Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an example of a facultative intracellular pathogen which will survive and multiply within macrophages from non-immune individuals. It is a central tenet of cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens that macrophages are the principal effector cells and that, after exposure to products of specifically sensitized T cells, they acquire the ability to kill these pathogens (Mackaness 1968). Much of the basic data on which the idea of cell-mediated immunity is founded came from studies on immunity to mycobacterial infections (Lurie 1942; Suter 1953; Mackaness 1964, 1968).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abe E, Miyaura C, Sakagami H, Takeda M, Konno K, Yamazaki T, Yoshiki S, Suda T (1981) Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic cells induced by 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78: 4990–4994
Adams LB, Franzblau SG, Vavrin Z, Hibbs JB, Krahenbuhl JL (1991) L-arginine-dependent macrophage effector functions inhibit metabolic activity of Mycobacterium leprae. J Immun 147: 1642–1646
Alford CE, King TE, Campbell PA (1991) Role of transferrin, transferrin receptors and iron in macrophage listericidal activity. J Exp Med 174: 459–466
Altes C, Steele J, Stanford JL, Rook GAW (1985) The effect of lymphokines on the ability of macrophages to protect mycobacteria from a bactericidal antibiotic. Tubercle 66: 261–266
Amento EP, Bhalla AK, Kurnick JT, Kradin RL, Clemens TL, Holick SA, Holick MF, Krane SM (1984) 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces maturation of the human monocyte cell line U937 and in association with a factor from human T lymphocytes augments production of the monokine, mononuclear cell factor. J Clin Invest 73: 731–739
Andrew PW, Lowrie DB (1987) Role of interferon in immunity to mycobacteria. In: Byrne GI; Turco J (ads) Interferon and nonviral pathogents. Dekker,New York, pp 263–286
Andrew PW, Hughes KT, Davies M, Peters TJ (1983) Subcellular distribution of the neutral proteinases of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Cell Mol Biol 29: 315–321
Andrew PW, Jackett PS, Lowrie DB (1985) Killing and degradation of microorganisms by macrophages. In: Dean RT, Jessup W (eds) Mononuclear phagocytes: physiology and pathology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 311–334
Armstrong JA, Hart PD (1971) Response of cultured macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with observations on fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. J Exp Med 134: 713–740
Assreuy J, Cunha FQ, Epperlein M, Noronha-Duna A, O’Donnell CA, Liew FY, Moncada S (1994) Production of nitric oxide and superoxide by activated macrophages and killing of Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 24: 672–676
Bachrach U, Persky S (1964) Antibacterial action of oxidised spermine. J Gen Microbiol 37: 195–204
Bachrach U, Rabina S, Loebenstein G, Eilon G (1965) Antiviral action of oxidised spermine-inactivation of plant viruses. Nature 208: 1095–1096
Barnes PF, Chatterjee D, Abrams JS, Lu SH, Wang E, Yamamura M, Brennan PJ, Modlin RL (1992) Cytokine production induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosislipoarabinomannan. Relationship to chemical structure. J Immunol 149: 541–547
Bermudez LE (1993) Differential mechanisms of intracellular killing of Mycobacterium aviumand Listens monocytogenesby activated human and murine macrophages. The role of nitric oxide. Clin Exp Immunol 91: 277–281
Bermudez LE, Champsi J (1993) Infection with Mycobacterium aviuminduces production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and administration of anti-IL-10 antibody is associated with enhanced resistance to infection in mice. Infect Immun 61: 3093–3097
Bermudez LE, Young LS (1988) Recombinant tumor necrosis factor alone or in combination with interleukin-2 but not gamma-interferon is associated with killing of M. aviumcomplex in AIDS patients. J Immunol 140: 3006–3013
Bermudez LE, Young LS (1990) Killing of Mycobacterium avium: insights provided by the use of recombinant cytokines. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 241–243.
Bermudez LE, Young LS, Gupta S (1990) 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent inhibition of growth or killing of Mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages is mediated by TNF and GM-CSF. Cell Immunol 127: 241–243
Berton G, Gordon S (1983) Modulation of macrophage mannosyl specific receptors by cultivation on immobilized zymosan — effects of superoxide anion release and phagocytosis. Immunology 49: 705–715
Brown IN (1983) Animal models and immune mechanisms in mycobacterial infection. In: Stanford J, Ratledge C (eds) Biology of mycobacteria. Academic, London, pp 311–334
Byrd T, Horwitz MA (1989) Interferon gamma-activated human monocytes down-regulate transferrin receptors and inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophilaby limiting the availability of iron. J Clin Invest 83: 1457–1465
Byrd T, Horwitz MA (1991) Lactoferrin inhibits or protects Legionellaintracellular multiplication in non-activated and interferon gamma-activated human monocytes depending upon its degree of iron saturation. J Clin Invest 88: 1103–1112
Byrd T, Horwitz MA (1993) Regulation of transferrin receptor expression and ferritin content in human mononuclear phagocytes. Coordinate upregulation by iron transferrin and downregulation by interferon gamma. J Clin Invest 91: 969–976
Byrne GI (1987) Interferons, immunity and chlamydiae. In: Byrne GI (eds) Interferon and nonviral pathogens. Dekker, New York, pp 263–286
Byrne GI, Lehmann LK, Landry GJ (1986) Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma-interferon—mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittacireplication in T24 cells. Infect Immun 53: 347–351
Cahall DL, Youmans GP (1975) Molecular weight and other characteristics of mycobacterial growth inhibitory factor produced by spleen cells obtained from mice immunised with viable attenuated mycobacterial cells. Infect Immun 12: 841–850
Cameron ML, Granger DL, Weinberg JB, Kozumbo WJ, Koren HS (1990) Human alveolar and peritoneal macrophages mediate fungistasis independently of L-arginine oxidation to nitrite or nitrate. Am J Respir Dis 142: 1313–1319
Carlsson J, Carpenter VS (1980) The recA+ gene product is more important than catalase and superoxide dismutase in protecting Escherichia coli against hydrogen peroxide. J Bacteriol 142: 319–321
Carmichael AJ, Steel-Goodwin L, Gray B, Arroyo CM (1993) Nitric oxide interaction with lactoferrin and its production by macrophage cells studied by EPR and spin trapping. Free Radical Res Commun 19: S201 - S209
Chan J, Kaufmann SHE (1994) Immune mechanisms of protection In: Bloom BR (ed) Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection and control ASM, Washington, pp 389–415
Chan J, Xing Y, Magliozzo RS, Bloom BR (1992) Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosisby reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages. J Exp Med 175: 1111–1122
Chandler PJ, Allison KJ, Margolis G, Gerszten E (1965) The effects of intermittent hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the development of tuberculosis in rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 91: 855–860
Charles IG, Palmer RMJ, Hickery MS, Bayliss MT, Chubb AP, Hall VS, Moss DW, Moncada S (1993) Cloning, characterization and expression of a cDNA-encoding an inducible nitric oxide synthase from human chrondrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11419–11423
Chayen J, Pitsillides AA, Bitensky L, Muir IH, Taylor PM, Askonas BA (1990) T-cell-mediated cytolysis: evidence for target-cell suicide. J Exp Pathol 71: 197–208
Cheng SH, Walker L, Poole J, Aber VR, Walker KB, Mitchison DA, Lowrie DB (1988) Demonstration of increased antimycobacterial activity in peripheral blood monocytes after BCG vaccination in British school children. Clin Exp Immun 74: 20–25
Cheng SH, Walker KB, Lowrie DB,Mitchison DA, Swamy R, Datta M, Prabhaker R (1993) Monocyte antimycobacterial activity before and after Mycobacterium bovisBCG vaccination in Chingleput, India and London, United Kingdom. Infect Immun 61: 4501–4503
Collins FM (1990) In vivo vs in vitro killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 191–270
Cooper AM, Dalton DK, Stewart TA, Griffin JP, Russell DG, Orme IM (1993) Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon -y-gene-disrupted mice. J Exp Med 178: 2243–2247
Crowle AJ (1990) Intracellular killing of mycobacteria. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 231–236
Crowle AJ, Elkins N (1990) Relative permissiveness of macrophages from black and white people for virulent tubercle bacilli. Infect Immun 58: 632–638
Crowle AJ, May M (1981) Preliminary demonstration of human tuberculoimmunity in vitro. Infect Immun 31: 453–464
Crowle AJ, Ross EJ (1989) Inhibition by retinoic acid of multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect Immun 57: 840–844
Crowle AJ, Ross EJ, May M (1987) Inhibition by 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 of the multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect Immun 55: 2945–2950
D’Andrea A, Rengaraju M, Valiente NM, Chehimi J, Kubin M, Aste M, Chan SH, Kobayashi M, Young D, Nickbarg E, Chizzonite R, Wolf SF, Trinchieri G (1992) Production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Exp Med 176: 1387–1398
Davis EO, Thangaraj HS, Brooks PC, Colston MJ (1994) Evidence of selection for protein introns in the RecAs of pathogenic mycobacteria. EMBO J 13: 699–703
Delsal GD, Storici P, Schneider C, Romeo D, Zanetti M (1992) DNA cloning of the neutrophil bactericidal peptide indolicidin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 467–472
Denicola A, Rubbo H, Rodriguez D, Radi R (1993) Peroxynitrite-mediated cytotoxicity to Trypanosome cruzi. Arch Biochem Biophys 304: 279–286
Denis M (1991a) Growth of Mycobacterium aviumin human monocytes: identification of cytokines which reduce and enhance intracellular microbial growth. Eur J Immun 21: 391–395
Denis M (1991b) Interferon-gamma-treated murine macrophages inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli via the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Cell Immun 132: 150–157
Denis M (1991c) Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosiswithin human monocytes: activation by cytokines and calcitrol. Clin Exp Immun 84: 200–206
Denis M (1991d) Tumor necrosis factor and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulate human macrophages to restrict growth of virulent Mycobacterium aviumand to kill avirulent M. avium: killing effector mechanism depends on the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. J Leukoc Biol 49: 380–387
Denis M, Gregg EO, Ghandirian E (1990) Cytokine modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosisgrowth in human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 12: 721–727
Dinauer MC, Orkin SH (1992) Chronic granulomatous disease. Annu Rev Med 43: 117–124
Doi T, Ando M, Akaike T, Suga M, Sato K, Maeda H (1993) Resistance to nitric oxide in Mycobacterium aviumcomplex and its implication in pathogenesis. Infect Immun 61: 1980–1989
Douvas GS, Looker DL, Vatter AE, Crowle AJ (1985) Gamma interferon activates human macrophages to become tumoricidal and leishmanicidal but enhances replication of macrophage-associated mycobacteria. Infect Immun 50: 1–8
Douvas GS, May MH, Crowle AJ (1993) Transferrin, iron and serum lipids enhance or inhibit Mycobacterium aviumreplication in human macrophages. J Infect Dis 167: 857–864
Drevets DA, Canono BP, Leenen PJM, Campbell PA (1994) Gentamicin kills intracellular Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 62: 2222–2228
Dubos RJ (1950) The effect of organic acids on mammalian tubercle bacilli. J Exp Med 92: 319–332
Dubos RJ (1951) A tuberculostatic agent present in animal tissues. Am Rev Tuberc 63: 119
Ellner JJ (1990) Sources of variability in assays of the interaction of mycobacteria with mononuclear phagocytes: of mice and men. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 237–240
Fazal N, Lammas DA, Raykundalia C, Bartlett R, Kumararatne DS (1992) Effect of blocking TNF-a on intracellular BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 105: 337–346
Ferrante A, Jungstrom IL, Rezepczyk CM, Morgan DML (1986) Differences in the sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma dirofilaria-immitismicrofilariae, and Nematospiroides dubius3rd stage larvae to damage by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. Infect Immun 53: 606–610
Filley EA, Rook GAW (1991) Effect of mycobacteria on sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor. Infect Immun 59: 2567–2572
Filley EA, Bull HA, Dowd PM, Rook GAW (1992) The effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosison the susceptibility of human cells to the stimulatory and toxic effects of tumour necrosis factor. Immunology 77: 505–509
Flesch I, Kaufmann SHE (1987) Mycobacterial growth inhibition by interferon-y-activated bone marrow macrophages and differential susceptibility among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 138: 4408–4413
Flesch I, Kaufmann SHE (1988) Attempts to characterise the mechanisms involved in mycobacterial growth inhibition by gamma-interferon-activated bone marrow macrophages. Infect Immun 56: 1464–1469
Flesch lEA, Kaufmann SHE (1990a) Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage functions by gamma interferon, interferon-4, and tumor necrosis factor. Infect Immun 58: 2675–2677
Flesch lEA, Kaufmann SHE (1990b) Stimulation of antibacterial macrophage activities by B-cell stimulatory factor 2 (interleukin-6). Infect Immun 58: 269–271
Flesch I, Kaufmann SHE (1991) Mechanisms involved in mycobacterial growth inhibition by gammainterferon-activated bone marrow macrophages: role of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Infect Immun 59: 3213–3218
Flynn JL, Chan J, Triebold KJ, Dalton DK, Stewart TA, Bloom BR (1993) An essential role for interferon y in resistance to Mycobacteriumtuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 178: 2249–2254
Frank RW, Gennaro R, Schneider K, Przybylski M, Romeo D (1990) Amino acid sequences of two proline-rich bactenecins. J Biol Chem 265: 18871–18874
Friedland JS, (1993) Cytokines, phagocytosis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 12: 127–133
Friedland JS Remick DG, Shattock R, Griffen GE (1992) Secretion of interleukin-8 following phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosisby human monocyte cell lines. Eur J Immunol 22: 1373–1378
Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Silvo MD, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, Billiar TM (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human heptocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3491–3495
Grange JM (1976) Enzymic breakdown of amino acids and related compounds by suspensions of washed mycobacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 41: 425–431
Gros P, Skamene E, Forget A (1983) Cellular mechanisms of genetically controlled host resistance to Mycobacterium bovis(BCG). J Immunol 131: 1966–1972
Halliwell B, Gutterridge JMC (1984) Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition-metals and disease. Biochem J 219: 1–14
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1992) Biologically relevari°t metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation. FEBS Lett 307: 108–112
Hayaishi 0 (1985) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase — with special reference to the mechanism of interferon action. Biken J 28: 39–49
Heby 0 (1986) Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes. Biochem J 234: 249–262
Henderson LM, Chappell JB, Jones OTG (1988) Internal pH changes associated with the activity of NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils. Biochem J 251: 563–567
Hernandez-Frontera E, McMurray DN (1993) Dietary vitamin D affects cell-mediated hypersensitivity but not resistance to experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 61: 2116–2121
Hibbs JB, Vavrin Z, Taintor RR (1987) L-arginine is required for expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J Immunol 138: 550–565
Hibbs JB, Westenfelder C, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z, Kablitz C, Baranowski RL, Ward JH, Menlove RL, McMurray MP, Kushner JP, Samlowski WE (1992) Evidence for cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthesis from L-arginine in patients receiving interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Invest 89: 867–877
Hiemstra PS, Eisenhauer PB, Harwig SSL, Barselaar MTVD, Furth RV, Lehrer RI (1993) Antimicrobial proteins of murine macrophages. Infect Immun 61: 3038–3046
Hirsch CS, Ellner JJ, Russell DG, Rich EA (1994) Complement receptor mediated uptake and tumor necrosis factor-a-mediated growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosisby human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 152: 743–753
Hirsch JG (1953) The essential participation of an enzyme in the inhibition of growth of tubercle bacilli by Spermine J Exp Med 97: 327–343
Hirsch JG, Dubos RJ (1952) The effect of spemine on tubercle bacilli. J Exp Med 95: 191–208
Hogg N, Darley-Usmar VM, Wilson MT, Moncada S (1992) Production of hydroxyl radicals from the simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide. Biochem J 281: 419–424
Hunt NCA, Goldin RD (1992) Nitric oxide production by monocytes in alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 14: 146–150
lsraelski DM, Araujo FG, Wachtel JS, Heinrichs L, Remington JS (1990) Differences in microbicidal activities of human macrophages against Toxoplasma gondiiand Typanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 58: 263–265
Jackett PS, Aber VR, Mitchison DA, Lowrie DB (1981a) The contribution of hydrogen peroxide resistance to virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosisduring the first six days after intravenous infection of normal and BCG vaccinated guinea pigs. Br J Exp Pathol 62: 34–40
Jackett PS, Andrew PW, Aber VR, Lowrie DB (1981b) Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide release by alveolar macrophages from normal and BCG vaccinated guinea pigs after intraveneous challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Br J Exp Pathol 62: 419–428
James SL, Cook KW, Lazdins JK (1992) Activation of human monocyte derived macrophages to kill schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoniin vitro. J Immunol 145: 2686–2690
Jiang X, Baldwin CL (1993) Iron augments macrophage-mediated killing of Brucella abortusalone and in conjunction with interferon-y. Cell Immun 148: 397–407
Kamijo R, Le J, Shapiro D, Havell ED, Huang S, Aguet M, Bosland M, Vilcek J (1993) Mice that lack the interferon-y receptor have profoundly altered responses to infection with bacillus calmette-guerin and subsequent challenge with lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 178: 1435–1440
Kanai K, Kondo E (1968) Studies on lysosomal response to tuberculous infection in mice. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 21: 415–422
Kanai K, Kondo E (1969) Lysosomes in tuberculous infection. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 22: 131
Kanal K, Kondo E (1970) A suggested role of the lysosomal membrane as a part of the defence mechanism against tuberculous infection. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 23: 295–302
Kaufmann SHE (1993) Immunity to intracellular bacteria. Annu Rev Immunol 11: 129–163
Keller R, Keist R, Joller P, Groscurth P (1993) Mononuclear phagocytes from human bone marrow progenitor cells; morphology, surface phenotype, and functional properties of resting and activated cells. Clin Exp Immunol 91: 176–182
Khor M, Lowrie DB, Mitchison DA (1986) Effects of recombinant interferon-gamma and chemotherapy with isoniazid and rifampicin on infections of mouse peritoneal macrophages with Listeria monocytogenesand Mycobacterium microtiin vitro. Br J Exp Pathol 67: 707–717
Kindler V, Sappino AP, Gran GE, Piquet PF, Vassal li P (1989) The inducting role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection. Cell 56: 731–740
Klebanoff SJ, Hamon CB (1972) Role of myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial systems in intact leukocytes. J Reticulo Soc 12: 170–196
Klun CL, Youmans GP (1973) The effect of lymphocyte supernatant fluids on the intracellular growth of virulent tubercle bacilli. J Reticulo Soc 13: 263–274
Knowles RG, Moncada S (1994) Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 298: 249–258
Kochan I (1973) The role of iron in bacterial infections, with special consideration of the host-tubercle bacillus interaction. In: Capron A, Compans RW, Cooper M et al. (eds) Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 60. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–30
Kochan I, Patton C, Ishak K (1963) Tuberculostatic activity of normal sera. J Immunol 90: 711–719
Koeffler HP, Reichel H, Bishop JE, Norman AW (1985) Interferon stimulates production of 1, 25dihydroxyvitamin D3 by normal human macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 127: 596–603
Kotani S, Kitaura T, Inui S, Hashimoto S, Chimora M (1962) Antimycobacterial activity of extracts of mononuclear leukocytes from peritoneal exudates of guinea pigs. Biken J 5: 133–154
Lehrer RI, Ganz T, Selsted ME (1991) Defensins: endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells. Cell 64: 229–230
Lehrer RI, Lichtenstein AL, Ganz T (1993) Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Immunol 11: 105–128
Li Y, Severn A, Rogers MV, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S, Liew FY (1992) Catalase inhibits nitric oxide synthesis and killing of intracellular Leishmania majorin murine macrophages. Eur J Immunol 22: 441–446
Lowrie DB (1990) Is macrophage death on the field of battle essential to victory, or a tactical weakness in immunity against tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 80: 301–302
Lowrie DB, Andrew PW (1988) Macrophage antimycobacterial mechanisms. Br Med J 44: 624–634
Lowrie DB, Aber VR, Carrol MEW (1979) Division and death rates of Salmonella typhimuriuminside macrophages: use of penicillin as a probe. J Gen Microbiol 110: 409–419
Lowrie DB, Peters TJ, Scoging A (1982) Benzyl penicillin transport and subcellular distribution in mouse peritoneal macrophage monolayers. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 423–432
Lowrie DB, Jackett PS, Andrew PW (1985) Activation of macrophages for antimycobacterial activity. Immunol Lett 11: 195–203
Lurie MB (1942) The fate of tubercle bacilli ingested by mononuclear phagocytes derived from normal and immunized animals. J Exp Med 75: 247–270
Mackaness GB (1964) The immunological basis of acquired cellular resistance. J Exp Med 120: 105–120
Mackaness GB (1968) The immunology of anti-tuberculous immunity. Am Rev Respir Dis 97: 337–344
Mackay A, Alcorn MJ, Macleod IM, Stack BHR, Macleod T, Laidlaw M, Millar JS, White RG (1980) Fatal disseminated BCG infection in an 18-year-old boy. Lancet ii: 1332–1334
Mangelsdorf DJ, Keoffler HP, Donaldson CA, Pike JW, Haussler MR (1984) 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation in a human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line (HL60): receptor-mediated maturation to macrophage-like cells. J Cell Biol 98: 391–399
Marietta MA (1993) Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem 268: 12231–12234
Martin JHL, Edwards SW (1993) Changes in mechanisms of monocyte/macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity during culture. J Immunol 150: 3478–3486
Maza LMDL, Peterson EM, Fennie CW, Czarniecki CW (1985) The antichlamydial and anti-proliferative activities of recombinant murine interferon-y are not dependent on typtophan concentrations. J Immunol 135: 4198–4200
McDonough KA, Kress Y, Bloom BR (1993) Pathogenesis of tuberculosis: interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosiswith macrophages. Infect Immun 61: 2763–2773
McMurray DN (1994) Guinea pig model of tuberculosis. In: Bloom BR (ed) Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection and control. ASM Washington, pp 135–147
Melillo G, Cox GW, Radzioch D, Varesio L (1993) Picolinic acid, a catabolite of L-tryptophan, is a costimulus for the induction of reactive nitrogen intermediate production in murine macrophages. J Immunol 150: 4031–4040
Messina L, Arcidiacono A, Spampinato G, Malaguarnera L, Berton G, Kaczmarek L, Messina A (1990) Accumulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA accompanies activation of human and mouse monocytes/macrophages. FEBS Lett 268: 32–34
Messina L, Spampinato G, Arcidiacono A, Malaguarnera L, Pagano M, Kaminska B, Messina A (1992) Polyamine involvement in functional activation of human macrophages. J Leuk Biol 52: 585–587
Meylan PRA, Richman DD, Kornbluth RS (1992) Reduced intracellular growth of mycobacteria in human macrophages cultivated at physiologic oxygen pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 145: 947–953
Mitchel HH, Schonle HA, Grinolly HS (1916) The origin of the nitrates in the urine. J Biol Chem 24: 461–490
Mitchison DA, Selkon JB, Lloyd J (1963) Virulence in the guinea pig, susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity of isoniazid-sensitive tubercle bacilli from South Indian and British patients. J Pathol Bacteriol 86: 377–386
Miyasaki KT, Bodeau AL (1992) Human neutrophil azurocidin synergizes with leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G in the killing of Capnocytopaga sputigena. Infect Immun 60: 4973–4975
Moncada S (1992) The L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway. Acta Physiol Scand 145: 201–227
Moreno C, Taverne J, Mehlert A, Bate CA, Brealey RJ, Meager A, Rook GAW, Playfair JHL (1989) Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosisinduces the production of tumor necrosisfactor from human and murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 76: 240–245
Morgan DML (1987) Polyamines. Essays Biochem 23: 82–115
Morgan DML, Bachrach U, Assaraf YG, Harari E, Golenser J (1986) The effect of purified aminoaldehydes produced by polyamine oxidation on the development in vitro of Plasmodium falciparumin normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes. Biochem J 236: 97–101
MRC (1972) BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early life. Bull WHO 46: 371–385
Murray HW, Cohn ZA (1980) Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. Enhanced oxidative metabolism as an expression of macrophage activation. J Exp Med 152: 1596–1609
Murray HW, Teitelbaum RF (1992) L-arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates and the antimicrobial effect of activated human mononuclear phagocytes. JInfect Dis 165: 513–517
Murray HW, Szuro-Sudol A, Wellner D, Oca MJ, Granger AM, Libby DM, Rothermel CD, Rubin BY (1989) Role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages. Infect Immun 57: 845–849
Nichols WK, Prosser FH (1980) Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and mycobacterial cell walls. Life Sci 27: 913–920
Noronha-Dutra AA, Epperlein MM, Woolf N (1993) Reaction of nitric oxide with hydrogen peroxide to produce potentially cytotoxic singlet oxygen as a model for nitric oxide-mediated killing. FEBS Lett 321: 59–62
North RJ, Izzo AA (1993) Mycobacterial virulence. Virulent strains of Mycobacteria tuberculosishave faster in vivo doubling times and are better equipped to resist growth-inhibiting functions of macrophages in the presence and absence of specific immunity. J Exp Med 177: 1723–1733
O’Brien L, Carmichael J, Lowrie DB, Andrew PW (1994) Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosisdiffer in susceptibility to reactive nitrogen intermediates in vitro. Infect Immun 62: 5187–5190
O’Brien S, Andrew PW (1991) Guinea pig alveolar macrophage killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosisin vitro does not require hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radical. Microbiol Pathol 11: 229–236
O’Brien S, Jackett PS, Lowrie DB, Andrew PW (1991) Guinea pig alveolar macrophages kill Mycobacterium tuberculosisin vitro but killing is independent of susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide or triggering of the respiratory burst. Microbiol Pathol 10: 199–207
Ochoa JB, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, Curran RD, Cerra FB, Simmons RL, Peitzman AB (1991) Nitrogen oxide levels in patients after trauma and during sepsis. Ann Surg 214: 621–626
Ogata K, Linzer BA, Zuberi RI, Ganz T, Lehrer RI, Catanzaro A (1992) Activity of defensins from human neutrophilic granulocytes against Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect Immun 60: 4720–4725
Padgett EL, Pruett SB (1992) Evaluation of nitrite production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186: 775–781
Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987) Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium derived relaxing factor. Nature 327: 524–526
Pattersonn RJ, Youmans GP (1970) Demonstration in tissue culture of lymphocyte-mediated immunity to tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1: 600–603
Patterson-Delafield J, Martinez RJ, Lehrer RI (1980) Microbicidal cationic proteins in rabbit alveolar macrophages: a potential host defense mechanism. Infect Immun 30: 180–192
Peterson PK, Gaziano E, Suh HJ, Devalon M, Peterson L, Keane WF (1985) Antimicrobial activities of dialysate-elicited and resident human peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 49: 212–218
Pfefferkorn ER (1984) Interferon blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondiiin human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 81: 908–912
Prince RC, Gunson DE (1993) Rising interest in nitric oxide synthase. TIBS 18: 35–36
Rastogi N (1990) Killing intracellular mycobacteria in in vitro macrophage systems: what may be the role of known host microbicidal mechanisms? Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 217–230
Rees RJW, Hart PDA (1961) Analysis of the host-parasite equilibrium in chronic murine tuberculosis by total and viable bacillary counts. Br J Exp Pathol 42: 83–88
Robertson AK, Andrew PW (1991) Interferon gamma fails to activate human monocyte derived macrophages to kill or inhibit the replication of a nonpathogenic mycobacterial species. Microbiol Pathol 11: 283–288
Rook GAW (1988) Role of activated macrophages in the immunopathology of tuberculosis. Br Med J 44: 611–623
Rook GAW (1990a) Discussion. 5th forum in microbiology. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 267–268
Rook GAW (1990b) The role of activated macrophages in ptotection and immunopathology in tuberculosis. Res Microbiol Inst Pasteur 141: 253–256
Rook GAW, Rainbow S (1981) An isotope incorporation assay for the antimycobacterial effects of human monocytes. Ann Immun (Inst Pasteur) 132D: 281–289
Rook GAW, Champion BR, Steele J, Varley AM, Stanford JL (1985) I-A restricted activation by T cell lines of anti-tuberculosis activity in murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 59: 414–420
Rook GAW, Steele J, Ainsworth M, Champion BR (1986a) Activation of macrophages to inhibit proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparison of the effects of recombinant gammainterferon on human monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages. Immunology 59: 333–338
Rook GAW, Steele J, Fraher L, Barker S, Karmali R, O’Riordan J, Stanford J (1986b) Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosisby human monocytes. Immunology 57: 159–163
Sakai N, Milstein S (1993) Availability of tetrahydrobiopterin is not a factor in the inability to detect nitric oxide production by human macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193: 378–383
Sbarra AJ, Karnovsky ML (1959) The biochemical basis of phagocytosis. Metabolic changes during the ingestion of particles by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 234: 1355–1362
Schlesinger LS (1993) Macrophage phagocytosis of virulent but not attenuated strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosisis mediated by mannose receptors in addition to complement receptors. J Immunol 150: 2920–2930
Schlesinger LS, Bellinger—Kawahara CG, Payne NR, Horwitz MA (1990) Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosisis mediated by human monocyte complement receptors and complement component C3. J Immunol 144: 2771–2780
Schneemann M, Schoedon G, Hofer S, Blau N, Guerrero L, Schaffner A(1993) Nitric oxide synthase is not a constituent of the antimicrobial armature of human mononuclear phagocytes. J Infect Dis 167: 1358–1363
Schwarztman MS, Frank WA (1987) Vitamin D toxicity complicating the treatment of senile, postmenopausal, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Am J Med 82: 224–230
Segal AW, Abo A (1993) The biochemical basis of the NADPH oxidase of phagocytes. TIBS 18: 43–47
Selsted ME, Miller SI, Henschen AH, Ouellette AJ (1992) Enteric defensins: antibiotic peptide components of intestinal host defense. J Cell Biol 118: 929–936
Sharma SD, Middlebrook G (1977) Partial purification and properties of an antibacterial product of peritoneal exudate cell cultures from BCG-infected guinea pigs. Infect Immun 15: 737–744
Shiratsuchi H, Toossi Z, Mattler MA, Ellner JJ (1993) Colonial morpho-type as a determinant of cytokine expression by human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium avium. J Immunol 150: 2945–2954
Silva MT, Silva MNT, Appelberg R (1989) Neutrophil-macrophage cooperation in the host defence against mycobacterial infections. Microbiol Pathol 6: 369–380
Smith DW, Wiegeshaus EH (1989) What animal models can teach us about the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans. Rev Infect Dis 11: S385 - S393
Spitznagel JK (1990) Antibiotic proteins of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 86: 1381–1386
Stahelin H, Suter E, Karnovsky ML (1956) Studies on the interaction between phagocytes and tubercle bacilli. 1. Observations on the metabolism of guinea pig leukocytes and the influence of phagocytosis. J Exp Med 104: 121–136
Steele J, Flint KC, Pozniak AL, Hudspith B, Johnson MM, Rook GAW (1986) Inhibition of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosisby murine peritoneal macrophages and human alveolar lavage cells: the effects of lymphokines and recombinant gamma interferon. Tubercle 67: 289–294
Storici P, Delsal GD, Schneider C, Zanetti M (1992) cDNA sequence analysis of an antibiotic dodecapeptide from neutrophils FEBS Lett 314: 187–190
Stuehr DJ, Griffith OW (1992) Mammalian nitric oxide syntheses. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 65: 287–346
Sturgill-Koszycki S, Schlesinger PH, Chakroborty P, Haddix PL, Collins HL, Fok AK, Allen RD, Gluck SL, Heuser J, Russell DG (1994) Lack of acidification in mycobacterium phagosomes produced by exclusion of the vesicular proton-ATPase. Science 263: 678–681
Sundaram KS, Venkitasubramanian TA (1978) Tryptophan uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv: effect of rifampicin and ethambutol. Antimicrol Agents Chemother 13: 726–730
Suter E (1953) Multiplication of tubercle bacilli within mononuclear phagocytes in tissue cultures derived from normal animals and animals vaccinated with BCG. J Exp Med 97: 235–247
Sypek JP, Jacobson S, Vorys A, Wyler DJ (1993) Comparison of gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and direct cell contact in activation of antimycobacterial defense in murine macrophages. Infect Immun 61: 3901–3906
Taffet SM, Haddox MK (1985) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of ornithine decarboxylase in the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264: requirement of an inducible factor. J Cell Physiol 122: 215–220
Taylor TWJ, Wignall EW, Cowley JF (1927) The decomposition of nitrous acid in aqueous solution. J Chem Soc 11: 1923–1930
Thomsen LL, Miles DW, Happerfield L, Riveros-Moreno V, Bobrow LG, Moncada S (1993) Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer tissue: localisation within macrophages and myoepithelial cells. Endothelium 1: 51
Tripathy SP, Menon NK, Mitchison DA, Narayana ASL, Somasundaram PA, Stott H, Velu S (1969) Response to treatment with isoniazid plus PAS of tuberculous patients with primary isoniazid resistance. Tubercle 50: 257–268
Turco J, Winkler HH (1986) Gamma-interferon-induced inhibition of the growth of Rickettsia prowazekiin fibroblasts cannot be explained by the degradation of tryptophan or other amino acids. Infect Immun 53: 38–46
Turcotte R, Desormeaux Y, Borduas AG (1976) Partial characterization of a factor extracted from sensitized lymphocytes that inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosiswithin macrophages in vitro. Infect Immun 14: 337–344
Valone SE, Rich EA, Wallis RS, Ellner JJ (1988) Expression of tumor necrosis factor in vitro by human mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with whole Mycobacterium bovisBCG and mycobacterial antigens. Infect Immun 56: 3313–3335
Varesio L, Clayton M, Blasi E, Ruffman R, Radzioch D (1990) Picolinic acid, a catabolite of tryptophan, as the second signal in the activation of IFN-y-primed macrophages. J Immunol 145: 4265–4271
Walker L, Lowrie DB (1981) Killing of Mycobacterium microtiby immunologically activated macrophages. Nature 293: 69–70
Warwick-Davies J, Dhillon J, O’Brien L, Andrew PW, Lowrie DB (1994) Apparent killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosisby cytokine-activated human monocytes can be an artefact of a cytotoxic effect on the monocytes. Clin Exp Immun 96: 214–217
Wayne LG, Kubica GP (1986) Mycobacterium. In: Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe EM, Holt JG (eds) Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1436–1457
Weinberg JB, Misukonis MA, Wood ER, Smith GL, Shami PL, Mason SN, Granger DL (1993) Human mononuclear phagocyte nitric oxide synthase (NOS): evidence for induction of NOS mRNA and protein without detectable capacity for nitric oxide production. Blood 82: 186a
Wright SD, Silverstein SC (1983) Receptors for C3b and C3bi promote phagocytosis but not the release of toxic oxygen from human phagocytes. J Exp Med 158: 2016–2023
Yoshida R, Imanishi J, Oku T, Kishida T, Hayashi O (1981) Induction of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3dioxygenase by interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 129–132
Young PR, Zygas AP (1986) Secretion of lactic acid peritoneal macrophages during extracellular phagocytosis. Possible role of local hyperacidity in inflammatory demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 15: 295–308
Zerlauth G, Eibl MM, Mannhalter JW (1991) Induction of anti-mycobacterial and anti-listerial activity of human monocytes requires different activation signals. Clin Exp Immunol 85: 90–97
Zhu L, Gunn C, Beckman JS (1992) Bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 298: 452–457
Zlotnik A, Crowle AJ (1981) Lymphokine induced mycobacteriostatic activity in mouse pleural macrophages. Infect Immun 37: 786–793
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Brien, L., Roberts, B., Andrew, P.W. (1996). In Vitro Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Macrophages: Activation of Anti-mycobacterial Activity of Macrophages and Mechanisms of Anti-mycobacterial Activity. In: Shinnick, T.M. (eds) Tuberculosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 215. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80166-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80166-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80168-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80166-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive