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Biomarkers in Liver Disease pp 1–28Cite as

microRNA-155 and microRNA-196b in Hepatitis C Virus Infection

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Abstract

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous, noncoding RNAs that play a significant role in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes. Growing evidence suggests that they are also involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It has been shown that miRNAs may both directly and indirectly affect the HCV life cycle, as well as the biological pathways crucial for the development of hepatitis C and HCV-related liver diseases. Hepatitis C is a growing health problem worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 3 % of the global population is infected with HCV, and about 350–500,000 people die each year from HCV-related liver disorders, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is, therefore, a strong need to identify markers that allow the monitoring of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) progression, as well as to identify patients that will not respond to treatment. This chapter has summarized recent studies on the role of two selected miRNAs – miRNA-155 and miRNA-196b – in HCV infection and CHC. It discusses the significance and involvement of these molecules in regulating the HCV life cycle, the development of HCV infection and HCV-related liver diseases, as well as their influence on the course of CHC. Special emphasis has been given to their potential applications as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and as targets of novel antiviral therapies.

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Abbreviations

Ago:

Argonaute

aGVHD:

Acute graft-versus-host disease

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ANXA1:

Annexin A1

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

AUC:

Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve

BACH1:

BTB and CNC homology 1 and basic leucine zipper transcription factor 1

BIC:

B-cell integration cluster

C/EBPβ:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta

CHC:

Chronic hepatitis C

DAAs:

Direct-acting antivirals

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

Exp5:

Exportin-5

FAS:

Fas cell surface death receptor

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HCV NS:

HCV nonstructural protein

HMAGA2:

Nuclear architectural factor

HMOX1:

Heme oxygenase 1

IFN:

Interferon

IGF2BP1:

Insulin-like growth factor 2 RNA-binding protein 1

IKKs:

IkB kinases

IL:

Interleukin

ISGs:

IFN-stimulated genes

JAK-STAT:

Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

kb:

Kilobases

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LT:

Liver transplantation

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MEIS1:

Meis homeobox 1

MiRNAs:

microRNAs

MLL:

Mixed lineage leukemia

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

NCR:

Noncoding region

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

NRs:

Nonresponders

nt:

Nucleotides

ORF:

Open reading frame

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

peg-INF-α + RBV:

Pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin

poly-I:C:

Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid

Pre-miRNA:

Precursory miRNA

Pri-miRNA:

Primary miRNA

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RISC:

RNA-induced silencing complex

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SVR:

Sustained virologic response

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNBC:

Triple-negative breast cancer

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TNM:

Classification of malignant tumors: T (tumor), N (nodes), M (metastasis)

UTR:

Untranslated region

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Science Centre Poland, grant no.: 2015/19/N/NZ6/02830.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland

    Ewelina Kałużna

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  1. Ewelina Kałużna
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Correspondence to Ewelina Kałużna .

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  1. Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Kałużna, E. (2016). microRNA-155 and microRNA-196b in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. In: Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7742-2_16-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7742-2_16-1

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