Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transformation of Picea Species

  • Chapter
Molecular Biology of Woody Plants

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 66))

Abstract

The genus Picea includes about 40 species of trees which are largely restricted to the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, many of them in China. The wood of Picea species is strong for its weight, moderately long fibered but slightly resinous, and of primary importance in the manufacture of pulp and paper and for sawnwood (timber). P. abies (Norway spruce), is, together with Pinus sylvestris, the most important European economic forest tree species, used for pulp and timber. It is native from the Pyrenees to Russia and from Lapland to the Balkans; in Russia it merges into P. obovata. It is extensively planted in N. Europe. In North America, the important economic species of Picea are P. glauca, (white spruce), which grows across Canada and northern USA, widely used for pulp and timber; P. mariana (black spruce) with a similar distribution but growing best on wet sites; P engelmanii, which grows in the western mountains from British Colombia, where it hybridizes with P. glauca, to New Mexico, used for timber; P. sitchensis (Sitka spruce), a coastal species from Alaska to California and also grown extensively in Britain and Denmark, used for pulp and timber; and P. rubens (red spruce), closely related to P. mariana but with a narrow Eastern distribution from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Several Picea species are used as park and garden trees and P. abies is a popular Christmas tree in Scandinavia and elsewhere; (see further Anon 1986, Harlow et al. 1996, Attree et al. 1991, Thompson 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anon, (1986) Information reports digest, Can. For. Serv. 7, 21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronen, T.S., Nikkanen, T.O., and Häggman, H.M. (1998) Compatibility of different pollination techniques with microprojectile bombardment of Norway spruce and Scots pine pollen, Can. J. For. Res. 28, 7986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attree, S.M., Bekkaoui, F., Dunstan, D.I., and Fowke, L.C. (1987) Regeneration of somatic embryos from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture of white spruce (Picea glauca), Plant Cell Rep. 6, 480–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree, S.M., Dunstan D.I., and Fowke, L.C. (1989) Plantlet regeneration from embryogenic protoplasts of white spruce (Picea glauca), Bio/fechnol. 7, 1060–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree, S.M., Dunstan D.I., and Fowke, L.C. (1991) Picea glauca (Moench) (white spruce) and Picea mariana (Mill) black spruce), in Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol 16, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 423–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, Y.P.S. (1986) Biotechnology of tree improvement for rapid propagation and biomass energy production, in Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui, F., Pilon, M., Laine, E., Raju, D.S.S., Crosby, W.L., and Dunstan, D.I. (1988) Transient gene expression in electroporated Picea glauca protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 7, 481–484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui, F., Datla, R.S.S., Pilon, M., Tautorus, T. E., Crosby, W. L., and Dunstan, D. I. (1990) The effects of promoter on transient expression in conifer cell lines, Theor. Appl. Genet. 79, 353–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bommineni, V.R., Chibbar, R.N., Datla, R.S.S., and Tsang, E.W.T. (1993) Transformation of white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryos by microprojectile bombardment, Plant Cell Rep 13, 17–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bommineni, V.R., Datla, R.S.S., and Tsang, E.W.T. (1994) Expression of gus in somatic embryo cultures of black spruce after microprojectile bombardment, J. Exp. Bot. 45, 491–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bommineni, V.R., Chibbar, R.N., Bethune, T.D., Tsang, E.W.T., and Dunstan, D.I. (1997) The sensitivity of transgenic spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) cotyledonary somatic embryos and somatic seedlings to kanamycin selection, Transgen. Res. 6, 123–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bommineni, V.R., Bethune, T.D., Hull, K.L., and Dunstan, D.I. (1998) Expression of uidA under regulation of the ABA-inducible wheat Em promoter in transgenic white spruce somatic embryos, J. Plant Physiol. 152, 455–462.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa, V. (1985) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cultured immature and mature embryos of Picea abies (L.) Karst., Commun. Inst. For. Cech. 14, 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charest, P.J., Caléro, N. Lachance, D., Datla, R.S.S., Duchesne, L.C. and Tsang, E.W.T. (1993) Microprojectile-DNA delivery in conifer species: Factors affecting assessment of transient gene expression using the ß-glucuronidase reporter gene, Plant Cell Rep. 12, 189–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charest, P.J., Devantier, Y., and Lachance, D. (1996) Stable genetic transformation of Picea mariana (black spruce) via particle bombardment, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol.-Plant 32, 91–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheliak, W.M. and Rogers, D.L. (1990) Integrating biotechnology into tree improvement programs, Can. J. For. Res. 20, 452–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Marmey, P., Taylor, N.J., Brizard, J.-P., Espinoza, C., D’Cruz, P., Huet, H., Zhang, S., de Kochko, A., Beachy, R.N., and Fauquet, C.M. (1998). Expression and inheritance of multiple transgenes in rice plants, Nature Biotechnol. 16: 1060–1064.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, M., Fry, J.E., Pang, S., Zhou, H., Hironaka, C.M., Duncan, D.R., Conner, T.W., and Wan, Y. (1997) Genetic transformation of wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Plant Physiology 115, 97180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, A.H. and Quail, P.H. (1996) Ubiquitin promoter-based vectors for high-level expression of selectable and/or screenable marker genes in monocotyledenous plants, Transgen. Res. 5, 213–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christou, P. (1997) Rice transformation: bombardment. Plant Mol. Biol. 35, 197–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, D.H. and Ekerg, I. (1986) Induction of tumours by various strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens on Abies nordmanniana and Picea abies, Scand. J. For. Res. 1, 435–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, D., Ekberg, I., Eriksson, G., Hood, E.E., and Norell, L. (1990) Within-population variation in susceptibility to Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281 in Picea abies (L.) Karst., Theor. Appl. Genet. 79, 654–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, D., Manders, G., Yibrah, H.S., and von Arnold, S. (1995) Enhancement of short-and medium-term expression of transgenes in embryogenic suspensions of Picea abies (L.) Karst., J. Exp. Bot. 46, 655–662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, D., Demel, P., Elfstrand, M., Koop, H.-U., Sabala, I. and von Arnold, S. (1999) Gene transfer by particle bombardment to embryogenic cultures of Picea abies and the production of transgenic plantlets (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, M.D. and Owens, J.N. (1993) In vitro and in vivo pollen hydration, germination, and pollen-tube growth in white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Int. J. Plant Sci. 154, 506–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Block, M., Debrouwer, D., and Moens, T. (1997) The development of a nuclear male sterility system in wheat. Expression of the barnase gene under the control of tapetum specific promoters, Theor. Appl. Genet. 95, 125–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, J.-Z., Pilate, G., Abrams, S.R., and Dunstan, D. I. (1994) Induction of a wheat Em promoter by ABA and optically pure ABA analogs in white spruce (Picea glauca) protoplasts, Physiol. Plant. 90, 513–521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, P.M.W., John, A., Power, J.B., and Davey, M.R. (1997) Expression of the gus A gene in embryogenic cell lines of Sitka spruce following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, J. Exp. Bot. 48, 151–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne, L.C. and Charest, P.J. (1991) Transient expression of the b-glucuronidase gene in embryogenic callus of Picea mariana following microprojection. Plant Cell Rep. 10, 191–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne, L.C. and Charest, P.J. (1992) Effect of promoter sequence on transient expression of the bglucuronidase gene in embryogenic calli of Larix x eurolepsis and Picea mariana following microprojection, Can. J. Bot. 70, 175–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egertsdotter, U. and von Arnold, S. (1993) Classification of embryogenic cell-lines of Picea abies as regards protoplast isolation and culture, J. Plant Physiol. 141, 222–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D.D., (1995) Transformation of gymnosperms, in S.M. Jain, P.K. Gupta, and R.J. Newton (eds.), Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol. I, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 227–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D., Roberts, D., Sutton, B., Lazaroff, W., Webb, D., and Flinn, B. (1989) Transformation of white spruce and other conifer species by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Plant Cell Rep. 8, 16–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D. D., McCabe, D., Russell, D., Martinell, B., and McCown, B.H. (1991) Expression of inducible angiosperm promoters in a gymnosperm, Picea glauca (white spruce), Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 19–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D. D., McCabe, D.E., McInnis, S., Ramachandran, R., Russell, D.R., Wallace, K.M., Martinell, B.J., Roberts, D.R., Raffa, K.F., and McCown, B.H. (1993) Stable transformation of Picea glauca by particle acceleration, Bio/l’echnol. 11, 84–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D.D., Rintamaki-Strait, J., Francis, K., Kleiner, K., Raffa, K., and McCown, B. (1996) Transgene expression in spruce and poplar: from the lab to the field, in M.R. Ahuja (ed.), Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 159–163.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Finer, J.J., Vain, P., Jones, M.W., and McMullen, M.D. (1992) Development of the particle inflow gun for DNA delivery to plant cells, Plant Cell Rep. 11, 323–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, J. and McElroy, D. (1994) Transgene inactivation: plants fight back!, Bio/Technol. 12, 883–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J., Devey, M., Hasegawa, O., Ulian, E.C., Peterson G., and Smith, R.H. (1991) Transformation of Zea mays L., using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the shoot apex, Plant Physiol. 95, 426–434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Häggman, H.M., and Aronen, T.S. (1996). Agrobacterium mediated diseases and genetic transformation in forest trees, in S.P. Raychaudhuri and K. Maramorosch (eds.), Forest Trees and Palms, Oxford IBH Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd., New Delhi and Calcutta, pp. 135–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häggman, H.M., Aronen, T.S., and Nikkanen, T.O. 1997. Gene transfer by particle bombardment to Norway spruce and Scots pine pollen, Can. J.For. Res. 27, 928–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman, I. and von Arnold, S. (1985) Plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies (Norway spruce), J. Plant Physiol. 121, 149–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, W.M., Harrar, E.S., Hardin, J.W., and White, F.M. (1996) Textbook of Dendrology. McGraw Hill, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, I., Lachance, D., von Aderkas, P., and Charest, P.J. (1994) Transient chimeric gene expression in pollen of five conifer species following microparticle bombardment, Can. J. For. Res. 24, 2417–2423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazel, CB, Klein, T.M., Anis, M., Wilde, H.D., and Parrott, W.A. (1998) Growth characteristics and transformability of soybean embryogenic cultures, Plant Cell Rep. 17, 765–772.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Högberg, K.-A., Ekberg, I., Norell, L., and von Arnold, S. (1998) Integration of somatic embryogenesis in a tree breeding programme - a case study with Picea abies, Can. J. For. Res. (accepted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, E.E., Clapham, D.H., Ekberg, I., and Johannson, T. (1990) T-DNA presence and opine production in tumors of Picea abies (L.) Karst induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281, Plant Mol. Biol. 14, 111–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, E.E., Gelvin, S.B., Melchers, L.S., and Hoekema, A. (1993) New Agrobacterium helper plasmids for gene transfer to plants, Transgen. Res. 2. 208–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Diner. A.M., and Karnosky, D.F. (1991) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of a conifer: Larix decidua, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P, 201–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S.M. (1993) Recent advances in plant genetic-engineering, Current Sci. 64, 715–727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S.M., Oker-Blom, O., Pehu, E.P., and Newton, R.J. (1992) Genetic engineering: an additional tool for

    Google Scholar 

  • plant improvement. Acta Agric. Scand., SecB, Soil & Plant Sci. 42, 133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouanin, L., Brasileiro, A. C. M., Leple, J. C., Pilate, G., and Cornu, D. (1993) Genetic transformation: A short review of methods and their applications, results and perspectives for forest trees, Ann. Sci. For. 50, 325–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T.M., Wolf, E.D., Wu, R., Sanford, J.C. (1987). High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells, Nature 327, 70–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Trembly, F.M., and Séguin, A. (1994) Transient transformation of pollen and embryogenic tissues of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) resulting from microprojectile bombardment, Plant Cell Rep. 13, 661–665.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindroth, A.M., Grönroos, R., Clapham, D., Svensson, J., and von Arnold, S. (1998) Ubiquitous and tissue specific gus expression in transgenic roots conferred by six different promoters in one coniferous and three angiosperm species, Plant Cell Rep., accepted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maessen, G.D.F. (1997) Genomic stability and stability of expression in genetically modified plants, Acta Bot. Neerl. 46, 3–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnussen, D., Clapham, D., Grönroos, R., and von Arnold, S. (1994). Induction of hairy and normal roots on Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Scand. J. For. Res. 9, 46–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariani, C., De Beuckeleer, M., Truettner, J., Leemans, J., and Goldberg, R.B. (1990) Induction of male sterility in plants by a chimaeric ribonuclease gene, Nature 347, 737–741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinussen, I., Junttila, O., and Twell, D. (1994) Optimization of transient expression in pollen of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by particle acceleration, Physiol. Plant. 92, 412–416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinussen, I., Bate, N., Weterings, K., Junttila O., and Twell, D. (1995) Analysis of gene regulation in growing pollen tubes of angiosperm and gymnosperm species using microprojectile bombardment, Physiol. Plant. 93, 445–450.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, G.D., Afza, R., Mason, H. S., Wiecko, A., Novak, F. J., and Arntzen, C. J. (1995) Generation of transgenic banana (Musa acuminata) plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, Bio/Technol. 13, 486–492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, D.B. and Sederoff, R.R. (1988) Inheritance and evolution of conifer organelle genomes, in J.W. Hanover and D.E. Keathley (eds.), Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 251–264.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, R.J., Yibrah, H.S., Dong, N., Clapham, D.H., and von Arnold, S. (1992) Expression of an abscisic acid responsive promoter in Picea abies (L.) Karst. following bombardment from an electric discharge particle accelerator, Plant Cell Rep. 11, 188–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potrykus, I. (1991) Gene transfer to plants: Assessment of published approaches and results, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 205–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D., Weissinger, A. K., Ackley, R., Glover, S., and Sederoff, R. R. (1992) Genetic transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) using somatic embryo explants by microprojectile bombardment, Plant Mol. Biol. 19, 925–935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J.A., Roy, M.K. and Sanford, J.C. (1992) Major improvements in biolistic transformation of suspension-cultured tobacco cells, ln Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol. 28P, 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sederoff, R.R. and McCord, S. (1997). NCSU forest biotechnology group. Dendrome 4, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spano, L., Pomponi, M., Costantino, P., van Slogteren, G.M.S., and Tempé, J. (1982) Identification of TDNA in the root-inducing plasmid of the agropine type Agrobacterium rhizogenes 1855, Plant Mol. Biol. 1, 291–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, J., Martirani, L., Tuppale, S., Chian, R.-J., Chiurazzi, M., and Gresshoff, P.M. (1997) High requency transformation and regeneration of transgenic plants in the model legume Lotus japonicus, J. Exp. Bot. 48, 1357–1365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S.H., Rottmann, W.H., Brunner, A.M., and Sheppard, L.A. (1995) Genetic engineering of reproductive sterility in forest trees, Mol. Breeding 1, 5–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus, T.E., Bekkaoui, F., Pilon, M., Datla, R.S.S., Crosby, W.L., Fowke, L.C., and Dunstan, D.I. (1989) Factors affecting transient gene expression in electroporated black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) protoplasts, Theor. Appl. Genet. 78, 531–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus, T.E., Attree, S.M., Fowke, L.C. and Dunstan, D.I. (1990) Somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature zygotic embryos, and embryo regeneration from protoplasts in black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), Plant Sci. 67, 115–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus, T.E., Fowke, L.C., and Dunstan, D.I. (1991) Somatic embryogenesis in conifers, Can. J. Bot. 69, 1873–1899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D. A. (1992) Growth of Sitka spruce and timber quality, in D.A. Rook (ed.), Super Sitka fdr the 90s, Forestry Commission Bulletin 103, London: HMSO, pp. 54–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, L., Séguin, A., and Charest, P.J. (1997) Expression of the green fluorescent protein gene in conifer tissues, Plant Cell Rep. 16, 267–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touraev, A., Stöger, E., Voronin, V., and Heberle-Bors, E. (1997) Plant male germ line transformation, Plant J. 12, 949–956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, C, Donaldson, S., Hinton, H., Moody, J., Walden, A., Walter, E., Mellerowicz, E., Grace, L. Keith, A., Narayan, R., Wang, D., Wagner, A. (1997). Genetic engineering as a new tool in commercial forestry: transfer and expression of foreign genes in Pinus species, Tappi 1997 Biological Sciences Symp, 497–503, Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenck, A.R., Quinn, M., Whetten, R.W., Pullman, G., and Sederoff, R. (1998) High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda),Plant Mol. Biol. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. M., Thorpe, T. A., and Moloney, M. M. (1989) PEG-mediated expression of GUS and CAT genes in protoplasts from embryogenic suspension cultures of Picea glauca. Plant Cell Rep. 7, 704707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yibrah, H. S., Manders, G., Clapham, D.H., and von Arnold, S. (1994) Biological factors affecting transient transformation in embryogenic suspension cultures of Picea abies, J. Plant Physiol. 144, 472478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zupan, J., and Zambryski, P. (1997). The Agrobacterium DNA transfer complex, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 16, 279–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Uppsala Genetic Centre, Department of Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7027, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    D. H. Clapham & S. von Arnold

  2. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Howell Science Complex, Greenville, NC, 27858-4353, USA

    R. J. Newton

  3. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Forest Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2135, USA

    S. Sen

Authors
  1. D. H. Clapham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. J. Newton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Sen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. von Arnold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Vienna, Austria

    S. Mohan Jain

  2. Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA

    Subhash C. Minocha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clapham, D.H., Newton, R.J., Sen, S., von Arnold, S. (2000). Transformation of Picea Species. In: Jain, S.M., Minocha, S.C. (eds) Molecular Biology of Woody Plants. Forestry Sciences, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2313-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2313-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5427-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2313-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation