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Application of Biomedical Engineering in Neuroscience pp 355–380Cite as

Biomaterials and Its Medical Applications

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Abstract

The human body undergoes wear and tear with age, and it is subjected to various diseases and disorders throughout the lifespan. Sometimes, administration of medical agents does not suffice for complete recovery from the ailments. External agents or materials are required to support the normal functioning of the body. The materials that are engineered to interact with biological systems for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of diseases and ailments are known as biomaterials. Any resource to be engineered and used as a biomaterial must possess the qualities of biocompatibility, inertness, mechanical stability, and ease of fabrication. The site and application of the biomaterial may demand specific properties. Biomaterials for dental and orthopedic applications should possess substantial mechanical strength and prolonged rates of biodegradation, while those for visceral organ and dermal applications must be flexible with faster rates of degradation. Biomaterials may be of natural or synthetic origin. The chapter discusses various applications of biomaterials in the medical and pharmaceutical industry. It highlights the types of biomaterials and discusses their properties specific to each application.

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Abbreviations

3D:

three-dimensional

Al2O3:

aluminum oxide

ALCL:

anaplastic large cell lymphoma

BMS:

bare-metal stents

CaP:

calcium phosphate

CB:

cardiovascular biomaterials

DES:

drug-eluting stent

ECM:

extracellular matrix

e-PTFE:

elongated-PTFE

IL:

interleukin

IOLs:

intraocular lenses

HA:

hydroxyapatite

NSS:

nitrogenated stainless steel

PE:

polyethylene

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PET:

polyethylene terephthalate

PGA:

polyglycolic acid

PLA:

polylactic acid

PLGA:

poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide)

PLGA-Fn:

PLGA immersed in fibronectin

PLLA:

poly-L-lactic acids

PLLA-Fn:

PLLA immersed in fibronectin

P (LL-co-CL):

poly-D,L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone

PMMA:

polymethyl methacrylate

PP:

polypropylene

PTFE:

polytetrafluoroethylene

PVDF:

polyvinylidene fluoride

T/L:

tendons and ligaments

TJR:

total joint replacement

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

ZrO2:

zirconia

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India

    Saili Dharadhar

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India

    Anuradha Majumdar

Authors
  1. Saili Dharadhar
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  2. Anuradha Majumdar
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Correspondence to Anuradha Majumdar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

    Sudip Paul

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Dharadhar, S., Majumdar, A. (2019). Biomaterials and Its Medical Applications. In: Paul, S. (eds) Application of Biomedical Engineering in Neuroscience. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7142-4_18

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