Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, comprises several genera each containing important human and animal pathogens. They possess in common six basal genes essential for viral replication and, in addition, a subset of accessory genes that are largely unique to each genus. These accessory genes are either encoded in one or more alternative overlapping frames of a basal gene, which are accessed transcriptionally or translationally, or inserted before or between the basal genes as one or more extra genes. However, the question of how the individual accessory genes contribute to actual viral replication and pathogenesis remained unanswered. It was not even established whether they are dispensable or indispensable for the viral life cycle. The plasmid-based reverse genetics of the full-length viral genome has now come into wide use to demonstrate that most, if not all, of these putative accessory genes can be disrupted without destroying viral infectivity, conclusively defining them as indeed dispensable accessory genes. Studies on the phenotypes of the resulting gene knockout viruses have revealed that the individual accessory genes greatly contribute specifically and additively to the overall viral fitness both in vitro and in vivo.
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Abbreviations
- aMPV:
-
Avian metapneumovirus
- bPIV3:
-
Bovine parainfluenza virus 3
- bRSV:
-
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
- CDV:
-
Canine distemper virus
- CPE:
-
Cytopathic effect
- DDB1:
-
The 127-kDa subunit of the damage-specific DNA binding protein
- GAF:
-
Gamma activated factor
- GAS:
-
Gamma activated sequence
- HeV:
-
Hendra virus
- HIV-1:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus 1
- hMPV:
-
Human metapneumovirus
- hPIV1:
-
Human parainfluenza virus 1
- hPIV2:
-
Human parainfluenza virus 2
- hPIV3:
-
Human parainfluenza virus 3
- hRSV:
-
Human respiratory syncytial virus
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IRF:
-
Interferon regulatory factor
- ISG:
-
Interferon-stimulated gene
- ISGF:
-
Interferon-stimulated gene factor
- ISRE:
-
Interferon stimulated response element
- JAK:
-
Janus kinase
- LD50 :
-
50% Lethal dose
- MeV:
-
Measles virus
- MuV :
-
Mumps virus
- NDV:
-
Newcastle disease virus
- NiV:
-
Nipah virus
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- PDV:
-
Phocine distemper virus
- RACK:
-
Receptor for activated C kinase
- PKR:
-
RNA-dependent protein kinase
- RNP:
-
Ribonucleoprotein
- RPV:
-
Rinderpest virus
- RV:
-
Rabies virus
- SeV:
-
Sendai virus
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- SV5:
-
Simian virus 5
- SV41:
-
Simian virus 41
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TPMV:
-
Tupaia paramyxovirus
- VSV:
-
Vesicular stomatitis virus
- VV:
-
Vaccinia virus
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Nagai, Y., Kato, A. (2004). Accessory Genes of the Paramyxoviridae, a Large Family of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses, as a Focus of Active Investigation by Reverse Genetics. In: Kawaoka, Y. (eds) Biology of Negative Strand RNA Viruses: The Power of Reverse Genetics. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 283. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_6
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