Abstract
The rise of the health products and modern pharmaceutical industry based originally on coal-tar derivatives may be dated to the end of the 19th century. At that time, new medicaments were created out of a symbiosis of science and, the mainly organic, chemical industry which — due to the mechanisms of competition — were subject to ongoing changes and needs for improvement. The industrial historian Wolfgang Wimmer summarized his study on the “Gesundheitswesen and die Innovationen der Pharma-Industrie in Deutschland” [The Health Service and Innovations of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Germany] between 1880 and 1935 with a statement that harks back to the advertising slogans of the very companies he was writing about: “We almost always have something new available.”1 This not only refers to the rather hectic dynamics of innovation that are observed within such companies but also to an attitude that demonstrates the awareness of and tendency towards progress for the entire era. Representatives of the pharmaceutical industry were soon able to point with some pride to the fact that they were now fortunate enough to speak of “some diseases which a few decades ago were dangerous epidemics ... in the past tense.”2
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References
Wolfgang Wimmer, “Wir haben fast immer was Neues”: Gesundheitswesen und Innovationen der Pharma-Industrie in Deutschland, 1880–1935 (Berlin, 1994).
Hans Fehr, Die chemische Industrie in Basel, Separatdruck aus den Basler Nachrichten (Basle, 1954 ), p. 4.
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Hans Fritz, Industrielle Arzneimittelherstellung.; Die pharmazeutische Industrie in Basel am Beispiel der Sandoz AG (Stuttgart, 1992); Arthur Stoll, 25 Jahre Dienst an der Pharmazeutischen Forschung (Basle, 1942) (Off-print of the Basler Nachrichten no. 135, 19 May 1942). Geigy evaluated the possibility of diversification into the pharmaceutical field at the turn of the century but decided to persevere in a wait-andsee attitude up to the end of the 1930s. See Alfred Burgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939: Ein Beitrag zur Basler Unternehmer-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Basle, 1958); Carl Faller, Pharmaka (Basle, 1953); for an overview see Schröter, op. cit. (8).
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Hans Conrad Peyer, Roche: Geschichte eines Unternehmens, 1896–1996 (Basle, 1996); for 1905, the number of employees in chemical enterprises were as follows: 550 (Ciba), 300 (Sandoz) and 45 (Hoffmann-La Roche). See N. Wassilieff, Die Arbeitsverhältnisse in den Basler chemischen Fabriken (Basle, 1905), p. 3; and US Department of Commerce, Chemical Industry and Trade in Switzerland (Washington, 1929 ).
The big chemical corporations insisted upon a distinction between patented pharmaceuticals and so-called proprietaries.
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Ibid., p. 25.
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Tanner, op. cit. (27); different aspects of the impact of patent legislation on the pharmaceutical industry are analysed in Handbuch der schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft, I (Berne, 1955), p. 580; Jacob Flubacher, “Die chemische Erfindung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schweiz,” Doctoral Thesis, University of Basle, 1933; Carlo Steffen, “Erfindungen von chemischen Verfahren und Arzneimitteln nach schweizerischem Patentrecht,” Doctoral Thesis, University of Bellinzona, 1945; and Paul Graf, Die Normen des schweizerischen Patentrechts für chemische Erfindungen, Arzneimittel-, Lebensmittel-und Textilerfindungen (Zürich, 1935). For the textile industry, a so-called “textile paragraph” was created in 1907, which excluded certain inventions touching upon textile finishing from patenting rights; it remained valid until 1954. See Institut für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz, ed., Kernprobleme des Patentrechts: Festschrift zum 100 jährigen Bestehen eines eidgenössischen Patentgesetzes (Zurich, 1988 ).
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In the Netherlands, there was no patent legislation between 1869 and 1912.
On behalf of the chemical industry of Basle, the conference was attended by Dr. Annaheim (Gewerbeverein Basel); R. Bindschedler (head of Bindschedler, Busch.and. Cie); a Sandoz representative; M.P..1. R. Geigy-Merlan (representative of the Basle Chamber of Commerce); Robert Gnehm (Ciba representative); Dr. Juwalta and Sarauw (Durand.and. Hugenin), and J. Weinmann, chemist. See Protocol! des Schweizerischen Congresses betreffend die Frage der Einführung des Erfindungs-Schutzes, Zürich, 24/25 September 1883 (Zurich, 1883 ).
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s Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie, 19 (1906), 1925.
Ibid., p. 1925.
Handbuch der schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft, 1 (Berne, 1955), 580. Even after 1907, the commodity itself (pharmaceuticals, food, beverages, foodstuffs) remained outside the domain of patent regulation.
A.r. SHIV (1911), p. 129.
Ibid.
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For the development after 1928 see Ibid., table, p. 189.
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Ibid., p. 9.
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For an introduction see: Ulrike Felt, Helga Nowotny and Klaus Taschwer, Wissenschaftsforschung: Eine Einführung (Frankfurt a.M./New York, 1995 ).
Ciba, ed., Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie in Basel /884–1934 (Basle), p. 29.
Jahre Biologische Abteilung der Ciba,“ Ciba-Blätter 1966/204, pp. 16 f£
Bowkcr, op. cit. (49), p. 863.
In the 1950s. Varini, op. cit. (14), p. 160, estimated the ratio between active substances and pharmaceuticals to be 1000: 1. 8.
Bruno Latour and Steven Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills, [1986]); see also Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, Mass., 1987).
Edmund D. Pellegrino, Robert M. Veatch and John P. Langan, eds, Ethics, Trust, and the Professions. Philosophical and Cultural Aspects (Washington, DC, 1991 ); Bernard Barber, The Logic and Limits of Trust (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983 ).
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Michel Callon, “Four models for the dynamics of science,” in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch, eds, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, 1994 ), p. 29–63.
The success of Basle was due to the comparative advantage realized by efficient networks and synergetic effects. The transfer of scientific knowledge and technical know-how favoured the emergence of a regional, transinstitutional research community that was able to counterbalance the pressure of competition through cognitive and political cooperation.
Ciba, Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel (Basle, 1939), cover page.
Varini, op. cit. (14), p. 188. See also M. BOrlin, “Die volkswirtschaftliche Problematik der Patentgesetzgebung.” Doctoral Thesis, University of Zurich/St. Gall, 1954.
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Tanner, J. (1998). The Swiss Pharmaceutical Industry: The Impact of Industrial Property Rights and Trust in the Laboratory, 1907–1939. In: Travis, A.S., Schröter, H.G., Homburg, E., Morris, P.J.T. (eds) Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900–1939. Chemists and Chemistry, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1233-0_12
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