Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gut-Brain Axis: Probiotic Interactions and Implications for Human Mental Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis

  • 1672 Accesses

Abstract

Microbial colonization commences during birth, and establishment of stable gut microbiota takes place in the first 3–5 years of life. A diverse group of microbiome including virome, facultative anaerobic bacteria (Proteobacteria), microaerophilic bacteria (Lactobacillus) and anaerobic bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides) colonize the intestine. The gut comes across various different types of components like diet, allergens, microbial toxins and infectious agents and its interactions with endocrine, circulatory, neural and immune systems resulting in host physiological responses. The autonomic nervous system (NS) and the enteric NS play an important role in the neural control of gastrointestinal function. Probiotics are live microbes, which while administered in adequate amounts provide a benefit to their host. The usage of probiotics along with prebiotics improves intestinal health. In this chapter, we discuss probiotic intervention for the management/control of behaviour disorders of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ait-Belgnaoui A, Durand H, Cartier C, Chaumaz G, Eutamene H, Ferrier L, Houdeau E, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, Theodorou V (2012) Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(11):1885–1895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aso E, Sanchez-Pla A, Vegas-Lozano E, Maldonado R, Ferrer I (2015) Cannabis based medicine reduces multiple pathological processes in AbetaPP/PS1 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 43(3):77–991

    Google Scholar 

  • Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Shima T, Imaoka A, Kuwahara T, Momose Y, Cheng G, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Ohba Y, Taniguchi T (2011) Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science 331:337–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atuma C, Strugala V, Allen A, Holm L (2001) The adherent gastrointestinal mucus gel layer: thickness and physical state in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280:G922–G929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J, Jury J, Deng Y, Blennerhassett P, Macri J, McCoy KD et al (2011a) The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 141:599–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bercik P, Park AJ, Sinclair D, Khoshdel A, Lu J, Huang X, Deng Y, Blennerhassett PA, Fahnestock M, Moine D et al (2011b) The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut–brain communication. Neurogastroenterol Motil 23:1132–1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berer K, Mues M, Koutrolos M, Rasbi ZA, Boziki M, Johner C, Wekerle H, Krishnamoorthy G (2011) Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination. Nature 479(7374):538–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthoud HR, Blackshaw LA, Brookes SJ, Grundy D (2004) Neuroanatomy of extrinsic afferents supplying the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:28–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bested AC, Logan AC, Selhub EM (2013) Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: from Metchnikoff to modern advances: part I—autointoxication revisited. Gut Pathog 5(1):5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bodea LG, Wang Y, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Kopatz J, Sinkkonen L, Musgrove R, Kaoma T, Muller A, Vallar L, Di Monte DA, Balling R, Neumann H (2014) Neurodegeneration by activation of the microglial complement-phagosome pathway. J Neurosci 34:8546–8556

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Gogoi O, Berardi S, Scarpona S, Angeletti M, Rossi G, Eleuteri AM (2020) Gut microbiota manipulation through probiotics oral administration restores glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 87:35–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braniste V, Al-Asmakh M, Kowal C, Anuar F, Abbaspour A, Toth M, Korecka A, Bakocevic N, Ng LG, Kundu P, Gulyás B, Halldin C, Hultenby K, Nilsson H, Hebert H, Volpe BT, Diamond B, Pettersson S (2014) The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Sci Transl Med 6:263–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG (2011) Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(38):16050–16055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M, Forsythe P, Kunze W, Dinan TG, Bienenstock J, Cryan JF (2012) Communication between gastrointestinal bacteria and the nervous system. Curr Opin Pharmacol 12(6):667–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns A, Iliffe S (2009) Alzheimer’s disease. BMJ 338:b158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burokas A, Martin-Garcia E, Gutierrez-Cuesta J, Rojas S, Herance JR, Gispert JD, Serra MÁ, Maldonado R (2014) Relationships between serotonergic and cannabinoid system in depressive like behavior: a PET study with [11C]-DASB. J Neurochem 130(1):126–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2015) Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut–brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol 91:1–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casellas F, Borruel N, Torrejon A, Varela E, Antolin M, Guarner F, Malagelada JR (2007) Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin. Aliment Pharm Ther 25(9):1061–1067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, Poulton R (2003) Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301(5631):386–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cersosimo MG, Benarroch EE (2012) Pathological correlates of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 46(3):559–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CY, Ke DS, Chen JY (2009) Essential fatty acids and human brain. Acta Neurol Taiwanica 18:231–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow J, Lee SM, Shen Y, Khosravi A, Mazmanian SK (2010) Host-bacterial symbiosis in health and disease. Adv Immunol 107:243–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O'Sullivan O, Greene-Diniz R, de Weerd H, Flannery E, Marchesi JR, Falush D, Dinan T, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C (2011) Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:4586–4591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2013) The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry 18:666–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins SM, Surette M, Bercik P (2012) The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:735–742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compston A, Coles A (2008) Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 372(9648):1502–1517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2012) Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:701–712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, O’Mahony SM (2011) The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil 23(3):187–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de la Monte SM, Wands JR (2008) Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2(6):1101–1113

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Lartigue G, Barbier de la Serre C, Espero E, Lee J, Raybould HE (2011) Diet-induced obesity leads to the development of leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301:E187–E195

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dennison U, McKernan D, Cryan J, Dinan T (2012) Schizophrenia patients with a history of childhood trauma have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Psychol Med 42(9):1865–1871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • dePreter V, Vanhoutte T, Huys G, Swings J, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K (2008) Baseline microbiota activity and initial bifidobacteria counts influence responses to prebiotic dosing in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27(6):504–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Bienenstock J, Dinan TG (2008) The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. J Psychiatr Res 43(2):164–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Kiely B, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2010) Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience 170(4):1179–1188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse. Mol Psychiatry 19(2):146–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • deTimary P, Cordovil de Sousa Uva M, Denoel C, Hebborn L, Derely M, Desseilles M, Luminet O (2013) The associations between self-consciousness, depressive state and craving to drink among alcohol dependent patients undergoing protracted withdrawal. PLoS One 8(8):e71560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devos D, Lebouvier T, Lardeux B, Biraud M, Rouaud T, Pouclet H, Coron E, Bruley des Varannes S, Naveilhan P, Nguyen JM, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P (2013) Colonic inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 50:42–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, Orr C, DelleDonne A, Josephs KA, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Parisi JE, Klos KJ, Ahlskog JE (2009) Neuropathology of non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15:S1–S5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (2013) Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry 74:720–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drakoularakou A, Tzortzis G, Rastall RA, Gibson GR (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study assessing the capacity of a novel galactooligosaccharide mixture in reducing traveller’s diarrhoea. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(2):146–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erny D, de Angelis ALH, Jaitin D, Wieghofer P, Staszewski O, David E, Keren-Shaul H, Mahlakoiv T, Jakobshagen K, Buch T, Schwierzeck V (2015) Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat Neurosci 18(7):965–977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD, Youn E, Summanen PH, Granpeesheh D, Dixon D, Liu M (2010) Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe 16(4):444–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G, Regnault A, Eberl G, Hamdani N, Dickerson F, Macgregor A, Boyer L, Dargel A, Oliveira J (2015) The “psychomicrobiotic”: targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Pathol Biol 63:35–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe P, Kunze W (2013) Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol Life Sci 70:55–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe P, Sudo N, Dinan T, Taylor VH, Bienenstock J (2010) Mood and gut feelings. Brain Behav Immun 24:9–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA (2013) Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci 36(5):305–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francavilla R, Calasso M, Calace L, Siragusa S, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Brunetti L, Mancino G, Tedeschi G, Guerzoni E, Indrio F (2012) Effect of lactose on gut microbiota and metabolome of infants with cow’s milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 23(5):420–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland RP (2015) Mechanisms of molecular mimicry involving the microbiota in neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 45:349–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furness JB, Callaghan BP, Rivera LR, Cho HJ (2014) The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innervation: integrated local and central control. Adv Exp Med Biol 817:39–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, Nakanishi Y, Uetake C, Kato K, Kato T, Takahashi M (2013) Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504(7480):446–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gareau MG, Jury J, MacQueen G, Sherman PM, Perdue MH (2007) Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation. Gut 56(11):1522–1528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gareau MG, Silva MA, Perdue MH (2008) Pathophysiological mechanisms of stress-induced intestinal damage. Curr Mol Med 8(4):274–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gareau MG, Wine E, Rodrigues DM, Cho JH, Whary MT, Philpott DJ, MacQueen G, Sherman PM (2011) Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice. Gut 60(3):307–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gayathri D, Rashmi BS (2017) Mechanism of development of depression and probiotics as adjuvant therapy for its prevention and management. Ment Health Prev 5:40–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigoleit JS, Kullmann JS, Wolf OT, Hammes F, Wegner A, Jablonowski S, Engler H, Gizewski E, Oberbeck R, Schedlowski M (2011) Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans. PLoS One 6(12):28330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A, Hibberd ML, Forssberg H, Pettersson S (2011) Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:3047–3052

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Ryan FJ, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Claesson MJ, Clarke G, Cryan JF (2016) Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Transl Psychiatry 6:e774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister EB, Gao C, Versalovic J (2014) Compositional and functional features of the gastrointestinal microbiome and their effects on human health. Gastroenterology 146:1449–1458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hope S, Ueland T, Steen NE, Dieset I, Lorentzen S, Berg AO, Agartz I, Aukrust P, Andreassen OA (2013) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 are associated with general severity and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 145(1–3):36–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornig M (2013) The role of microbes and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness. Curr Opin Rheumatol 25(4):488–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Mucke L (2012) Alzheimer mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cell 148(6):1204–1222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iliev ID, Leonardi I (2017) Fungal dysbiosis: immunity and interactions at mucosal barriers. Nat Rev Immunol 17:635–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Zhang D, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang P, Mei B (2009) Increased inflammatory response both in brain and in periphery in presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 conditional double knock-out mice. J Alzheimers Dis 18(3):515–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen B, Krych L, Pedersen TB, Plath N, Redrobe JP, Hansen AK, Nielsen DS, Pedersen CS, Larsen C, Sørensen DB (2015) Investigating the long-term effect of subchronic phencyclidine-treatment on novel object recognition and the association between the gut microbiota and behavior in this animal model of schizophrenia. Physiol Behav 141:32–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur H, Golovko S, Golovko MY, Singh S, Darland DC, Combs CK (2020) Effects of probiotic supplementation on short chain fatty acids in the App NL-GF mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 76(3):1083–1102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO (2000) Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the “kindling” hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 157(8):1243–1251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavarzian A, Farhadi A, Forsyth CB, Rangan J, Jakate S, Shaikh M, Banan A, Fields JZ (2009) Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. J Hepatol 50(3):538–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, Leikhter SN, Shidakova NA, Lebedeva OV, Sidorov PI, Bazhukova TA, Soloviev AG, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Cave M (2008) Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study. Alcohol 42(8):675–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koob GF, Le Moal M (2005) Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci 8(11):1442–1444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozakova H, Schwarzer M, Tuckova L, Srutkova D, Czarnowska E, Rosiak I, Hudcovic T, Schabussova I, Hermanova P, Zakostelska Z, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T (2016) Colonization of germ-free mice with a mixture of three lactobacillus strains enhances the integrity of gut mucosa and ameliorates allergic sensitization. Cell Mol Immunol 13:251–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahtinen SJ, Boyle RJ, Kivivuori S, Oppedisano F, Smith KR, Robins-Browne R, Salminen SJ, Tang ML (2009) Prenatal probiotic administration can influence Bifidobacterium microbiota development in infants at high risk of allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123(2):499–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Starkel P, Jamar F, Mikolajczak M, Delzenne NM, de Timary P (2012) Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects. Brain Behav Immunol 26(6):911–918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq S, De Saeger C, Delzenne N, de Timary P, Starkel P (2014a) Role of inflammatory pathways, blood mononuclear cells, and gut-derived bacterial products in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 76(9):725–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq S, Matamoros S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Jamar F, Starkel P, Windey K, Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F, Verbeke K, de Timary P (2014b) Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(42):E4485–E4493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YK, Menezes JS, Umesaki Y, Mazmanian SK (2011) Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:4615–4622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S, Burmeister S, Brazier J (2005) Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3(5):442–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489:220–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC (2008) The gut-brain barrier in major depression intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29(1):117–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto M, Kurihara S, Kibe R, Ashida H, Benno Y (2011) Longevity in mice is promoted by probiotic-induced suppression of colonic senescence dependent on upregulation of gut bacterial polyamine production. PLoS One 6:e23652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, Cryan JF, Tillisch K (2014) Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci 34:15490–15496

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A (2015) Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest 125(3):926–938

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott AJ, Huffnagle GB (2014) The microbiome and regulation of mucosal immunity. Immunology 142:24–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H, Desor D, Nejdi A, Bisson JF, Rougeot C, Pichelin M, Cazaubiel M, Cazaubiel JM (2011) Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr 105(5):755–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minot S, Sinha R, Chen J, Li H, Keilbaugh SA, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Bushman FD (2011) The human gut virome: inter-individual variation and dynamic response to diet. Genome Res 21(10):1616–1625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minot S, Grunberg S, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Bushman FD (2012) Hypervariable loci in the human gut virome. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(10):3962–3966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minot S, Bryson A, Chehoud C, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Bushman FD (2013) Rapid evolution of the human gut virome. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(30):12450–12455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney RD, O’Leary OF, Felice D, Bettler B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2012) Early-life stress induces visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Neurosci Lett 512(2):99–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney RD, Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) The microbiome: stress, health and disease. Mamm Genome 25(1–2):49–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller NT, Bakacs E, Combellick J, Grigoryan Z, Dominguez-Bello MG (2015) The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends Mol Med 21(2):109–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulak A, Bonaz B (2015) Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 21(37):10609–10620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mutlu E, Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Forsyth CB, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet P (2009) Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33(10):1836–1846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nemani K, Hosseini Ghomi R, McCormick B, Fan X (2014) Schizophrenia and the gut-brain axis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 56C:155–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA (2011) Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 23:255–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen TL, Vieira-Silva S, Liston A, Raes J (2015) How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research? Dis Model Mech 8:1–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohland CL, Kish L, Bell H, Thiesen A, Hotte N, Pankiv E, Madsen KL (2013) Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus on murine behavior are dependent on diet and genotype and correlate with alterations in the gut microbiome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(9):1738–1747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Wakeman DR, Kordower JH (2014) Peripheral alpha synuclein and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 29:963–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry VH, Holmes C (2014) Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol 10(4):217–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picchioni MM, Murray RM (2007) Schizophrenia. BMJ 335(7610):91–95

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Goel R, Kim S, Richards EM, Carter CS, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK, Buford TW (2017) Intestinal permeability biomarker zonulin is elevated in healthy aging. J Am Med Dir Assoc 18:810

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 362(4):329–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C, Ross RP, Kober OI, Juge N, Avershina E, Rudi K, Narbad A, Jenmalm MC, Marchesi JR (2015) The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microb Ecol Health Dis 26(1):26050

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A, Barnich N, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Dubuquoy C, Merour E, Geboes K, Chamaillard M, Ouwehand A (2007) Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 13(1):35–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddick JP, Evans AK, Nutt DJ, Lightman SL, Rook GA, Lowry CA (2006) Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications. Expert Rev Mol Med 8(20):1–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saulnier DM, Ringel Y, Heyman MB, Foster JA, Bercik P, Shulman RJ, Versalovic J, Verdu EF, Dinan TG, Hecht G, Guarner F (2013) The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology. Gut Microbes 4(1):17–27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Savignac HM, Corona G, Mills H, Chen L, Spencer JP, Tzortzis G, Burnet PW (2013) Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and D-serine. Neurochem Int 63(8):756–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt K, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ, Tzortzis G, Errington S, Burnet PW (2015) Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 232(10):1793–1801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt TS, Raes J, Bork P (2018) The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation. Cell 172(6):1198–1215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman MP, Zaghouani H, Niklas V (2014) Gut microbiota, the immune system, and diet influence the neonatal gut-brain axis. Pediatr Res 77(1–2):127–135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Liu C, Finegold SM (2004) Real-time PCR quantitation of clostridia in feces of autistic children. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(11):6459–6465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Sonoda J, Oyama N, Yu XN, Kubo C, Koga Y (2004) Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol 558:263–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sui YT, Bullock KM, Erickson MA, Zhang J, Banks WA (2014) Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood brain barrier. Peptides 62:197–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, Guyonnet D, Legrain-Raspaud S, Trotin B, Naliboff B, Mayer EA (2013) Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology 144(7):1394–1401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Vlies N, Hogenkamp A, Thijssen S, Dingjan GM, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ (2012) Effects of short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on systemic and local immune status during pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 94(2):161–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn AC, Cooper EM, DiLorenzo PM, O’Loughlin LJ, Konkel ME, Peters JH, Hajnal A, Sen T, Lee SH, de La Serre CB, Czaja K (2017) Energy-dense diet triggers changes in gut microbiota, reorganization of gut-brain vagal communication and increases body fat accumulation. Acta Neurobiol Exp 77(1):18–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdu EF, Bercik P, Verma-Gandhu M, Huang XX, Blennerhassett P, Jackson W, Mao Y, Wang L, Rochat F, Collins SM (2006) Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibiotic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut 55(2):182–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walker WA (2017) The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Pediatr Res 82(3):387–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams BL, Hornig M, Buie T, Bauman ML, Cho Paik M, Wick I, Bennett A, Jabado O, Hirschberg DL, Lipkin WI (2011) Impaired carbohydrate digestion and transport and mucosal dysbiosis in the intestines of children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. PLoS One 6(9):e24585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yan AW, Fouts DE, Brandl J, Starkel P, Torralba M, Schott E, Tsukamoto H, Nelson KE, Brenner DA, Schnabl B (2011) Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 53(1):96–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY (2015) Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 161(2):264–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yap IK, Angley M, Veselkov KA, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK (2010) Urinary metabolic phenotyping differentiates children with autism from their unaffected siblings and age-matched controls. J Prot Res 9(6):2996–3004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yolken RH, Jones-Brando L, Dunigan DD, Kannan G, Dickerson F, Severance E, Sabunciyan S, Talbot CC, Prandovszky E, Gurnon JR, Agarkova IV (2014) Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(45):16106–16111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeisel SH (2004) Nutritional importance of choline for brain development. J Am Coll Nutr 23:621S–626S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Vatanen T, Droit L, Park A, Kostic AD, Poon TW, Vlamakis H, Siljander H, Härkönen T, Hämäläinen AM, Peet A (2017) Intestinal virome changes precede autoimmunity in type I diabetes-susceptible children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E6166–E6175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng L, Kelly CJ, Colgan SP (2015) Physiologic hypoxia and oxygen homeostasis in the healthy intestine. A review in the theme: cellular responses to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 309:C350–C360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Studies in Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India

    Devaraja Gayathri, Mahanthesh Vasudha & Chakra Siddappa Prashantkumar

Authors
  1. Devaraja Gayathri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahanthesh Vasudha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chakra Siddappa Prashantkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s Arts, Science and Commerce College, Shahada, Maharashtra, India

    R. Z. Sayyed

  2. Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India

    Mahejibin Khan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gayathri, D., Vasudha, M., Prashantkumar, C.S. (2022). Gut-Brain Axis: Probiotic Interactions and Implications for Human Mental Health. In: Sayyed, R.Z., Khan, M. (eds) Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1626-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation