Abstract
The drivers of climate change have been the subject of much debate—whether man made or natural, permanent or reversible. But what cannot be disputed is that the world is becoming warmer. Of particular interest is the fact that the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the globe.
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References
Congressional Research Service’s Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, pg. 14
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1.html
http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/coastal_zones.asp
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/news/global_climate_change_study07.htm
Estimate from Oil and Gas Journal
Greenland Minerals and Energy LTD Factsheet
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/yellowcake.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/05/greenland-mines-arctic-fears-pristine-environment
Ibid
Arctic Human Development Report, Ch. 1, pg. 23.
Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC); Saami Council (SC); Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON); Aleut International Association (AIA); Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC); and the Gwich’in Council International (GCI).
U.S. Energy Information Administration figures.
http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2014/09/600-million-kara-sea-drilling-could-be-shut-down-16-09
http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2629.aspx
http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2015/01/rosneft-will-not-resume-drilling-kara-sea-2015-30-01
Although Nome lies just over 100 miles south of the Arctic circle (66°33’44”N), it falls within the U.S. Arctic boundary as defined by Title 15 United States Code, Section 4111, which includes the Bering Sea and the Aleutian chain.
At that time, the ice breaker USCG Cutter Polar Star was in “caretaker” status (non-operational) and its sister ship, the Polar Sea was in in layup due to extensive maintenance requirements.
http://www.uscg.mil/seniorleadership/docs/cg_arctic_strategy.pdf.
National Strategy for the Arctic Region, pg. 9
The cable will be laid through the Northwest Passage in Canada and the Alaskan Arctic. The project is being executed by Toronto-based telecom company Arctic Fibre.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf
Arctic Human Development Report, Ch. 2, Pg. 34.
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Fullerton, B., Napolitano, C. (2016). Arctic: A US Perspective. In: Sakhuja, V., Narula, K. (eds) Asia and the Arctic. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2059-9_8
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