Abstract
The Polar/Subpolar Zone is present near the poles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Towards the equator it is limited by the polar tree lines (see Boreal Zone) or by sea coasts. The entire zone covers 22 million km2, 15% of the land area of the earth, of which 14 million km2 are in the Antarctic.
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Bibliography
Chapter 3.1: Polar/Subpolar Zone
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Walter H, Breckle SW (1983, 1986, 1989, 1991) see Chapter 1
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Chapter 3.4: Arid Mid-Latitudes and Arid Lands in General
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Agnew C, Anderson E (1992) Water resources in the arid realm. Routledge, London, 329 pp
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Caldwell MM, White RS, Moore RT, Camp LB (1977) Carbon balance, productivity and water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by C3 and C4 species. Oecologia 29: 275 - 300
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Chapter 3.5: Tropical /Subtropical Arid Lands
Achtnich W, Lüken H (1986) Bewässerungslandbau in den Tropen und Subtropen. In: Rehm S, pp 285-342, see Chapter 2. 6
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Bähr J (1983) Wildbewirtschaftung in Südwestafrika/Namibia. Erdkunde 37: 199 - 203
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Beadle NCW (1981) The vegetation of the arid zone. In: Keast A (ed) Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr W Junk, The Hague, pp 695 - 731
Beaumont P (1989) 2nd edn, see Chapter 3.4
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Cloudsley-Thompson JL (ed) (1984) Sahara desert. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 348 pp
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Cornet A, Poupon H (1977) Description des facteurs du milieu et de la végétation dans cinq parcelles situées le long dun gradient climatique en zone sahélienne au Sénégal. Rapport ORSTOM, Dakar
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Crawford CS (1986) Dynamics of desert resources and ecosystem processes. In: Polunin N (ed) Ecosystem theory and application. Wiley, Chichester, pp 63 - 88
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Evenari M, Shanan L, Tadmor N (1982) The Negev: the challenge of a desert, 2nd edn. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 345 pp
Evenari M, Noy-Meir I, Goodall DW (eds) 1985, 1986 ) Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Ecosystems of the world 12 A and B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 365 pp and 451 pp
Fahn A, Cutler DF (1992) see Chapter 3.4
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Regional Section: the Individual Ecozones
Hadley NF (ed) (1975) Environmental physiology of desert organisms. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, 283 pp
Hagedorn J, Mensching HG (eds) (1988) Aktuelle Morphodynamik und Morphogenese in den semi-ariden Randtropen und Subtropen. Abh Akad Wiss Göttingen, Math-Phys KI 3, 41, Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, Göttingen, 343 pp
Ibrahim F (1980) Desertification in Nord Dafur. Hamburger Geogr Studien 35. Hirt, 175 pp
Jätzold R (1986) see Chapter 3.4
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Kemp PR (1983) Phenological patterns of Chihuahuan Desert plants in relation to the timing of water availability. J Ecol 71: 427 - 436
Klaus D (1981) Klimatologische und klima-öklogische Aspekte de Dürre im Sahel. Steiner, Wiesbaden, 175 pp
Klaus D (1986) Desertifikation im Sahel. Ökologische und sozialökonomische Konsequenzen. Geogr Rundsch 38, 11: 577 - 583
Klaus D, Frankenberg P (1980) Pflanzengeographische Grenzen der Sahara und ihre Beeinflussung durch Desertifikationsprozesse. Geomethodica 5: 109 - 137
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Le Houérou HN (1989) The grazing land ecosystems of the African Sahel. Ecological Studies 75. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 282 pp
Lieth H, Barth H (1983) Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeit zur Einrichtung von Mangrovenpflanzungen in Küstenwüsten. Verh Ges Ökol 11, Göttingen, pp 265 - 276
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Phillips DL, MacMahon JA (1981) Competition and spacing patterns in desert shrubs. J Ecol 69: 97 - 115
Poupon H (1979) Structure et dynamique de la strate ligneuse dune steppe sahélienne au nord du Sénégal. Thesis, Université de Paris Sud, Paris
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Shmida A, Noy-meir I, Goodall DW (1986) Hot desert ecosystems: an integrated view. In: Evenari M et al. (eds) Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Ecosystems of the world 12B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 379 - 387
Singh RP et. al (eds) (1990) see Chapter 3.4
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Thomas DSG (1988) see Chapter 3.4
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Schultz, J. (1995). Regional Section: the Individual Ecozones. In: The Ecozones of the World. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03161-2_3
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