TJ, Weisemann JM, Weinstock GM (1984) λ placMu: a transposable derivative of bacteriophage lambda for creating lacZ protein fusions in a single step. J Bacteriol 158:1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.158.3.1084-1093.1984
Brindha J, Chanda K, Balamurali MM (2018) Biosensors for pathogen surveillance. Environ Chem Lett 16:1325–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0759-y
Burton DR (1995) Phage display. Immunotechnology 1:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/1380-2933(95)00013-5
Buszewski B, Rogowska A, Pomastowski P et al (2017) Identification of microorganisms by modern analytical techniques. J AOAC Int 100:1607–1623. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0207
Buzby JC, Roberts T (2009) The economics of enteric infections: human foodborne disease costs. Gastroenterology 136:1851–1862. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.074
Castañer O, Schröder H (2018) Response to: comment on “The gut microbiome profile in obesity: a systematic review”. Int J Endocrinol 2018:9109451. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9109451
Cecchini F, Iacumin L, Fontanot M et al (2012) Identification of the unculturable bacteria Candidatus arthromitus in the intestinal content of trouts using dot blot and southern blot techniques. Vet Microbiol 156:389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.020
Chen J, Andler SM, Goddard JM et al (2017a) Integrating recognition elements with nanomaterials for bacteria sensing. Chem Soc Rev 46:1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00313c
Chen I-H, Horikawa S, Bryant K et al (2017b) Bacterial assessment of phage magnetoelastic sensors for Salmonella enterica Typhimurium detection in chicken meat. Food Control 71:273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.003
Christian MD (2013) Biowarfare and bioterrorism. Crit Care Clin 29:717–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.015
Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES (2012) Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control 40:486–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029
Clausen CH, Dimaki M, Bertelsen CV et al (2018) Bacteria detection and differentiation using impedance flow cytometry. Sensors (Switzerland) 18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103496
Cross T, Schoff C, Chudoff D et al (2015) An optimized enrichment technique for the isolation of Arthrobacter bacteriophage species from soil sample isolates. J Vis Exp 2015:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3791/52781
Cunha AP, Henriques R, Cardoso S et al (2021) Rapid and multiplex detection of nosocomial pathogens on a phage-based magnetoresistive lab-on-chip platform. Biotechnol Bioeng 118:3164–3174. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27841
de Jonge PA, Nobrega FL, Brouns SJJ, Dutilh BE (2019) Molecular and evolutionary determinants of bacteriophage host range. Trends Microbiol 27:51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.006
Desai MJ, Armstrong DW (2003) Separation, identification, and characterization of microorganisms by capillary electrophoresis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67:38–51. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.1.38-51.2003
Dige I, Nilsson H, Kilian M, Nyvad B (2007) In situ identification of streptococci and other bacteria in initial dental biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Eur J Oral Sci 115:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00494.x
Doern CD, Butler-Wu SM (2016) Emerging and future applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry in the clinical microbiology laboratory: a report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagnostics 18:789–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.07.007
Ebrahimizadeh W, Rajabibazl M (2014) Bacteriophage vehicles for phage display: biology, mechanism, and application, pp 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0557-0
(2009) ECDC/EMEA joint technical report “The bacterial challenge: time to react”
Elsland D, Neefjes J (2018) Bacterial infections and cancer. EMBO Rep 19:1–11. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201846632
Farooq U, Ullah MW, Yang Q et al (2020) High-density phage particles immobilization in surface-modified bacterial cellulose for ultra-sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Biosens Bioelectron 157:112163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112163
Faure G, Shmakov SA, Yan WX et al (2019) CRISPR–Cas in mobile genetic elements: counter-defence and beyond. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:513–525. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0204-7
Ferapontova EE (2020) Electrochemical assays for microbial analysis: how far they are from solving microbiota and microbiome challenges. Curr Opin Electrochem 19:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.12.005
Ferone M, Gowen A, Fanning S, Scannell AGM (2020) Microbial detection and identification methods: bench top assays to omics approaches. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 19:3106–3129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12618
Fox A (2006) Mass spectrometry for species or strain identification after culture or without culture: past, present, and future. J Clin Microbiol 44:2677–2680. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00971-06
Franche N, Vinay M, Ansaldi M (2017) Substrate-independent luminescent phage-based biosensor to specifically detect enteric bacteria such as E. coli. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6288-y
Franco D, De Plano LM, Rizzo MG et al (2020) Bio-hybrid gold nanoparticles as SERS probe for rapid bacteria cell identification. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 224:117394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117394
Franco-Duarte R, Černáková L, Kadam S et al (2019) Advances in chemical and biological methods to identify microorganisms—from past to present. Microorganisms 7:130. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050130
Frickmann H, Zautner AE, Moter A et al (2017) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the microbiological diagnostic routine laboratory: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 43:263–293. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2016.1169990
Galluzzi L, Magnani M, Saunders N et al (2007) Current molecular techniques for the detection of microbial pathogens. Sci Prog 90:29–50. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685007780440521
Garrido-Maestu A, Fuciños P, Azinheiro S et al (2019) Specific detection of viable Salmonella Enteritidis by phage amplification combined with qPCR (PAA-qPCR) in spiked chicken meat samples. Food Control 99:79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.038
Global Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAI) market size to grow at a CAGR of 3.6% 2021 to 2030 (2021) https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/07/12/2261025/0/en/Global-Hospital-acquired-Infections-HAI-Market-Sizeto-Grow-at-a-CAGR-of-3-6-2021-to-2030.html
Gómez-Torres N, Dunne M, Garde S et al (2018) Development of a specific fluorescent phage endolysin for in situ detection of Clostridium species associated with cheese spoilage. Microb Biotechnol 11:332–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12883
Goodridge L, Griffiths M (2002) Reporter bacteriophage assays as a means to detect foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Food Res Int 35:863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(02)00094-7
Goracci M, Pignochino Y, Marchiò S (2020) Phage display-based nanotechnology applications in cancer immunotherapy. Molecules 25:1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040843
Gothandam KM (2018) Food security and water treatment
Halkare P, Punjabi N, Wangchuk J et al (2021) Label-free detection of Escherichia coli from mixed bacterial cultures using bacteriophage T4 on Plasmonic fiber-optic sensor. ACS Sensors 6:2720–2727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00801
Harada LK, Silva EC, Campos WF et al (2018) Biotechnological applications of bacteriophages: state of the art. Microbiol Res 212–213:38–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.04.007
Harding E (2020) WHO global progress report on tuberculosis elimination. Lancet Respir Med 8:19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30418-7
He Y, Wang M, Fan E et al (2017) Highly specific bacteriophage-affinity strategy for rapid separation and sensitive detection of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anal Chem 89:1916–1921. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04389
He Y, Shi Y, Liu M et al (2018) Nonlytic recombinant phage tail fiber protein for specific recognition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anal Chem 90:14462–14468. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04160
Hinkley TC, Singh S, Garing S et al (2018a) A phage-based assay for the rapid, quantitative, and single CFU visualization of E. coli (ECOR #13) in drinking water. Sci Rep 8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33097-4
Hinkley TC, Garing S, Singh S et al (2018b) Reporter bacteriophage T7NLC utilizes a novel NanoLuc::CBM fusion for the ultrasensitive detection of: Escherichia coli in water. Analyst 143:4074–4082. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an00781k
Hinkley TC, Garing S, Jain P et al (2020) A syringe-based biosensor to rapidly detect low levels of Escherichia Coli (ECOR13) in drinking water using engineered bacteriophages. Sensors 20:1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071953
Hiremath N, Guntupalli R, Vodyanoy V et al (2015) Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using novel lytic phage-based magnetoelastic biosensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem 210:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.12.083
Hiremath N, Chin BA, Park MK (2017) Effect of competing foodborne pathogens on the selectivity and binding kinetics of a lytic phage for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detection. J Electrochem Soc 164:B142–B146. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0901704jes
Holčapek M, Jirásko R, Lísa M (2012) Recent developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 1259:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.072
Huang L, Sun DW, Wu Z et al (2021) Reproducible, shelf-stable, and bioaffinity SERS nanotags inspired by multivariate polyphenolic chemistry for bacterial identification. Anal Chim Acta 1167:338570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338570
Imai M, Mine K, Tomonari H et al (2019) Dark-field microscopic detection of bacteria using bacteriophage-immobilized SiO2@AuNP Core-Shell nanoparticles. Anal Chem 91:12352–12357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02715
Irwin P, Gehring A, Tu S-I et al (2000) Minimum detectable level of salmonellae using a binomial - based bacterial ice nucleation detection assay (BIND ®). J AOAC Int 83:1087–1095
Jaffee S, Henson S, Unnevehr L, Grace D, Emilie Cassou (2019) The safe food imperative: accelerating progress in low- and middle-income countries. World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Janczuk M, Richter Ł, Hoser G et al (2017) Bacteriophage-based bioconjugates as a flow cytometry probe for fast bacteria detection. Bioconjug Chem 28:419–425. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00596
Janczuk-Richter M, Marinović I, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Szot-Karpińska K (2019) Recent applications of bacteriophage-based electrodes: a mini-review. Electrochem Commun 99:11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.12.011
Janda JM, Abbott SL (2002) Bacterial identification for publication: when is enough enough? J Clin Microbiol 40:1887–1891. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.6.1887-1891.2002
Jang KS, Kim YH (2018) Rapid and robust MALDI-TOF MS techniques for microbial identification: a brief overview of their diverse applications. J Microbiol 56:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7457-0
Jassim SAA, Griffiths MW (2007) Evaluation of a rapid microbial detection method via phage lytic amplification assay coupled with live/dead fluorochromic stains. Lett Appl Microbiol 44:673–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02115.x
Jit M, Ng DHL, Luangasanatip N et al (2020) Quantifying the economic cost of antibiotic resistance and the impact of related interventions: rapid methodological review, conceptual framework and recommendations for future studies. BMC Med 18:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1507-2
Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ (2009) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis 49:1749–1755. https://doi.org/10.1086/647952
Justé A, Thomma BPHJ, Lievens B (2008) Recent advances in molecular techniques to study microbial communities in food-associated matrices and processes. Food Microbiol 25:745–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.04.009
Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schmid GP (1997) The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: are prevention and postattack intervention programs justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 3:83–94. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0302.970201
Kim J, Kim M, Kim S, Ryu S (2017) Sensitive detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods using a luciferase-reporter phage phiV10lux. Int J Food Microbiol 254:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.002
Kim C, Lee H, Devaraj V et al (2020) Hierarchical cluster analysis of medical chemicals detected by a bacteriophage-based colorimetric sensor array. Nanomaterials 10:121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010121
King LA, Nogareda F, Weill FX et al (2012) Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with organic fenugreek sprouts, France, June 2011. Clin Infect Dis 54:1588–1594. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis255
Kneipp K, Kneipp H (2006) Single molecule Raman scattering. Appl Spectrosc 60:322A–334A. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370206779321418
Kortright KE, Chan BK, Koff JL, Turner PE (2019) Phage therapy: a renewed approach to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cell Host Microbe 25:219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014
Kosa G, Shapaval V, Kohler A, Zimmermann B (2017) FTIR spectroscopy as a unified method for simultaneous analysis of intra- and extracellular metabolites in high-throughput screening of microbial bioprocesses. Microb Cell Fact 16:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-017-0817-3
Koskella B, Meaden S (2013) Understanding bacteriophage specificity in natural microbial communities. Viruses 5:806–823. https://doi.org/10.3390/v5030806
Krueger AP (1931) The sorption of bacteriophage by living and dead susceptible bacteria. J Gen Physiol 14:493–516. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.14.4.493
Labrie SJ, Samson JE, Moineau S (2010) Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:317–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2315
Lai A, Almaviva S, Spizzichino V et al (2017) Bacillus spp. cells captured selectively by phages and identified by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique. Proceedings 1:519. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1040519
Lankes HA, Zanghi CN, Santos K et al (2007) In vivo gene delivery and expression by bacteriophage lambda vectors. J Appl Microbiol 102:1337–1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03182.x
Law JWF, Mutalib NSA, Chan KG, Lee LH (2014) Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: principles, applications, advantages and limitations. Front Microbiol 5:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00770
Li ZP, Duan XR, Liu CH, Du BA (2006) Selective determination of cysteine by resonance light scattering technique based on self-assembly of gold nanoparticles. Anal Biochem 351:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.038
Li YY, Xie G, Qiu J et al (2018) A new biosensor based on the recognition of phages and the signal amplification of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers for discriminating and quantitating live pathogenic bacteria in urine. Sensors Actuators B Chem 258:803–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.155
Loessner MJ, Rees CED, Stewart GSAB, Scherer S (1996) Construction of luciferase reporter bacteriophage A511::luxAB for rapid and sensitive detection of viable listeria cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.4.1133-1140.1996
Luo J, Jiang M, Xiong J et al (2018) Exploring a phage-based real-time PCR assay for diagnosing Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections with high sensitivity. Anal Chim Acta 1044:147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.038
Luo J, Jiang M, Hiong J et al (2020) Rapid ultrasensitive diagnosis of pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii using a combination of enrichment and phage-based qPCR assay, pp 1–25. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16845/v1
Mack JD, Yehualaeshet T, Park MK et al (2017) Phage-based biosensor and optimization of surface blocking agents to detect Salmonella Typhimurium on Romaine lettuce. J Food Saf 37:e12299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12299
Mahmood T, Yang PC (2012) Western blot: technique, theory, and trouble shooting. N Am J Med Sci 4:429–434. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.100998
Marcadet A, O’Connell P, Cohen D (1989) Standardized Southern blot workshop technique. Immunobiol HLA I:553–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3552-1_116
Mariey L, Signolle JP, Amiel C, Travert J (2001) Discrimination, classification, identification of microorganisms using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Vib Spectrosc 26:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(01)00113-8
Marks JD, Ouwehand WH, Bye JM et al (1993) Human antibody fragments specific for human blood group antigens from a phage display library. Biotechnology 11:1145–1149. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1093-1145
Melendez JH, Frankel YM, An AT et al (2010) Real-time PCR assays compared to culture-based approaches for identification of aerobic bacteria in chronic wounds. Clin Microbiol Infect 16:1762–1769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03158.x
Mido T, Schaffer EM, Dorsey RW et al (2018) Sensitive detection of live Escherichia coli by bacteriophage amplification-coupled immunoassay on the Luminex® MAGPIX instrument. J Microbiol Methods 152:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.022
Miller MB, Tang YW (2009) Basic concepts of microarrays and potential applications in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:611–633. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00019-09
Miller-Petrie M, Pant S, Laxminarayan R (2017) Drug-resistant infections. Disease control priorities. In: Major infectious diseases, vol 6, 3rd edn, pp 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0524-0_ch18
Moon JS, Choi EJ, Jeong NN et al (2019) Research progress of M13 bacteriophage-based biosensors. Nanomaterials 9:1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101448
Moshirabadi A, Razi M, Arasteh P et al (2019) Polymerase chain reaction assay using the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique in the detection of prosthetic joint infections: a multi-centered study. J Arthroplasty 34:359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2018.10.017
Neethirajan S, Ragavan V, Weng X, Chand R (2018) Biosensors for sustainable food engineering: challenges and perspectives. Biosensors 8:23. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8010023
Nemudraya AA, Richter VA, Kuligina EV (2016) Phage peptide libraries as a source of targeted ligands. Acta Nat 8:48–57. https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2016-8-1-48-57
Neufeld T, Schwartz-Mittelmann A, Biran D et al (2003) Combined phage typing and amperometric detection of released enzymatic activity for the specific identification and quantification of bacteria. Anal Chem 75:580–585. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac026083e
Neufeld T, Mittelman AS, Buchner V, Rishpon J (2005) Electrochemical phagemid assay for the specific detection of bacteria using Escherichia coli TG-1 and the M13KO7 phagemid in a model system. Anal Chem 77:652–657. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0488053
Niyomdecha S, Limbut W, Numnuam A et al (2018) Phage-based capacitive biosensor for Salmonella detection. Talanta 188:658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.033
Nobrega FL, Vlot M, de Jonge PA et al (2018) Targeting mechanisms of tailed bacteriophages. Nat Rev Microbiol 16:760–773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0070-8
Opota O, Jaton K, Greub G (2015) Microbial diagnosis of bloodstream infection: towards molecular diagnosis directly from blood. Clin Microbiol Infect 21:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.005
Paczesny J, Bielec K (2020) Application of bacteriophages in nanotechnology. Nanomaterials 10:1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101944
Paczesny J, Richter Ł, Hołyst R (2020) Recent progress in the detection of bacteria using bacteriophages: a review. Viruses 12:845. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080845
Peng H, Chen IA (2019) Rapid colorimetric detection of bacterial species through the capture of gold nanoparticles by chimeric phages. ACS Nano 13:1244–1252. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b06395
Petrenko VA, Vodyanoy VJ (2003) Phage display for detection of biological threat agents. J Microbiol Methods 53:253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00029-0
Petti CA (2007) Detection and identification of microorganisms by gene amplification and sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 44:1108–1114. https://doi.org/10.1086/512818
Pires DP, Cleto S, Sillankorva S et al (2016) Genetically engineered phages: a review of advances over the last decade. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80:523–543. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00069-15
Pizarro-Bauerle J, Ando H (2020) Engineered bacteriophages for practical applications. Biol Pharm Bull 43:240–249. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b19-00914
Poul MA, Marks JD (1999) Targeted gene delivery to mammalian cells by filamentous bacteriophage. J Mol Biol 288:203–211. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1999.2678
Pulkkinen EM, Hinkley TC, Nugen SR (2019) Utilizing in vitro DNA assembly to engineer a synthetic T7 Nanoluc reporter phage for Escherichia coli detection. Integr Biol 11:63–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/intbio/zyz005
Punina NV, Makridakis NM, Remnev MA, Topunov AF (2015) Whole-genome sequencing targets drug-resistant bacterial infections. Hum Genomics 9:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-015-0037-z
Richter Ł, Matuła K, Leśniewski A et al (2016) Ordering of bacteriophages in the electric field: application for bacteria detection. Sensors Actuators B Chem 224:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.042
Richter Ł, Bielec K, Leśniewski A et al (2017) Dense layer of bacteriophages ordered in alternating electric field and immobilized by surface chemical modification as sensing element for bacteria detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:19622–19629. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03497
Richter Ł, Janczuk-Richter M, Niedziółka-Jönsson J et al (2018) Recent advances in bacteriophage-based methods for bacteria detection. Drug Discov Today 23:448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.11.007
Rippa M, Castagna R, Pannico M et al (2017) Octupolar metastructures for a highly sensitive, rapid, and reproducible phage-based detection of bacterial pathogens by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. ACS Sensors 2:947–954. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.7b00195
Rippa M, Castagna R, Zhou J et al (2018) Dodecagonal plasmonic quasicrystals for phage-based biosensing. Nanotechnology 29:405501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aad2f5
Santos C, Fraga ME, Kozakiewicz Z, Lima N (2010) Fourier transform infrared as a powerful technique for the identification and characterization of filamentous fungi and yeasts. Res Microbiol 161:168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2009.12.007
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ et al (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17:7–15. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.P11101
Sedki M, Chen X, Chen C et al (2020) Non-lytic M13 phage-based highly sensitive impedimetric cytosensor for detection of coliforms. Biosens Bioelectron 148:111794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111794
Sergueev KV, Filippov AA, Nikolich MP (2017) Highly sensitive bacteriophage-based detection of Brucella abortus in mixed culture and spiked blood. Viruses 9:144. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060144
Sharma S, Chatterjee S, Datta S et al (2017) Bacteriophages and its applications: an overview. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 62:17–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-016-0471-x
Smith GP (1985) Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface. Science 228:1315–1317
Soga T, Ueno Y, Naraoka H et al (2002) Simultaneous determination of anionic intermediates for Bacillus subtilis metabolic pathways by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 74:2233–2239. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020064n
Srivastava SK, Ben HH, Kushmaro A et al (2015) Highly sensitive and specific detection of E. coli by a SERS nanobiosensor chip utilizing metallic nanosculptured thin films. Analyst 140:3201–3209. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5an00209e
Streit S, Michalski CW, Erkan M et al (2009) Northern blot analysis for detection and quantification of RNA in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues. Nat Protoc 4:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.216
Tagini F, Greub G (2017) Bacterial genome sequencing in clinical microbiology: a pathogen-oriented review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36:2007–2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-3024-6
Teutenberg T (2009) Potential of high temperature liquid chromatography for the improvement of separation efficiency—a review. Anal Chim Acta 643:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.008
Tian F, Li J, Nazir A, Tong Y (2021) Bacteriophage—a promising alternative measure for bacterial biofilm control. Infect Drug Resist 14:205–217. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S290093
Tilton L, Das G, Yang X et al (2019) Nanophotonic device in combination with bacteriophages for enhancing detection sensitivity of Escherichia coli in simulated wash water. Anal Lett 52:2203–2213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2019.1604726
Touat M, Opatowski M, Brun-Buisson C et al (2019) A payer perspective of the hospital inpatient additional care costs of antimicrobial resistance in France: a matched case–control study. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 17:381–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-018-0451-1
Trasanidou D, Gerós AS, Mohanraju P et al (2019) Keeping crispr in check: diverse mechanisms of phage-encoded anti-crisprs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 366:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnz098
Ulitzur N, Ulitzur S (2006) New rapid and simple methods for detection of bacteria and determination of their antibiotic susceptibility by using phage mutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7455–7459. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00761-06
US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC (2019) Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. Centers Dis Control Prevention, pp 1–113
Váradi L, Luo JL, Hibbs DE et al (2017) Methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 46:4818–4832. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00693k
Velusamy V, Arshak K, Korostynska O et al (2010) An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: in the perspective of biosensors. Biotechnol Adv 28:232–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.12.004
Vinay M, Franche N, Grégori G et al (2015) Phage-based fluorescent biosensor prototypes to specifically detect enteric bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. PLoS One 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131466
Wan MLY, Forsythe SJ, El-Nezami H (2019) Probiotics interaction with foodborne pathogens: a potential alternative to antibiotics and future challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59:3320–3333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1490885
Wang D, Chen J, Nugen SR (2017) Electrochemical detection of Escherichia coli from aqueous samples using engineered phages. Anal Chem 89:1650–1657. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03752
Wang Y, He Y, Bhattacharyya S et al (2020) Recombinant bacteriophage cell-binding domain proteins for broad-Spectrum recognition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Anal Chem 92:3340–3345. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05295
Warren CR (2018) A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for analysis of intact fatty-acid-based lipids extracted from soil. Eur J Soil Sci 69:791–803. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12689
Wei C, Li M, Zhao X (2018) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with silver nano substrates synthesized by microwave for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. Front Microbiol 9:2857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02857
Weiner-Lastinger LM, Pattabiraman V, Konnor RY et al (2022) The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare-associated infections in 2020: a summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 43(1):12–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2021.362
Wisuthiphaet N, Yang X, Young GM, Nitin N (2019) Rapid detection of Escherichia coli in beverages using genetically engineered bacteriophage T7. AMB Express 9:55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-019-0776-7
Wisuthiphaet N, Yang X, Young GM, Nitin N (2021) Application of engineered bacteriophage T7 in the detection of bacteria in food matrices. Front Microbiol 12:691003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.691003
Witkowska E, Korsak D, Kowalska A et al (2017) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy introduced into the International Standard Organization (ISO) regulations as an alternative method for detection and identification of pathogens in the food industry. Anal Bioanal Chem 409:1555–1567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0090-z
Witkowska E, Korsak D, Kowalska A et al (2018) Strain-level typing and identification of bacteria—a novel approach for SERS active plasmonic nanostructures. Anal Bioanal Chem 410:5019–5031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1153-0
World Health Organization (2011) Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. In: WHO Libr Cat. Data
Wu L, Song Y, Luan T et al (2016) Specific detection of live Escherichia coli O157: H7 using tetracysteine-tagged PP01 bacteriophage. Biosens Bioelectron 86:102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.041
Wu L, Hong X, Luan T et al (2021) Multiplexed detection of bacterial pathogens based on a cocktail of dual-modified phages. Anal Chim Acta 1166:338596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338596
Xu J, Chau Y, Lee YK (2019) Phage-based electrochemical sensors: a review. Micromachines 10:855. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10120855
Xu J, Zhao C, Chau Y, Lee YK (2020) The synergy of chemical immobilization and electrical orientation of T4 bacteriophage on a micro electrochemical sensor for low-level viable bacteria detection via differential pulse voltammetry. Biosens Bioelectron 151:111914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111914
Yan C, Zhang Y, Yang H et al (2017) Combining phagomagnetic separation with immunoassay for specific, fast and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Talanta 170:291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.007
Yang T, Zhang XX, Yang JY et al (2018) Screening arsenic(III)-binding peptide for colorimetric detection of arsenic(III) based on the peptide induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Talanta 177:212–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.005
Yoo YJ, Kim WG, Ko JH et al (2020) Large-area virus coated ultrathin colorimetric sensors with a highly Lossy resonant promoter for enhanced chromaticity. Adv Sci 7:2000978. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202000978
Yue H, He Y, Fan E et al (2017) Label-free electrochemiluminescent biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa using phage as highly specific recognition agent. Biosens Bioelectron 94:429–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.033
Yuen LKW, Ross BC, Jackson KM, Dwyer B (1993) Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Vietnamese patients by Southern blot hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 31:1615–1618. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.6.1615-1618.1993
Zhang JI, Talaty N, Costa AB et al (2011) Rapid direct lipid profiling of bacteria using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom 301:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2010.06.014
Zhou Y, Marar A, Kner P, Ramasamy RP (2017) Charge-directed immobilization of bacteriophage on nanostructured electrode for whole-cell electrochemical biosensors. Anal Chem 89:5734–5741. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03751
Zourob M (2010) Recognition receptors in biosensors. Springer, New York
Acknowledgments
The National Science Centre supported this work within the PRELUDIUM BIS grant according to decision number 2020/39/O/ST5/01017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paczesny, J., Wdowiak, M., Ochirbat, E. (2022). Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors: Detection of Bacteria and Beyond. In: Hameed, S., Rehman, S. (eds) Nanotechnology for Infectious Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9190-4_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9190-4_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9189-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-9190-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)