Skip to main content

Curcumin in Food

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals

Abstract

Curcumin is the major bioactive constituent of turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) rhizome. Turmeric has been used as spice and dye but also in the traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for the treatment of respiratory ailments, wounds, gastrointestinal complaints, hepatic disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies reported curcumin as an important pleiotropic agent, with anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, and anticancer activities. These effects have been demonstrated both in vitro and in experimental animal models, thus paving the way for various clinical trials. The latter investigated different curcumin-based formulations, including highly bioavailable formulations showing their efficacy in central nervous system, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, and metabolic diseases. Benefits in certain malignant diseases were also reported. Curcumin is marketed worldwide as dietary supplement and herbal medicine, as cosmetic product, or as food additive. Curcumin possesses a good safety profile. Chemical features of curcumin, bioactivity and mechanisms of activity, safety profile, patents, and marketed products are summarized in this chapter. As literature on the topic of curcumin has known an exponential growth, reports cited in this chapter should be considered as illustrative rather than comprehensive.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abo-Salem OM, Harisa GI, Ali TM et al (2014) Curcumin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced heart injury in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 28(6):263–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal NB, Jain S, Agarwal NK et al (2011) Modulation of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and oxidative stress by curcumin in mice. Phytomedicine 18:756–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal BB, Bhatt ID, Ichikawa H et al (2007) Curcumin – biological and medicinal properties. In: Ravindran PN, Nirmal Babu K, Sivaraman K (eds) Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. Medicinal and aromatic plants-industrial profiles, vol 45. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 297–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbik D, Ghadiri M, Chrzanowski W et al (2014) Curcumin as a wound healing agent. Life Sci 116(1):1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali BH, Al-Salam S, Al Suleimani Y et al (2017) Curcumin ameliorates kidney function and oxidative stress in experimental chronic kidney disease. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 122(1):65–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alwi I, Santoso T, Suyono S et al (2008) The effect of curcumin on lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Acta Med Indones 40(4):201–210

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S et al (2016) Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives – a review. J Tradit Complement Med 7(2):205–233

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA et al (2007) Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm 4(6):807–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antony B (2018) Composition to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin. US Patent 9,861,677 B2, 9 January 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Aparicio-Trejo OE, Tapia E, Molina-Jijón E et al (2017) Curcumin prevents mitochondrial dynamics disturbances in early 5/6 nephrectomy: relation to oxidative stress and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Biofactors 43(2):293–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asai A, Miyazawa T (2000) Occurrence of orally administered curcuminoid as glucuronide and glucuronide/sulfate conjugates in rat plasma. Life Sci 67(23):2785–2793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee P, Castellanos M, Debata PR et al (2015) Activity enhancing curcumin compositions and methods of use. WO Patent 2015/081319 A2, 4 June 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Banji D, Pinnapureddy J, Banji OJF et al (2011) Synergistic activity of curcumin with methotrexate in ameliorating Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis with reduced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Eur J Pharmacol 668:293–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum L, Cheung SK, Mok VC et al (2007) Curcumin effects on blood lipid profile in a 6-month human study. Pharmacol Res 56(6):509–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK et al (2008) Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28(1):110–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayet-Robert M, Kwiatowski F, Leheurteur M et al (2010) Phase I dose escalation trial of docetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 9(1):8–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M et al (2010) Efficacy and safety of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients. Altern Med Rev 15(4):337–344

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman J, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y et al (2013) Curcumin as an add-on to antidepressive treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study. Clin Neuropharmacol 36(3):73–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard J, Dietrich D, Glimelius B et al (2014) Clinical benefit response in pancreatic cancer trials revisited. Oncol Res Treat 37(1–2):42–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burapan S, Kim M, Han J (2017) Curcuminoid demethylation as an alternative metabolism by human intestinal microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 65(16):3305–3310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bustanji Y, Taha MO, Almasri IM et al (2009) Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase by curcumin: investigation by simulated molecular docking and subsequent in vitro/in vivo evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 24:771–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK et al (2011) Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Prev Res 4:354–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandran B, Goel A (2012) A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Phytother Res 26:1719–1725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK et al (2001) Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res 21:2895–2900

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R et al (2012) Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 35(11):2121–2127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney JM, Barnett MPG, Dommels YEM et al (2016) A combined omics approach to evaluate the effects of dietary curcumin on colon inflammation in the Mdr1a/ mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Nutr Biochem 27:181–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox KH, Pipingas A, Scholey AB (2015) Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population. J Psychopharmacol 29(5):642–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Correa M, Shoskes DA, Sanchez P et al (2006) Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:1035–1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Correa M, Hylind LM, Marrero JH et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of curcumin in treatment of intestinal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 155(3):668–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahmke IN, Boettcher ST, Groh M et al (2014) Cooking enhances curcumin anti-cancerogenic activity through pyrolytic formation of “diketene curcumin”. Food Chem 151:514–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Almeida Alvarenga L, de Oliveira Leal V, Alvarenga Borgesc N et al (2018) Curcumin – a promising nutritional strategy for chronic kidney disease patients. J Funct Foods 40:715–721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal RC (1980) Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane). Indian J Med Res 71:632–634

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA et al (2008) Phase II clinical trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14(14):4491–4499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Mario F, Cavallaro LG, Nouvenne A et al (2007) A curcumin-based 1-week triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: something to learn from failure? Helicobacter 12(3):238–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Pierro F, Bressan A, Ranaldi D et al (2015) Potential role of bioavailable curcumin in weight loss and omental adipose tissue decrease: preliminary data of a randomized, controlled trial in overweight people with metabolic syndrome. Preliminary study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19(21):4195–4202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimauro TM (2008) Intranasally administering curcumin in a bolus of helium gas to treat Alzheimer’s disease. WO Patent 2008/131059 A2, 30 October 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding L, Li J, Song B et al (2016) Curcumin rescues high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin sensitivity in mice through regulating SREBP pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 304:99–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiSilvestro RA, Joseph E, Zhao S et al (2012) Diverse effects of a low dose supplement of lipidated curcumin in healthy middle aged people. Nutr J. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-79

  • Dohare P, Garga P, Jain V et al (2008) Dose dependence and therapeutic window for the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in thromboembolic model of rat. Behav Brain Res 193:289–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorai T, Cao YC, Dorai B et al (2001) Therapeutic potential of curcumin in human prostate cancer. III. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vivo. Prostate 47(4):293–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durgaprasad S, Pai CG, Vasanthkumar et al (2005) A pilot study of the antioxidant effect of curcumin in tropical pancreatitis. Indian J Med Res 122(4):315–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ejaz A, Wu D, Kwan P et al (2009) Curcumin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and angiogenesis and obesity in C57/BL mice. J Nutr 139(5):919–925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Moselhy MA, Taye A, Sharkawi SS et al (2011) The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-α and free fatty acids. Food Chem Toxicol 49(5):1129–1140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epelbaum R, Schaffer M, Vizel B et al (2010) Curcumin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Nutr Cancer 62(8):1137–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein J, Sanderson IR, Macdonald TT (2010) Curcumin as a therapeutic agent: the evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies. Br J Nutr 103(11):1545–1557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esatbeyoglu T, Huebbe P, Ernst IM et al (2012) Curcumin-from molecule to biological function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51(22):5308–5332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esmaily H, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M et al (2015) An investigation of the effects of curcumin on anxiety and depression in obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med 21(5):332–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (2014) Refined exposure assessment for curcumin (E 100). EFSA J 12(10):3876. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadus MC, Lau C, Bikhchandani J et al (2017) Curcumin: an age-old anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic agent. J Tradit Complement Med 7(3):339–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farzaei MH, Zobeiri M, Parvizi F et al (2018) Curcumin in liver diseases: a systematic review of the cellular mechanisms of oxidative stress and clinical perspective. Nutrients 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070855. pii: E855

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frautschy SA, Cole GM (2015) Bioavailable curcuminoid formulations for treating Alzheimer’s disease and other age-related disorders. US Patent 9,192,644 B2, 24 November 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Frautschy SA, Hu W, Kim P et al (2001) Phenolic anti-inflammatory antioxidant reversal of Abeta-induced cognitive deficits and neuropathology. Neurobiol Aging 22(6):993–1005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganjali S, Sahebkar A, Mahdipour E et al (2014) Investigation of the effects of curcumin on serum cytokines in obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial. ScientificWorldJournal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/898361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcea G, Jones DJ, Singh R et al (2004) Detection of curcumin and its metabolites in hepatic tissue and portal blood of patients following oral administration. Br J Cancer 90(5):1011–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ et al (2005) Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14(1):120–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A et al (2007) Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurochem 102:1095–1104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golombick T, Diamond TH, Badmaev V et al (2009) The potential role of curcumin in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance – its effect on paraproteinemia and the urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen bone turnover marker. Clin Cancer Res 15(18):5917–5922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golombick T, Diamond TH, Manoharan A et al (2012) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, and curcumin: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over 4g study and an open-label 8g extension study. Am J Hematol 87(5):455–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gopi S (2015) A novel composition of curcumin with enhanced bioavailability. WO Patent 2015/025263 Al, 25 February 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath D, Ahmed M, Gomathi K et al (2004) Dermal wound healing processes with curcumin incorporated collagen films. Biomaterials 25:1911–1917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon ON, Luis PB, Sintim HO et al (2015) Unraveling curcumin degradation: autoxidation proceeds through spiroepoxide and vinyl ether intermediates en route to the main bicyclopentadione. J Biol Chem 290(8):4817–4828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SC, Patchva S, Koh W et al (2012) Discovery of curcumin, a component of golden spice, and its miraculous biological activities. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 39(3):283–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB (2013) Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J 15(1):195–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanai H, Iida T, Taceuki K et al (2006) Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4(12):1502–1506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassaninasab A, Hashimoto Y, Tomita-Yokotani K et al (2011) Discovery of the curcumin metabolic pathway involving a unique enzyme in an intestinal microorganism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(16):6615–6620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J et al (2008) Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials. Cell Mol Life Sci 65(11):1631–1652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hejazi H, Rastmanesh R, Taleban F-A et al (2016) Effect of curcumin supplementation during radiotherapy on oxidative status of patients with prostate cancer: a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Cancer 68(1):77–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helson L (2012) Curcumin combination with anti-type 2 diabetic drugs for prevention and treatment of disease sequelae, drug-related adverse reactions, and improved glycemic control. WO Patent 2012/125830 A2, 20 September 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Helson L (2015) Method and system for measuring the pharmacokinetics of liposomal curcumin and its metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin. US Patent 9,170,257 B2, 27 October 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS (2017) Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hishikawa N, Takahashi Y, Amakusa Y et al (2012) Effects of turmeric on Alzheimer’s disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ayu 33(4):499–504

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehle SI, Pfeiffer E, Metzler M et al (2007) Glucuronidation of curcuminoids by human microsomal and recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Mol Nutr Food Res 51(8):932–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R (2005) Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 50(11):2191–2193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MT, Ma W, Lu YP et al (1995) Effects of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 16(10):2493–2497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ide H, Tokiwa S, Sakamaki K et al (2010) Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen. Prostate 70:1127–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ireson CR, Orr S, Jones DJ et al (2001) Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin E2 production. Cancer Res 61(3):1058–1064

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ireson CR, Jones DJ, Orr S et al (2002) Metabolism of the cancer chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat intestine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 11(1):105–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving GR, Howells LM, Sale S et al (2013) Prolonged biologically active colonic tissue levels of curcumin achieved after oral administration – a clinical pilot study including assessment of patient acceptability. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 6(2):119–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagetia G, Rajanikant G (2012) Acceleration of wound repair by curcumin in the excision wound of mice exposed to different doses of fractionated gamma radiation. Int Wound J 9:76–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamwal R (2018) Bioavailable curcumin formulations: a review of pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers. J Integr Med 16(6):367–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeengar MK, Shrivastava S, Mouli Veeravalli SC et al (2016) Amelioration of FCA induced arthritis on topical application of curcumin in combination with emu oil. Nutrition 32(9):955–964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joy P, Naduvilidam JK (2016) Modified cyclodextrin coated magnetite nanoparticles for targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs. WO Patent 2016/113762 Al, 21 July 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung YN, Kang S, Lee BH et al (2016) Changes in the chemical properties and anti-oxidant activities of curcumin by microwave radiation. Food Sci Biotechnol 25(5):1449–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kanai M (2014) Therapeutic applications of curcumin for patients with pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20(28):9384–9391

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kanai M, Yoshimura K, Asada M et al (2011) A phase I/II study of complementary therapy using curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 68(1):157–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kertia N, Asdie AH, Rochmah W et al (2012) Ability of curcuminoid compared to diclofenac sodium in reducing the secretion of cycloxygenase-2 enzyme by synovial fluid’s monocytes of patients with osteoarthritis. Acta Med Indones 44(2):105–113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan H, Ullah H, Nabavi SM (2019) Mechanistic insights of hepatoprotective effects of curcumin: therapeutic updates and future prospects. Food Chem Toxicol 124:182–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DS (2007) Method to prepare pure curcumin. WO Patent 2007/143635A1, 13 December 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Clifton P (2018) Curcumin, cardiometabolic health and dementia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(10):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102093

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JM, Araki S, Kim DJ et al (1998) Chemopreventive effects of carotenoids and curcumins on mouse colon carcinogenesis after 1,2-dimethylhydrazine initiation. Carcinogenesis 19(1):81–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SG, Veena MS, Basak SK et al (2011) Curcumin treatment suppresses IKKβ kinase activity of salivary cells of patients with head and neck cancer: a pilot study. Clin Cancer Res 17(18):5953–5961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SW, Ha KC, Choi EK et al (2013) The effectiveness of fermented turmeric powder in patients with elevated alanine transaminase level: a randomized controlled study. BMC Complement Altern Med. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-58

  • Kobayakawa M, Kojima Y (2011) Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil (S-1) approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in adults when given in combination with cisplatin: a review comparing it with other fluoropyrimidine-based therapies. Onco Targets Ther 4:193–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koosirirat K, Linpisarn S, Changsom D et al (2010) Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Int Immunopharmacol 10:815–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan KL, Sreedharam LP (2016) Fibrin wafer/disc as a biological carrier for sustained delivery of curcumin. US Patent 2016/0101066 A1, 14 April 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunati SR, Yang S, William BM et al (2018) An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of curcumin, curcumin glucuronide and curcumin sulfate in a phase II clinical trial. J Pharm Biomed Anal 156:189–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunnumakkara AB, Guha S, Krishnan S et al (2007) Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer through suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products. Cancer Res 67:3853–3861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunnumakkara AB, Bordoloi D, Padmavathi G et al (2017) Curcumin, the golden nutraceutical: multitargeting for multiple chronic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 174(11):1325–1348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuriakose MA (2014) Formulation of curcumin with enhanced bioavailability of curcumin and method of preparation and treatment thereof. WO Patent 2014/068597 A2, 8 May 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurien BT, Singh A, Matsumoto H et al (2007) Improving the solubility and pharmacological efficacy of curcumin by heat treatment. Assay Drug Dev Technol 5(4):567–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurien BT, D’Souza A, Scofield RH (2010) Heat-solubilized curry spice curcumin inhibits antibody-antigen interaction in in vitro studies: a possible therapy to alleviate autoimmune disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 54(8):1202–1209

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzrock R, Li L, Mehta K et al (2011) Liposomal curcumin for treatment of cancer. US Patent 7,968,115 B2, 28 June 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzrock R, Li L, Mehta K et al (2018) Liposomal curcumin for treatment of diseases. US Patent 7,968,115 B2, 26 June 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JKY et al (2015) Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:1444–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lao CD, Ruffin MT IV, Normolle D et al (2006) Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement Altern Med. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-6-10

  • Lee GH, Lee HY, Choi MK et al (2017) Protective effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on CCl4-induced acute hepatic stress. BMC Res Notes 10:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2409-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Zhang Z, Hill DL et al (2007) Curcumin, a dietary component, has anticancer, chemosensitization, and radiosensitization effects by down-regulating the MDM2 oncogene through the PI3K/mTOR/ETS2 pathway. Cancer Res 67:1988–1996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Wang C, Qiao Z et al (2017) Protective effect of curcumin against myocardium injury in ischemia reperfusion rats. Pharm Biol 55(1):1144–1148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lopresti AL, Maes M, Maker GL et al (2014) Curcumin for the treatment of major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Affect Disord 167:368–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopresti AL, Maes M, Meddens MJM et al (2015) Curcumin and major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the potential of peripheral biomarkers to predict treatment response and antidepressant mechanisms of change. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25:38–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lou Y, Zheng J, Hu H et al (2015) Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify curcumin metabolites produced by human intestinal bacteria. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 985:38–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahammedi H, Planchat E, Pouget M et al (2016) The new combination docetaxel, prednisone and curcumin in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a pilot phase II study. Oncology 90:69–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahran RI, Hagras MM, Sun D et al (2017) Bringing curcumin to the clinic in cancer prevention: a review of strategies to enhance bioavailability and efficacy. AAPS J 19(1):54–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maithili Karpaga Selvi N, Sridhar MG, Swaminathan RP et al (2015) Efficacy of turmeric as adjuvant therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 30(2):180–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maithilikarpagaselvi N, Sridhar MG, Swaminathan RP et al (2016) Curcumin prevents inflammatory response, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in high fructose fed male Wistar rats: potential role of serine kinases. Chem Biol Interact 244:187–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K (2016) Method to solubilize curcuminoids in water. WO Patent 2016/140904 Al, 9 September 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Mani H, Sidhu GS, Kumari R et al (2002) Curcumin differentially regulates TGF-beta1, its receptors and nitric oxide synthase during impaired wound healing. Biofactors 16(1–2):29–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzorou M, Pavlidou E, Vasios G et al (2018) Effects of curcumin consumption on human chronic diseases: a narrative review of the most recent clinical data. Phytother Res 32(6):957–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marczylo TH, Verschoyle RD, Cooke DN et al (2007) Comparison of systemic availability of curcumin with that of curcumin formulated with phosphatidylcholine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 60(2):171–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohajer A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Parizadeh SMR et al (2014) Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on serum copper and zinc concentrations and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in obese subjects. Trace Elem Electrolytes 32:16–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty C, Das M, Sahoo S (2012) Sustained wound healing activity of curcumin loaded oleic acid based polymeric bandage in a rat model. Mol Pharm 9:2801–2811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay A, Basu N, Ghatak N et al (1982) Anti-inflammatory and irritant activities of curcumin analogs in rats. Agents Actions 12(4):508–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan P, Pari L (2007) Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in experimental type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 113(3):479–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Na LX, Li Y, Pan HZ et al (2013) Curcuminoids exert glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes by decreasing serum free fatty acids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 57:1569–1577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Yamada S et al (2014) Short-term effects of highly-bioavailable curcumin for treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study. J Orthop Sci 19:933–939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakmareong S, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P et al (2011) Antioxidant and vascular protective effects of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 383(5):519–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neerati P, Devde R, Gangi AK (2014) Evaluation of the effect of curcumin capsules on glyburide therapy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res 28:1796–1800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neven P, Serteyn D, Delarge J et al (2011) Water soluble curcumin compositions for use in anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. US Patent 2011/0257126 A1, 20 October 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Cialdella-Kam L, Knab AM et al (2012) Influence of red pepper spice and turmeric on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in overweight females: a metabolomics approach. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 67(4):415–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odot J, Albert P, Carlier A et al (2004) In vitro and in vivo anti-tumoral effect of curcumin against melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 111(3):381–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olszanecki R, Jawień J, Gajda M et al (2005) Effect of curcumin on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 56(4):627–635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan MH, Huang TM, Lin JK (1999) Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 27(4):486–494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panahi Y, Badeli R, Karami G-R et al (2015) Investigation of the efficacy of adjunctive therapy with bioavailability-boosted curcuminoids in major depressive disorder. Phytother Res 29:17–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panahi Y, Hosseini MS, Khalili N et al (2015a) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcuminoid-piperine combination in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial and an up-dated meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 34:1101–1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panahi Y, Kianpour P, Mohtashami R et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of phytosomal curcumin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Drug Res (Stuttg) 67:244–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen B, Moss M, Palmer N (2014) Product and method for improving bioavailability of therapeutic compounds. WO Patent 2014/145851 A1, 18 September 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinsornsak P, Niempoog S (2012) The efficacy of Curcuma longa L. extract as an adjuvant therapy in primary knee osteoarthritis: a randomized control trial. J Med Assoc Thail 95(Suppl. 1):S51–S58

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB (2014) Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice. Cancer Res Treat 46(1):2–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Priyadarsini KI (2014) The chemistry of curcumin: from extraction to therapeutic agent. Molecules 19:20091–20112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prucksunand C, Indrasukhsri B, Leethochawalit M et al (2001) Phase II clinical trial on effect of the long turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) on healing on peptic ulcer. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32(1):208–215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pulido-Moran M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Ramirez-Tortosa C et al (2016) Curcumin and health. Molecules 21(3):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Punithavathi D, Venkatesan N, Babu M (2000) Curcumin inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 131:169–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Punithavathi D, Venkatesan N, Babu M (2003) Protective effects of curcumin against amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 139:1342–1350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi HR, Mohammadpour AH, Dastani M et al (2016) The effect of nano-curcumin on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed 6(5):567–577

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmani S, Asgary S, Askari G et al (2016) Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with curcumin: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 30:1540–1548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeswari A, Sabesan M (2008) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase-B by the polyphenolic compound, curcumin and its metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin, in a model of Parkinson’s disease induced by MPTP neurodegeneration in mice. Inflammopharmacology 16:96–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Mesa MD et al (2009) Curcumin ameliorates rabbits’s steatohepatitis via respiratory chain, oxidative stress, and TNF-alpha. Free Radic Biol Med 47:924–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan AP, Mukerjee A, Vishwanatha J et al (2014) Curcumin-er, a liposomal plga sustained release nanocurcumin for minimizing qt prolongation for cancer therapy. WO Patent 2014/036534 Al, 6 March 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauf A, Imran M, Erdogan Orhan I et al (2018) Health perspectives of a bioactive compound curcumin: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 74:33–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Mancía S, Trujillo J, Pedraza Chaverric J (2018) Utility of curcumin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. J Nutr Intermed Metab 14:29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan JL, Heckler CE, Ling M et al (2013) Curcumin for radiation dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of thirty breast cancer patients. Radiat Res 180(1):34–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sahebkar A, Mohammadi A, Atabati A et al (2013) Curcuminoids modulate pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance but not the immune response to heat shock protein 27 and oxidized LDL in obese individuals. Phytother Res 27:1883–1888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi B, Stojanović-Radić Z, Matejić J et al (2019) The therapeutic potential of curcumin: a review of clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 163:527–545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salh B, Assi K, Templeman V et al (2003) Curcumin attenuates DNB induced murine colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285:G235–G243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanjeeb KS, Chandana M (2011) A novel water soluble curcumin loaded nanoparticulate system for cancer therapy. WO Patent 2011/101859 A1, 25 August 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanmukhani J, Satodia V, Trivedi J et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of curcumin in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 28(4):579–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker MR, Franks SF (2018) Efficacy of curcumin for age-associated cognitive decline: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies. Geroscience 40(2):73–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker SD, Nahar L (2007) Bioactivity of turmeric. In: Ravindran PN, Nirmal Babu K, Sivaraman K (eds) Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. Medicinal and aromatic plants-industrial profiles, vol 45. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 257–296

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schiborr C, Kocher A, Behnam D et al (2014) The oral bioavailability of curcumin from micronized powder and liquid micelles is significantly increased in healthy humans and differs between sexes. Mol Nutr Food Res 58(3):516–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider C, Gordon ON, Edwards RL et al (2015) Degradation of curcumin: from mechanism to biological implications. J Agric Food Chem 63(35):7606–7614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sezgin VC (2016) Development of curcumin and piperine loaded double-layered biopolymer based nano delivery systems by using electrospray / coating method. WO Patent 2016/167732 Al, 20 October 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA et al (2001) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7(7):1894–1900

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL et al (2004) Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res 10(20):6847–6854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T et al (1998) Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med 64(4):353–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Thaloor D et al (1998) Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals. Wound Repair Regen 6(2):167–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PK, Prabhune AA, Ogale SB (2016) Curcumin-sophorolipid complex. WO Patent 2016/013026 A, 28 January 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Small GW, Sidarth P, Li Z et al (2008) Memory and brain amyloid and tau effects of a bioavailable form of curcumin in non-demented adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled 18-month trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 26(3):266–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srimuangwong K, Tocharus C, Tocharus J et al (2012) Effects of hexahydrocurcumin in combination with 5-fluorouracil on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. World J Gastroenterol 18(47):6951–6959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stanić Z (2017) Curcumin, a compound from natural sources, a true scientific challenge – a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 72(1):1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh D, Gurudutt KN, Srinivasan K (2009) Degradation of bioactive spice compound: curcumin during domestic cooking. Eur Food Res Technol 228:807–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tapia E, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Hernández-Pando R et al (2013) Curcumin reverses glomerular hemodynamic alterations and oxidant stress in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Phytomedicine 20:359–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ukil A, Maity S, Karmakar S et al (2003) Curcumin, the major component of food flavour turmeric, reduces mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Br J Pharmacol 139:209–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vareed SK, Kakarala M, Ruffin MT et al (2008) Pharmacokinetics of curcumin conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 17(6):1411–1417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan N (2000) Pulmonary protective effects of curcumin against paraquat toxicity. Life Sci 66:PL21–PL28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan N, Chandrakasan G (1995) Modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced early lung injury by curcumin, an anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Mol Cell Biochem 142:79–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickenberg J, Ingemansson SL, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-43

  • Xiao J, Sheng X, Zhang X et al (2016) Curcumin protects against myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis via SIRT1 activation in vivo and in vitro. Drug Des Devel Ther 10:1267–1277

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xie YL, Chu JG, Jian XM et al (2017) Curcumin attenuates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibiting NF-kB activation. Biomed Pharmacother 91:70–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang KY, Lin LC, Tseng TY et al (2007) Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B 853(1–2):183–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Duan W, Lin Y et al (2013) SIRT1 activation by curcumin pretreatment attenuates mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 65:667–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu W, Wu J, Cai F et al (2012) Curcumin alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in experimental diabetic rats. PLoS One 7:e52013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JJ, Pei LB, Zhang Y et al (2015) Chronic supplementation of curcumin enhances the efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35(4):406–410

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu W, Zha W, Ke Z et al (2016) Curcumin protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes against high glucose-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Diabetes Res 2016:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue GG, Cheng SW, Yu H et al (2012) The role of turmerones on curcumin transportation and P-glycoprotein activities in intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Med Food 15(3):242–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zbarsky V, Datla KP, Parkar S et al (2005) Neuroprotective properties of the natural phenolic antioxidants curcumin and naringenin but not quercetin and fisetin in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson’s disease. Free Radic Res 39:1119–1125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DW, Fu M, Gao SH et al (2013) Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013(636053). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/636053

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anca Miron .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Trifan, A., Aprotosoaie, A.C., Miron, A. (2020). Curcumin in Food. In: Xiao, J., Sarker, S., Asakawa, Y. (eds) Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_28-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_28-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1745-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1745-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics