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The Neocortex and Dorsal Ventricular Ridge: Functional Convergence and Underlying Developmental Mechanisms

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Brain Evolution by Design

Part of the book series: Diversity and Commonality in Animals ((DCA))

Abstract

Extensive radiation of extant amniotes could have been achieved by the innovation of several unique characteristics in the body plans of their ancestors. In particular, distinct brain regions were enlarged independently to acquire similar functional properties in different amniote lineages. The neocortex and dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) are a typical case of such parallel brain evolution in mammalian and reptilian lineages. Although these structures have distinct developmental origins, striking functional similarities in the neocortex and DVR have led to long-lasting arguments regarding their evolutionary development from ancestral amniotes. Here, we introduce morphological, neuroanatomical, and developmental aspects of the convergent and divergent features of the neocortex and DVR in amniotes. Furthermore, we discuss possible genetic changes that provided these remarkable brain structures, with special interest in the role of the Pax6 gene, an essential regulator of neural stem/progenitor cell dynamics. Comparative functional analyses of the regulatory genes required for pallial development will provide significant insights into the evolutionary origin of the hallmarks of mammalian and reptilian brains.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. Katsuhiko Ono and Hitoshi Gotoh for providing critical comments and suggestions for the research and Ms. Misato Kawami and Mr. Kazuhiro Arimura for technical support. This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (#24657158), Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (The Empathetic Systems, #26118510) and PRESTO, JST.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, INAMORI Memorial Building, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8023, Japan

    Wataru Yamashita & Tadashi Nomura

  2. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan

    Tadashi Nomura

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  1. Wataru Yamashita
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  2. Tadashi Nomura
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Correspondence to Tadashi Nomura .

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  1. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy

    Shuichi Shigeno

  2. Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan

    Yasunori Murakami

  3. Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Tadashi Nomura

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Yamashita, W., Nomura, T. (2017). The Neocortex and Dorsal Ventricular Ridge: Functional Convergence and Underlying Developmental Mechanisms. In: Shigeno, S., Murakami, Y., Nomura, T. (eds) Brain Evolution by Design. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_12

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