Abstract
Between 1986 and 1991, around 1000 HIV patients were treated at the Auguste-Viktoria Krankenhaus (AVK) in Berlin. Among the 395 AIDS patients who died at the Hospital during this period, 180 autopsies (46%) were carried out. From 1986 to 1990 the annual number of autopsies rose continually. Table 3.1 presents the distribution of opportunistic infectious complications typical of AIDS that we found in these 180 autopsies.
Keywords
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
- Centrum Semiovale
- Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patient
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achim CL, Schrier RD, Wiley CA (1991) Immunopathogenesis of HIV encephalitis. Brain Pathol 1: 177–184
Adams RD, Victor M, Mancall EL (1959) Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholic and malnourished patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 81: 154–172
Akizuki S, Yoshida S, Setoguchi M, Higuchi Y et al. (1989) The neuropathology of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. In: Roman GC, Vernant J-C, Osame M (eds) HTLV-1 and the nervous system. Liss, New York, pp 253–260
Aksamit AJ, Mourrain P, Sever JL, Major EO (1985) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: investigation of three cases using in situ hybridization with JC virus biotinylated DNA probe. Ann Neurol 18: 490–496
Aksamit AJ, Sever JL, Major EO (1986) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: JC virus detection by in situ hybridization compared with immunohistochemistry. Neurology 36: 499–504
Aksamit AJ, Major EO, Ghatak NR et al. (1987) Diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by brain biopsy with biotin labelled DNA: DNA in situ hybridization. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 46: 556–566
Aksamit AJ, Gendelman HE, Orenstein JM, Pezeshkpour GH (1990) AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): comparison to non-AIDS PML with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Neurology 40: 1073–1078
Alappattu C, Katz RL, Glass JP, Bruner J: Cerebrospinal Fluid Manifestations of the Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. Amer. Soc. Cytol. 35. Annual Scientific Meeting, New Orleans 1987
Allegranza A, Mariani C, Giardini R, Brambilla MC, Boeri R (1984) Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system: a histological and immunohistological study of 12 cases. Histopathology 8: 781–791
Ambinder RF, MacMahon E: EVB and AIDS Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8: 893 (1992)
Anagnostopoulos I, Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Stein H (1989) Demonstration of monoclonal EBV genomes in Hodgkin’s disease and Ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma by combined Southern blot and in situ hybridization. Blood 74: 810–816
Ansel J, Bhawan J, Cohen S, Sullivan J, Sherman D (1982) Histiocytic lymphoma and malignant angioendotheliomatosis: one disease or two? Cancer 50: 1506–1512
Anders KH, Guerra WF, Tomiyasu U et al. (1986a) The neuropathology of AIDS: UCLA experience and review. Am J Pathol 124: 537–558
Anders K, Steinsapir KD, Iverson DJ et al. (1986b) Neuropathology findings in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Neuropathol 5: 1–20
Anderson DW, Virmani R (1990) Cardiac pathology of HIV disease. In: Joshi VV (ed) Pathology of AIDS and other manifestations of HIV infection. Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo
Anderson JR (1988) Viral encephalitis and its pathology. Curr Top Pathol 76: 23–60
Ankobiah WA, Vaidya K, Powell S, Carrasco M, Allam A, Chechani V, Kamholz SL (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS. Clinicopathologic features in seven patients from a non-endemic area. N Y State J Med 90 /5: 234–238
Antoniskis D, Larsen RA, Akil B, Rarick MU, Leedom JM (1990) Seronegative disseminated coccidioidomycosis in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 4 /7: 691–693
Aricó M, Caselli D, d’Argenio P, del Mistro AR, deMartino M, Livadiotti S, Santoro N, Terragna A: Malignancies in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Cancer 68: 2473–2477 (1991)
Arthur RR, Shah KV (1991) Polyomaviruses. In: Balows A, Hausler WJ, Herrmann KL, Isenberg HD, Shadomy HJ (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 5th edn. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, pp 1005–1010
Artigas J (1990) Pathology. In: Weller IVD (ed) The management of neurological aspects of HIV infection. Colwood House, Theale, pp 13–17
Artigas J, Gosztonyi G, Schwenk J, Cruz F, Cervós-Navarro J (1985) Progressive multifokale Leukoenzephalopathie bei erworbenem Immundefektsyndrom (AIDS). Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 69: 644 (abstr)
Artigas J, Freund K, Grosse G, Niedobitek F (1989a) Immunhistochemische Darstellung von HIV-p24-Antigen in formalinfixiertem und paraffineingebettetem Hirn- und Rückenmarkgewebe. Pathologe 10:61–63
Artigas J, Niedobitek F, Grosse G, Heise W, Gosztonyi G (1989b) Spongiform encephalopathy in AIDS dementia complex: report of five cases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2:374–381
Artigas J, Niedobitek F, Grosse G, Taube F (1989 c) Morphological changes in the substantia nigra of AIDS patients. Neurological and neuropsychological complications of HIV infection. Quebec (abstr CM15)
Artigas J, Niedobitek F, Grosse G, Heise W ( 1989 d) Morphological features of the HIV encephalitis. V International Conference on AIDS. 4–9 June, Montreal, Canada
Artigas J, Gosztonyi G, Niedobitek F, Grosse G (1990a) HIV encephalitis: a morphological analysis. Acta Neurol Scand 81:282 (abstr)
Artigas J, Grosse G, Niedobitek F, Heise W, Risch W ( 1990 b) Early, mature and severe HIV encephalitis. Morphological study. Neurological and neuropsychological complications of HIV infection. Monterey (abstr )
Artigas J, Niedobitek F, Grosse G, Gosztonyi G, Heise W (1990 c) Spongiöse und vakuoläre Veränderungen des ZNS. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 136:601–639
Artigas J, Grosse G, Habedank S, Heise W, Niedobitek F (1990 d) Zur Morphologie vakuolärer Veränderungen des Rückenmarks bei AIDS-Patienten (vakuoläre Myelopathie). Pathologe 11:260–267
Artigas J, Grosse G, Niedobitek F (1990 e) Vacuolar myelopathy in AIDS: a morphological analysis. Pathol Res Pract 186: 228–237
Artigas J, Arastéh K, Averdunk R, Bachler B, Hornscheidt M, Grosse G, L’age M, Niedobitek F (1991a) Hyaline globules reacting positively with zidovudine antibody in brain and spinal cord of AIDS patients. Lancet 337: 1127–1128
Artigas J, Arasthéh K, Averdunk R, Habedank S, Hornscheidt M, Grosse G, Niedobitek F (1991b) Hyaline globuliforme Koazervate mit ausgeprägter AZT-Reaktivität in Hirn und Rückenmark von AIDS-Verstorbenen. Pathologe 12: 106–108
Artigas J, Habedank S, Franz H, Niedobitek F (1991 c) Lektinhistochemische Untersuchung HIV-assoziierter Veränderungen des Zentralnervensystems mit dem Mistellektin I (ML I). Pathologe 12: 152–156
Artigas J, Bachler B, Habedank S et al. (1992) Comparative lectinhistochemical studies on paraffin- and glycol methacrylate-embedded CNS tissue specimens from AIDS autopsies. Mistletoe lectin I (ML I) as cell-marker. Zentralbl Pathol 138: 272–277
Artigas J, Grosse G, Niedobitek F et al. (1993) Anergic disseminated toxoplasmosis in an AIDS patient. Case report. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 540–541
Artigas J, Grosse G, Niedobitek F, et al.: Severe toxoplasmic ventriculo-meningo-encephalomyelitis in two AIDS patients following successful treatment of cerebral toxoplasmic granuloma. Clin Neuropathol (in press)
Åstrom KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP Jr (1958) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin’s disease. Brain 81: 93–111
Bailey P (1929) Intracranial sarcomatous tumors of leptomeningeal origin. Arch Surg 18: 1359–1402
Baker TS, Rayment I (1987) Animal virus structure. In: Nermut MV, Steven AC (eds) Perspectives in medical virology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Bale JF Jr (1984) Human CMV infection and disorders of the nervous system. Arch Neurol 41: 310–320
Bale JF Jr, Jordan MC (1989) Cytomegalovirus. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL, McKendall RR (eds) Viral disease. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 263–279 (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 12, no 56 )
Barnett SW, Levy JA (1991) Human immunodeficiency viruses. In: Balows A, Hausler WJ, Herrmann KL, Isenberg HD, Shadomy HJ (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 5th edn. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, pp 1011–1023
Barré-Sinoussi F, Cherman JC, Rey F et al. (1983) Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220: 868–871
Bashir RM, Purtilo DT: In situ Hybridization of Lymphoproliferative Disease in CNS (Meeting Abstr.) Causes Cures and Consequences of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. A Symposium to Honor of G. and E. Klein - Omaha, NE1991
Bashir RM, Harris NL, Hochberg FH, Singer RM (1989) Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in CNS lymphomas by in-situ hybridization. Neurology 39: 813–817
Bateman OJ Jr, Squires G, Thannhauser SJ (1945) Hodgkin’s disease associated with Schilder’s disease. Ann Intern Med 22: 426–431
Baumgartner J, Rachlin J, Rosenblum M, Beckstead J, Grimaldi C, Meeker T: Patterns of Gene Rearrangement in AIDS-Associated Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Proc. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 8: A 991, 1989
Becker LE, Yates AJ (1991) Inherited metabolic disease. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Bedri J, Weinstein W, De Gregorio P et al. (1983) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 309: 492–493
Beissner RS, Rappaport ES, Diaz JA (1987) Fatal case of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoproliferative disorders associated with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111: 250–253
Bélec L, Gray F, Mikol J, Scaravilli F, Mhiri C, Sobel A, Poirier J (1990) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalomyeloradiculitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis: presence of HIV and CMV co-infected multinucleated giant cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 81: 99–104
Berger JR, Mucke L (1988) Prolonged survival and partial recovery in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 38: 1060–1065
Berger JR, Kaszovitz B, Post JD, Dickinson G (1987) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of the literature with a report of sixteen cases. Ann Intern Med 107: 78–87
Berger JR, Hensley G, Moskowitz L (1989 a) Syphilitic myelopathy with human immunodeficiency virus: a treatable cause of spinal cord disease. 5th International conference on AIDS, 4–9 June, 1989, Montreal (abstr W B P 51)
Berger JR, Sheremata WA, Resnick L et al. (1989b) Multiple sclerosis like illness occurring with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 39: 324–329
Berger JR, Harris JO, Gregorios J et al. (1990) Cerebrovascular disease in AIDS: a case-control study. AIDS 4: 239–244
Berger JR, Tornatore C, Major EO et al. (1992) Relapsing and remitting human immunodeficiency virus-associated leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 31: 34–38
Bergmann M, Edel G (1991) Primäre intrazerebrale Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome. Pathologe 12: 246–253
Bergmann M, Gullota F, Kuchelmeister K, et al.: AIDS-Myelopathy. A neuropathological study. Path Res Pract 189: 58–65 (1993)
Berkefeld J, Hacker H, Lang C, Schlote W: CNS Lymphomas in AIDS Patients: Neuroradiology and Neuropathology (Meeting Abstr.) Neuroradiology 33 (Suppl.): 116 (1991)
Bernick C, Gregorios JB (1984) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Neurol 41: 780–782
Bhawan J, Wolff SM, Ucci AA, Bhan AK (1985) Malignant lymphoma and malignant angioendotheliomatosis: one disease. Cancer 55: 570–576
Bishburg E, Sunderam G, Reichmann LB, Kapila R (1986) Central nervous system tuberculosis with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its related complex. Ann Intern Med 105: 210–213
Blatchford NR (1990) Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 565–567
Bluhm CS, Bickerstaff CA (1990) Refractory esophageal candidiasis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Gastroenterol 85 /4: 479–480
Blum LW, Chambers RA, Schwartzman RJ, Streletz LJ (1985) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Neurol 42: 137–139
Bogdahn U, Bogdahn S, Mertens HG, Dommasch D, Wodarz R, Wünsch PH, Kühl P, Richter E (1986) Primary non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas of the CNS. Acta Neurol Scand 73: 602–614
Bolton CF, Rozdilsky B (1971) Primary progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A case report. Neurology 21: 72–77
Bonacini M, Laine L, Gal AA, Lee MH, Martin SE, Stringle S (1990) Prospective evaluation of blind brushing of the esophagus for Candida esophagitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 85 /4: 385–389
Borisch-Chappuis BB, Müller H, Stutte J, Hey MM, Hübner K, Müller-Hermelink HK (1990) Identification of EBV-DNA in lymph nodes from patients with lymphadenopathy and lymphomas associated with AIDS. Virchows Arch [B] 58: 199–205
Bourdette DN, Rosenberg NL, Yatsu FM (1983) Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and delayed ipsilateral cerebral infarction. Neurology 33: 1428–1432
Breuer AC, Blank NK, Schoene WC (1978) Multifocal pontine lesions in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and CNS radiotherapy. Cancer 41: 2112–2120
Brew B, Rosenblum M, Price RW (1988) Central and peripheral nervous system complications of HIV infection and AIDS. In: De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) AIDS, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 185–197
Brew BJ, Hardy W, Zuckerman E et al. (1989) AIDS related vacuolar myelopathy is not associated with coinfection by human T-lymphotropic virus-type I. Ann Neurol 26: 679–681
Britton CB, Mesa-Tejada R, Fenoglio CM et al. (1985) A new complication of AIDS: thoracic myelitis caused by herpes simplex virus. Neurology 35: 1070–1074
Broder S: Factors in the Development of AIDS-related Lymphomas Intern. Assoc. Comp. Research Leukemia Related Dis. 15. Symp., Padova/Venice, p. 9 (1991)
Brooks BR, Walker DL (1984) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Clin 2: 299–313
Brown F (1984) Classification of viruses. In: Wilson G, Heather MD (eds) Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity, 7th edn. Arnold, London, pp 5–13
Bruinsma-Adams IK (1991) AIDS presenting as Candida albicans meningitis — a case report. AIDS 5 /10: 1268–1269
Brynes RK, Chan WC, Spira TJ, Ewing EP, Chandler FW (1983) Value of lymph node biopsy in unexplained lymphadenopathy in homosexual men. JAMA 250: 1313–1317
Budka H (1986) Multinucleated giant cells in brain: a hallmark of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 69: 253–258
Budka H (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-induced disease of the central nervous system: pathology and implications for pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 77: 225–236
Budka H (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope and core proteins in CNS tissues of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 79: 611–619
Budka H (1991a) Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 1: 163–175
Budka H (1991b) The definition of HIV-specific neuropathology. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 182–191
Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S et al. (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75: 185–198
Budka H, Wiley CA, Kleihues P (1991) HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology. Brain Pathol 1: 143–152
Burnet FM (1967) Immunological aspects of malignant disease. Lancet 1: 1171–1174
Burns DK: The neuropathology of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Child Neurol. 7: 332–346 (1992)
Burns DK, Risser RC, White CL (1991) The neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115: 1112–1124
Burstein SD, Kernohan JW, Uihlein A (1963) Neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system of the brain. Cancer 16: 289–305
Byrne WR, Dietrich RA (1989) Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with peritonitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 149: 947–948
Cameron ML, Bartlett JA, Gallis HA, Waskin HA (1991) Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Rev Infect Dis 13 /1: 64–67
Capron F, Audouin J, Diebold J, Ameille J, Lebeau B, Rochemaure J (1985) Pulmonary polymorphic centroblastic type malignant lymphoma in a patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Sjögren syndrome and other manifestations of an dysimmune state. Pathol Res Pract 179: 656–661
Carney WP, Hirsch MS (1981) Mechanisms of immunosuppression in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: II. Virus-monocyte interactions. J Infect Dis 144: 47–54
Carson FL (1990) Histotechnology. A self-instructional text. ASCP, Chicago
Carrazan EJ; Rossitch E Jr; Morris J (1991) Isolated central nervous system aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 93 /3: 227–230
Cerezo L, Alvarez M, Price G (1985) Electron microscopic diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. J Neurosurg 63: 470–474
Chandler FW (1985) Pathology of the mycoses in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Curr Top Med Mycol I: 1–23
Chandler FW, Kaplan W, Ajello L (1980) A colour atlas and textbook of the histopathology of mycotic diseases. Wolfe, London
Chechani V, Kamholz SL (1990) Pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS. Chest 98 /5: 1060–1066
Chimelli L, de Freitas MRG, Bazin AR et al. (1990) Encéphalomyélo-radiculite à cytomégalovirus chez un malade atteint du syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise. Rev Neurol (Paris) 146: 354–360
Chimelli L, Rosemberg S, Hahn MD, Lopes MBS, Barretto Netto M: Pathology of the central nervous system in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A report of 252 autopsy cases from Brazil. Neuropath. Appl. Neurobiol. 18: 478–488 (1992)
Chin W, Magoffin R, Frierson JG, Lennette EH (1973) Cytomegalovirus infection. A case with meningoencephalitis. JAMA 225: 740–741
Chiu I-M, Yaniv A, Dahlberg JE et al. (1985) Nucleotide sequence evidence for relationship of AIDS retrovirus to lentiviruses. Nature 317: 366–368
Cho E-S, Sharer LR (1990) Central nervous system in HIV infection. In: Joshi VV (ed) Pathology of AIDS and other manifestations of HIV infection. Igaku-Shoin,New York,pp 43–63
Cho E-S, Sharer LR, Peress NS, Little B (1987) Intimal proliferation of leptomeningeal arteries and brain infarcts in subjects with AIDS. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 46: 385 (abstr)
Christensen E, Fog M (1955) A case of Schilder’s disease in an adult with remarks as to the etiology and pathogenesis. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 30: 141–154
Chuck SL, Sande MA (1989) Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 321/12: 794–799
Ciardi A, Sinclair E, Scaravilli F, Harcourt-Webster NJ, Lucas S (1990) The involvement of the cerebral cortex in HIV encephalopathy: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 81: 51–55
Clark RA, Greer D, Atkinson W, Valainis GT, Hyslop N (1990) Spectrum of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in 68 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis 12/5: 768–777
Cohen JI, Corey GR (1985) Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. Medicine (Baltimore) 64: 100–114
Cohen J et al.: British society for antimicrobial chemotherapy working party (1992) Antifungal chemotherapy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 340/8820:648–651
Conley FK, Jenkins KA, Remington RS (1981) Toxoplasma gondii infection of the nervous system: use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate Toxoplasma in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Hum Pathol 12:690–698
Corboy JR, Buzi JM, Zink MC, Clements JE: Expression Directed from HIV Long Terminal Repeats in the Central Nervous System of Transgenic Mice. Science 258; 1804–1808 (1992)
Cornford ME, Holden JK, Boyd MC, Berry K, Vinters HV: Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): report of 39 autopsies from Vancouver, British Columbia. Canadian J. Neurol. Sci. 19: 442–452 (1992)
Costanzi G, Lechi A, Schmidbauer M (1992) The lateral geniculate body after CMV retinopathy in 19 AIDS patients. Clin Neuropathol 11: 195–196 (abstr)
Cox JN, di-Dio F, Pizzolato GP, Lerch R, Pochon N (1990) Aspergillus endocarditis and myocarditis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A review of the literature. Virchows Arch [A] 417/3:255–259
Cummings JL, Benson DF (1984) Subcortical dementia — review of an emerging concept. Arch Neurol 41: 874–879
Dal Canto MC (1989) AIDS and the nervous system: current status and future perspectives. Hum Pathol 20: 410–418
d’Amore ESG, Manivel JC, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Litz CE, Copenhaver CM, Shapiro RS, Strickler JG (1991) B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplant: an analysis of ten cases with emphasis on Epstein-Barr virus. Detection by in situ hybridization. Cancer 68: 1285–1295
d’Arminio Monforte A, Vago L, Mainini F, Fasan M, Rizzardini G, Gervasoni C, Meraviglia P, Bonfanti P, Castagna A, Moscatelli G, et al.: Primitive cerebral lymphoma and systemic lymphomas in 637 autopsies from AIDS cases. Int. Conf. on AIDS (abstr. no. PoB 3107) (1992)
DaPaz RB, Kolmel HW; Meningitis with Burkitt like B-cell lymphoma in HIV infection. J. Neuro-Oncol. 13: 73–79 (1992)
Davenport RD, O’Donnell LR, Schnitzer B, McKeever PE (1991) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the brain after Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 67: 440–443
Davtyan DG, Vinters HV (1987) Wernicke’s encephalopathy in AIDS patient treated with zidovudine. Lancet I:919
De Angelis LM, Wong E, Rosenblum M, Furneaux H: Epstein-Barr virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer 70: 1607–1611 (1992)
Decker CF, Parenti DM (1991) Invasive aspergillosis in patients with HIV infection: report of two patients and a review of the literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4/6: 603–606
De Girolami U, Smith TW (1992) Neuropathology. In: Nash G, Said JW (eds) Pathology of AIDS and HIV infection. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 174–199
De Girolami U, Smith TW, Hénin D, Hauw J-J (1990) Neu-ropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114: 643–655
De Girolami U, Smith TW, Hénin D, Hauw J-J (1992) Neuropathology and ophthalmologic pathology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A color atlas. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston
de la Monte SM, Moore T, Hedley-White ET (1986) Vacuolar encephalopathy of AIDS. N Engl J Med 315: 1549–1550
de la Monte SM, Ho DD, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, Richardson EP Jr (1987) Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV-III infection. Neurology 37: 562–569
Del Arco-Galan C, Santos-Gil-I, Garcia-Polo I, Noguerado-Asensio A (1990) Meningitis caused by Candida in an HIV-positive patient. A case with a fatal outcome. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 8 /9: 591
Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Stevens DA (1991) Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324 /10: 654–662
De-Wit S, Urbain D, Rahir F, Weerts D, Clumeck N (1991) Efficacy of oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS associated oesophageal candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10/6: 505
Diamond C, Remick S, Migliozzi J, Solis O, Wagner H, Haase R, Ruckdeschel J: Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in Patients with and without Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Proc. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 9: A367, 1990
DiCarlo EF, Amberson JB, Metroka CE, Ballard P, Moore A, Mouradian J A (1986) Malignant Lymphomas and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 1012–1016
Dickson DW (1986) Multinucleated giant cells in acquired immune deficiency syndrome encephalopathy. Origin from endogenous microglia? Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 967–968
Dickson DW, Belman AL, Kim TS et al. (1989) Spinal cord pathology in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Neurology 39: 227–235
Dismukes WE (1988) Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 157: 624–628
Dix RD, Bredesen DE (1988) Opportunistic viral infections in acquired immunodeficieny syndrome: In: Rosenblum ML, Levy RM, Bredesen DE (eds) AIDS and the nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 221–261
Dix RD, Waitzman DM, Follansbee S, Pearson BS, Mendelson T, Smith P, Davis RL, Mills J (1985) Herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in two homosexual men with persistent lymphadenopathy. Ann Neurol 17: 203–206
Donnellan WL, Chantra-Umporn S, Kidd JM (1966) The cytomegalic inclusion cell: an electron microscopic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 82: 336–348
Dorfman LJ (1973) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in adults. Neurology 23: 136–144
Dozic S, Suvakovic V, Cvetkovic D, Jevtovic DJ, Skender M (1990) Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis (NAE) of the CNS in a patient with AIDS subacute encephalitis, diffuse leukoencephalopathy and meningo-cerebral cryptococcosis. Clin Neuropathol 9: 284–289
Drew LW, Mintz L, Miner RC et al. (1981) Prevalence of CMV infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 143: 188–192
Duchowny M, Caplan L, Siber G (1979) Cytomegalovirus infection of the adult nervous system. Ann Neurol 5: 458–461
Eby NL, Grufferman S, Flannelly CM, Schold SC, Vogel FS, Burger PC (1988) Increasing incidence of primary brain lymphoma in the US. Cancer 62: 2461–2465
Edelstein H, Knight RT (1987) Severe parkinsonism in two AIDS patients taking prochlorperazine. Lancet II: 341–342
Editorial (1991) Epstein-Barr virus and AIDS-associated lymphomas. Lancet II /338: 979–980
Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogin ML (1988) Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 334: 519–522
Egerter DA, Beckstead JH (1988) Malignant lymphomas in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 602–606
Eilbott DJ, Peress N, Burger H et al. (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3337–3341
Emskötter T (1991a) Opportunistische Infektionen des Gehirns: Toxoplasmose. In: Möller A, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 54–58
Emskötter T (1991b) Mykobakterielle Infektionen. In: Möller A, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Eine multidisziplinare Darstellung. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 61–64
Enzensberger W (1989) Neuromanifestationen bei AIDS. Schwer, Stuttgart
Epstein LG, Sharer LR, Cho E-R et al. (1985) HTLV-III/LAV-like retrovirus particles in the brain of patients with AIDS encephalopathy. AIDS Res 1: 447–454
Esiri MM, Scaravilli F, Millard PR et al. (1989) Neuropathology of HIV infection in haemophiliacs: a comparative necropsy study. Br Med J 299: 1312–1315
Everall JP, Luthert PJ, Lantos PL: Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection. The Lancet 337: 1119–1121 (1991)
Fauci AS (1988) The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 239: 617–622
Feiden W, Backmund H (1991) Neubildungen. In: Möller A, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Eine multidisziplinäre Darstellung. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 84–95
Feiden W, Möller A (1991) Progressive multifokale Leukoenzephalopathie. In: Möller AA, Backmund H (eds) HlV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 72–79
Feiden W, Bise K, Steude U, Mehraein P (1989) Histologische Hirntumordiagnostik an stereotaktisch gewonnenen Biopsiezylindern. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 73: 543
Feiden W, Bise K, Streude U (1990) Diagnosis of primary cerebral lymphoma with particular reference to CT-guided stereotactic biopsy. Virchows Arch [A] 417: 21–28
Feldman HA (1968) Toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 279: 1431–1437
Fermaglich J, Hardman JM, Earle KM (1969) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 17: 287 (abstr)
Fiala M, Cone LA, Chang C-M, Mocarski ES (1986) Cytomegalovirus viremia increases progressive immune deficiency in patients with HTLV-III. AIDS Res 2: 175–181
Fish DG, Ampel NM, Galgiani JN, Dols CL, Kelly P, Johnson C, Pappagianis D, Edwards JE, Wasserman RB, Clark RJ, Antoniskis D, Larsen RA, Englender SJ, Petersen EA (1990) Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of 77 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 69 /6: 384–391
Foresti V, Confalonieri F (1987) Wernicke’s encephalopathy in AIDS. Lancet I: 1499
Formenti SC, Gill PS, Lean E, Rarick M, Meyer PR, Boswell W, Petrovich Z, Chak L, Levine AM (1989) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in AIDS. Results of radiation therapy. Cancer 63: 1101–1107
Franz H, Bachler B, Habedank S, Niedobitek F (1991) Demonstration of monocyte-derived cells with mistletoe lectin I. 13th International Lectin Conference, August 1991, Berlin
Freeman CR, Shustik CH, Brisson ML, Maegher-Villemure K, Dylewski I (1986) Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Cancer 58: 1106–1111
Fried BM (1926) Sarcomatosis of the brain. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 15: 205–217
Frisque RJ, Bream GL, Cannella MT (1984) Human polyomavirus JC virus genome. J Virol 51: 458–469
Füeßl HS (1991) Opportunistische Infektionen der Lunge. In: Láge-Stehr J, Helm EB (eds) AIDS und die Vorstadien. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Fulling KH, Gersell DJ (1983) Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis. Cancer 51: 1107–1118
Gabuzda DH, Ho DD, de la Monte SM, Hirsh MS, Rota TR, Sobel RA (1986) Immunohistochemical identification of HTLV-III antigen in brains of patients with AIDS. Ann Neurol 20: 289–295
Gagné F, Bouchard J-P, Bernier J-P (1977) Leucoencéphalopathie multifocale progressive. Observation avec localisation lésionelle électivement pontocérébelleux en contexte d’insuffisance immunitaire congenitale. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 38: 167–169
Gal AA, Koss MN, Hawkins J, Evans S, Einstein H (1986) The pathology of pulmonary cryptococcal infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 502–507
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M et al. (1984) Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retrovirus ( HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 224: 500–503
Gapen P (1982) Neurological complications now characterizing many AIDS victims. JAMA 248: 2941–2942
Garson JA, Bourne SP, Allan PM, Leather C, Brownell DB, Coakham HB (1988) Immunohistological diagnosis of primary brain lymphoma using monoclonal antibodies: confirmation of B-cell origin. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 19–37
Gartner S, Markovits P, Markovitz DM et al. (1986 a) The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Science 233:215–219
Gartner S, Markovits P, Markovitz DM et al. (1986b) Virus isolation from and identification of HTLV-III/LAV-producing cells in brain tissue from a patient with AIDS. JAMA 256: 2365–2371
Gatti RA, Good RA (1971) Occurrence of malignancy in immunodeficiency disease. A literature review. Cancer 28: 89–98
Gelderblom HR, Özel M, Pauli G (1985) T-Zellspezifische Retroviren des Menschen: Vergleichende morphologische Klassifizierung und mögliche funktionelle Aspekte. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 28: 161–17
Gelderblom HR, Özel M, Pauli G (1989) Morphogenesis and morphology of HIV, structure-function relations. Arch Virol 106: 1–13
Gelderblom HR, Grund C, Morath B, Schneider T, Weigelt W, Özel M, Pauli G (1990) HIV und andere Lentiviren: Struktur, Funktion und Pathogenese. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 33: 194–204
Geny C, Gherardi R, Boudes P et al. (1991) Multifocal multinucleated giant cell myelitis in an AIDS patient. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 17: 157–162
Gerberding JL (1988) Diagnosis and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Leech JH, Saude MA, Root RK (eds) Parasitic infections. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 271–284
Gerhartz H (1951) Retothelsarkome des Zentralnervensystems. Virchows Archiv 319: 339–346
Ghali V, Castella A, Louis-Charles A, Agranovsky E, Croxson ST (1990) Expansion of large granular lymphocytes (natural killercells) with limited antigen expression (CD2+, CD3-, CD4-, CD8-, CD16+, NKH-1-) in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive homosexual man. Cancer 65: 2243–2247
Ghatak NR, Sawyer DR (1978) A morphologic study of opportunistic cerebral toxoplasmosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 42: 217–221
Ghatak NR, Poon P, Zimmerman HM (1970) Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the adult. A light and electron microscopic study. Arch Pathol 89: 337–348
Gil A, Lavilla P, Valencia E, Pintado V, Dupla ML, Khamashta MA, Garcia-Puig J, Ortiz-Vazquez J (1991) Safety and efficacy of fluconazole treatment for Candia oesophagitis in AIDS. Postgrad Med J 67 /788: 548–552
Gill PS, Levine AM, Meyer PR, Boswell WD, Burkes RL, Parker JW, Hofman FM, Dworsky RL, Lukes RJ (1985) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in homosexual men. Am J Med 78: 742–748
Goedert JJ, Blattner WA (1988) The epidemiology and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus. In: Devita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) AIDS, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 33–60
Gold JE, Ghali V, Gold S, Brown JC, Zalusky R (1990) Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion/T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Cancer 66: 2407–2413
Goldstein J, Dickson DW, Rubenstein A, Woods W, Mincer F, Belman AL, Davis L (1990) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in a pediatric patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer 66: 2503–2508
Goldstick L, Mandybur TI, Bode R (1985) Spinal cord degeneration in AIDS. Neurology 35: 103–106
Goldwater PN, Synek BJL, Koelmeyer TD, Scott PJ (1985) Structures resembling scrapie-associated fibrils in AIDS encephalopathy. Lancet II: 447–448
Gonzales MF, Davis RL (1988) Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficieny syndrome. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 345–363
Gonzalez Gonzalez D, Schuster-Uitterhoeve ALJ (1983) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the central nervous system. Results of radiotherapy in 15 cases. Cancer 51: 2048–2052
Goodpasture EW, Talbot FB (1921) Concerning the nature of “protozoan-like” cells in certain lesions of infancy. Am J Dis Child 21: 415–421
Gopinathan G, Laubenstein LJ, Mondale B, Krigel RG (1983) Central nervous system manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency (AID) syndrome in homosexual men. Neurology [Suppl 2] 33: 105 (abstr)
Gorin FA, Bale JF, Halks-Miller M, Schwartz RA (1985) Kaposi’s sarcoma metastatic to the CNS. Arch Neurol 42: 162–165
Gosztonyi G (1989) Entzündliche und infektiöse Erkrankungen. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Klinische Neuropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart
Gosztonyi G, Artigas J (1990) Mechanisms of damage of nervous tissue during chronic infection with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). In: Schauzu M (ed) Progress in AIDS research in the federal Republic of Germany. BGA Schriften 1/90. MMV Medizin, Munich, pp 369–373
Gottlieb T, Marriott D (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis in an AIDS patient. Aust N Z J Med 20 /4: 621–622
Grafe MR, Wiley CA (1989) Spinal cord and peripheral nerve pathology in AIDS: the roles of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Neurol 25: 561–566
Gransden WR, Brown PM (1983) Pneumocystis pneumonia and disseminated toxoplasmosis in a male homosexual. Br Med J 286: 1614
Gray F, Gherardi R, Baudrimont P et al. (1987) Leucoencephalopathy with multinucleated giant cells containing human immune deficiency virus-like particles and multiple opportunistic cerebral infections in one patient with AIDS. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 73: 99–104
Gray F, Gherardi R, Scaravilli F (1988) The neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A review. Brain 11: 245–266
Gray F, Gherardi R, Wingate E, Fénelon G, Gaston A, Sobel A, Poirier J (1989) Diffuse “encephalitic” cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS: report of 4 cases. J Neurol 236: 273–277
Gray F, Haug H, Chimelli L etal. (1991a) Prominent cortical atrophy with neuron loss as correlate of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82: 229–233
Gray F, Chimelli L, Mohr M et al. (1991b) Fulminating multiple sclerosis-like leukoencephalopathy revealing human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 41: 105–109
Gray F, Mohr M, Rozenberg F, et al.: Varicella-zoster virus encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of four cases. Neuropathol appl Neurobiol 18: 502–514 (1992)
Grimaldi LME, Roos RP, Devare SG, Casey JM, Maruo Y, Hamada T, Tashiro K (1988) HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands contain anti-HTLV-1 p24 antibody. Ann Neurol 24: 727–731
Grosse G (1990) Vascularization in Cryptococcus neoformans colonization. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg Abstr 313: 302
Grosse G (1991) Die Prostata als Erregerreservoir bei der Cryptococcose. In: Staib F, Huhn D (eds) Pilzinfektionen bei abwehrgeschwachten Patienten. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 29–39
Grosse G, L’age M, Staib F (1985) Perakute disseminiert verlaufene, tödliche Aspergillus fumigatus — Infektion bei Leberversagen und Kortikoidtherapie. Klin Wochenschr 63: 523–528
Grosse G, Staib F, Seibold M (1987) Zur Pathologie der Cryptococcose bei AIDS. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 71: 506
Grosse G, Staib F, Seibold M, Heise W, Artigas J (1989) Invasive aspergillosis — an AIDS typical opportunistic infection? 5th International conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 4–9 June 1989 (abstr)
Gutierrez-Molina M (1989) Neuropatología de la encephalitis VIH. Arch Neurobiol 52 [Suppl 1]: 45–61
Gyorkey F, Melnick JL, Gyorkey P (1987) Human immunodeficiency virus in brain biopsies of patients with AIDS and progressive encephalopathy. J Infect Dis 155: 870–876
Hakes TB, Armstrong D (1983) Toxoplasmosis — problems in diagnosis and treatment. Cancer 52: 1535–1540
Hallervorden J (1930) Eigenartige und nicht rubrizierbare Prozesse. In: Bumke O (ed) Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, vol 11, no 7. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1063–1107
Hallervorden J (1957) Die degenerative diffuse Sklerose. In: Lubarsch O, Henke F, Rössle R (eds) Nervensystem. Springer Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg, pp 716–782 (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologic, vol 13, part 1 A)
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (1984) Oxygen radicals and the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 7: 22–26
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon, Oxford
Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Pallesen G, Franzmann MB, Karkov J, Black F, Skinhoj P, Pedersen C (1991) AIDS-related lymphoma. Am J Pathol 138: 149–163
Harding CV (1991) Blastomycosis and opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115: 1133–1136
Harriman DGF (1984) Bacterial infections of the central nervous system. In: Hume Adams J, Corsellis J, Duchen LW (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology, 4th edn. Arnold, London
Hautzer NW, Aiyesimoju A, Robitaille Y (1983) “Primary” spinal intramedullary lymphomas: a review. Ann Neurol 14: 62–66
Hawkins C, Armstrong D (1984) Fungal infections in the immunocompromised host. Clin Haematol 13 /3: 599–630
Hawley DA, Schaefer JF, Schulz DM, Muller J (1983) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 80: 874–877
Hay RJ (1990) Overview of studies of fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Rev Infect Dis 12 [Suppl 3]: S334–S337
Helle TL, Britt RH, Colby TV (1984) Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Clinicopathological study of experience at Stanford. J Neurosurg 60: 94–103
Hénin D, Duyckaerts C, Chaunu MP et al. (1987) Etude neuropathologique de 31 cas de syndrome d’immuno-dépression acquise. Rev Neurol (Paris) 143: 631–642
Hénin D, Smith TW, De Girolami U, et al.: Neuropathology of the spinal cord in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 23: 1106–1114 (1992)
Henkes H, Terstegge K, Schörner W et al. (1989) Klinik, Neuromorphologie und EEG bei Patienten mit PML bei AIDS. Aktuel Neurol 16: 149–158
Henschen F (1955) Tumoren des Zentralnervensystems und seiner Hüllen. In: Scholz W (ed) Nervensystem. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologic, vol 13 )
Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Anagnostopoulos J, Hummel M, Finn T, Bergholz M, Kneba M, Krieger G, Stein H: (1990) Epstein-Barr Virus und maligne Lymphome — Untersuchungen zur Inzidienz und Lokalisation des Virus. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Path. 74: 386–389
Herbst H, Dallenbach F, Niedobitek G, Anagnostopoulos J, Hummel M, Finn T, Jautzke G, Müller-Lantzsch N, Stein H: (1991) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein Expression in Malignant Lymphomas. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Path. 75: 175–178
Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Stein H: Epstein-Barr Virus and CD30 + Malignant Lymphomas. Crit. Rev. Oncogen. 4: 191–239 (1993)
Herbst P, Madlener J, Enzensberger W, Kalus P, Helm EB, Fischer PA: Meningeal and spinal lymphoma in AIDS. Int. Conf. on AIDS 1992 (Abstr. no. PuB 7239)
Herbst H, Dallenbach F, Hummel M, Niedobitek G, Pileri S, Müller-Lantzsch N, Stein H (1991) Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4766–4770
Herskovitz S, Siegel SE, Schneider AT, Nelson SJ, Goodrich JT, Lantos G (1989) Spinal cord toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Neurology 39: 1552–1553
Heyligenberg R, Kuijper EJ, Danner SA (1990) Generalized histoplasmosis in 3 patients with an HIV infection. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 134 /37: 1793–1796
Hirano A (1983) Praktischer Leitfaden der Neuropathologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Hirano A (1991) Neurons and astrocytes. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Ho JL, Poldre PA, McEniry D et al. (1984) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and monoclonal B-cell proliferation. Ann Intern Med 100: 693–696
Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT et al. (1985) Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related ot the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 313: 1493–1497
Hoare CA (1972) The developmental stages of Toxoplasma. J Trop Med Hyg 75: 56–58
Hochberg FH, Miller DC (1988) Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Review article. J Neurosurg 68: 835–853
Hochberg FH, Miller G, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, Feorino P, Henle W (1983) Central-nervous-system lymphoma related to Epstein-Barr virus. N Engl J Med 309: 745–748
Hoffken K: Epstein-Barr-Virus und AIDS-assoziierte Lymphome des Zentralnervensystems. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 117: 1620–1621 (1992)
Höfler H (1988) Onkogenexpression als prognostischer Faktor maligner Tumoren. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 72: 174–187
Höfler H (1990) Onkogene und Onkogenprodukte — Möglichkeiten und Bedeutung des Nachweises. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 74: 319–327
Hooper DC, Pruitt AA, Rubin RH (1982) Central nervous system infection in the chronically immunosuppressed. Medicine Baltimore 64: 166–182
Horoupian DS, Pick P, Spigland J et al. (1984) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and multiple tract degeneration in a homosexual man. Ann Neurol 15: 502–505
Horowitz SL, Benson DF, Gottleib MS, Davos J, Bentson JR (1982) Neurological complications of gay-related immunodeficiency disorder. Ann Neurol 12: 80 (abstr)
Houff SA, Major EO, Katz DA et al. (1988) Involvement of JC virus-infected mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and spleen in the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 318: 301–305
Hoxie JA, Haggarty BS, Rackowski JL et al. (1985) Persistent monocytopathic infection of normal human T-lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus. Science 229: 1400–1402
Huang TE, Chou SM (1988) Occlusive hypertrophic arteritis as the cause of discrete necrosis in CNS toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 19: 1210–1214
Hutto C, Ricks R, Garvie M, Pass RF (1985) Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection in young children: day care vs. home care. Pediatr Infect Dis 4: 149–152
Iglesias-Rozas JR, Bantz B, Adler T, Jautzke G, Tosth U, Lange W, Stein H, Dienemann D (1991) Cerebral lymphoma in AIDS. Clinical, radiological, neuropathological and immunological study. Clin Neuropathol 10: 65–75
Itoyama Y, Webster H de F, Sternberger NH et al. (1982) Distribution of papovavirus, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and myelin basic protein in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesions. Ann Neurol 11: 396–407
Jakobsen J, Diemer NH, Gaub J et al. (1987) PML in a patient without other clinical manifestations of AIDS. Acta Neurol Scand 75: 209–213
Jellinger KA; Paulus W: Primary central nervous system lymphomas — An update. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 119: 7–27 (1992)
Jesionek A, Kiolemenoglou B (1904) Über einen Befund von protozoenartigen Gebilden in den Organen eines hereditärluetischen Fötus. Muench Med Wochenschr 51: 1905–1907
Joachim HL (1989) Pathology of AIDS. Lippincott, Philadelphia
Joachim HL: Lymphoma, an Opportunistic Neoplasia of AIDS: A Multiparameter Study of 111 Cases. Int. Assoc.Comp. Res. Leucemia and Rel. Dis. 15. Symp., Padova/Venice 1991
Joachim HL, Cooper MC, Hellmann GC (1985) Lymphomas in men at high risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A study of 21 cases. Cancer 56: 2831–2842
John HT, Nabarro JDN (1955) Intracranial manifestations of malignant lymphoma. Br J Cancer 9: 386–400
Johnson RT, Richardson EP Jr (1968) The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine Baltimore 47: 337–339
Johnson RT, McArthur JC, Narayan O (1988) The neurobiology of human immunodeficiency virus infections. FASEB J 2: 2970–2976
Jones TC, Yeh S, Hirsch JG (1972) The interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cells: I. Mechanism of entry and intracellular fate of the parasite. J Exp Med 136: 1157–1172
Jones GR, Mason WH, Fishman LS, DeClerck YA (1985) Primary central nervous system lymphoma without intracranial mass in a child. Diagnosis by documentation of monoclonality. Cancer 56: 2804–2808
Joshi N, Hamory BH (1991) Drug-resistant Nocardia asteroides infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South Med J 84 /9: 1155–1156
Joshi VV, Oleske JM, Minnefor AB (1984) Pathology of suspected acquired immune deficiency in children: a study of 8 cases. Pediatr Pathol 2: 71–87
Joshi VV, Kauffman S, Oleske JM, Fikrig S, Denny T, Gadol C, Lee E (1987) Polyclonal polymorphic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with prominent pulmonary involvement in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer 59: 1455–1462
Kaloutsi V, Maschek H, Kohlmeyer U, Nafe R, Choritz H, Amor A, Georgii A (1991) Histopathology and morphometry of hematopoiesis in bone marrow of AIDS-patients compared with patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 75: 131–135
Kamin SS, Petito CK (1988) Vacuolar myelopathy in immunocompromised non AIDS patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47: 385 (abstr)
Kanich RE, Craighead JE (1972) Human cytomegalovirus infection of cultured fibroblasts: II. Viral replicative sequence of a wild and an adapted strain. Lab Invest 27: 273–282
Kasnic G Jr, Sayeed A, Azar HA (1982) Nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in disseminated human cytomegalovirus infection. Ultrastruct Pathol 3: 229–235
Katlama C, Matheron S, Gaultier T et al. (1984) Manifestations neurologiques du SIDS. In: Zittoun R (ed) Syndrome immunodéficitaire acquis. Doin, Paris, pp 81–98
Kato T, Dembitzer HM, Hirano A, Llena JF (1987 a) HTLV-III-like particles within a cell process surrounded by a myelin sheath in an AIDS brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 73: 306–308
Kato T, Hirano A, Llena JF, Dembitzer HM (1987 b) Neuropathology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 53 autopsy cases with particular emphasis on microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 73:287–294
Kawakami Y, Tabuchi K, Ohnishi R, Asari S, Nishimoto A (1985) Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurosurg 62: 522–527
Kay HEM (1989) Immunsuppression and the risk of brain lymphoma. N Engl J Med 308: 1099
Keohane C, Robain O, Ponsot G, Gray F: Cerebral lymphoma and HIV encephalitis in a case of paediatric AIDS, with pre-existing multicystic encephalomalacia. Irish J. Med./Sci. 160: 179–182 (1991)
Kernohan JW, Uihlein A (1962) Sarcomas of the brain. Thomas, Springfield
Kerslake R, Rowe D, Worthington BS (1991) CT and MR imaging of CNS lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Neuroradiology 33: 269–271
Kimberlin RH (1984) Slow viruses: conventional and unconventional. In: Brown F, Wilson G (eds) Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity: 4. Virology, 7th edn. Arnold, London, pp 487–510
Kimura A, Tanura T, Nakao T (1976) Intracytoplasmic uncoated capsids of human cytomegalovirus. Tohoku J Exp Med 119: 223–236
Kirkpatrick JB (1991) Neurologic infections due to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimor
Kitagawa M, Matsubara O, Song SY, Kurashima C, Okeda R, Kasuga T (1985) Neoplastic endotheliosis: immunhistochemical and electron microscopic findings in three cases. Cancer 56: 1134–1143
Klapholz A, Salomon N, Perlman DC, Talavera W (1991) Aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 100 /6: 1614–1618
Klatt EC, Shibata D (1988) Cytomegalovirus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical and autopsy findings. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 540–544
Kleihues P, Lang W, Burger PC et al. (1985) Progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy in patients with immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 68: 333–339
Kleihues P, Leib SL, Strittmatter C et al. (1991) HIV encephalopathy: incidence, definition and pathogenesis. Results of a Swiss collaborative study. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 197–205
Klemola E (1973) Cytomegalovirus infection in previously healthy adults. Ann Intern Med 79: 267–268
Knowles DM, Inghirami G, Ubriaco A, Dalla-Favera R (1989) Molecular genetic analysis of three AIDS-associated neoplasms of uncertain lineage demontrates their B-cell derivation and the possible pathogenetic role of the Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 73: 792–799
Koenig S, Gendelman HE, Orenstein JM, Dal Canto MC, Pezeshkpour GH, Youngbluth M, Janotta F, Aksamit A, Martin MA, Fauci AS (1986) Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 233: 1089–1093
Koeppen AH, Lansing LS, Peng SK, Smith RS (1981) Central nervous system vasculitis in cytomegalovirus infection. J Neurol Sci 51: 395–410
Konat BW, Wiggins RC (1985) Effect of reactive oxygen species on myelin proteins. J Neurochem 45: 1113–1118
Korting HC (1989) Clinical spectrum of oral candidosis and its role in HIV-infected patients. Mycoses 32 [Suppl 2]: 23–29
Kovacs JA, Kovacs AA, Polis M, Wright WC, Gill VJ, Tuazon CU, Gelman EP, Lane HC, Longfield R, Overturf G, Macher AM, Fauci AS, Parillo JE, Bennett JE, Masur H (1985) Cryptococcosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 103: 533–538
Krabbe K (1916) A new infantile form of diffuse brain-sklerosis. Brain 39: 74–114
Krick JA, Remington JS (1978) Current concepts in parasitology. Toxoplasmosis in the adult — an overview. N Engl J Med 298: 550–553
Kuchelmeister K, Gulotta F, Bergmann M et al. (1993) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML) in AIDS. Pathol Res Pract 189: 163–173
Kure K, Lyman WD, Weidenheim KM, Dickson DW (1990a) Cellular localization of an HIV-1 antigen in subacute AIDS encephalitis using an improved double-labelling immunohistochemical method. Am J Pathol 136: 1085–1092
Kure K, Weidenheim KM, Lyman WD, Dickson DW (1990b) Morphology and distribution of HIV-1 gp41-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis. Pattern of involvement resembling a multisystem degeneration. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 80: 393–400
Kown-Chung KJ (1975) A new genus Filobasidiella, the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycologia 67: 1197–1200
Lackner AA, Dandekar S, Gardner MB (1991) Neurobiology of simian and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. Brain Pathol 1: 201–212
L’Age-Stehr J, Helm EB (1991) Aids und die Vorstadien. Chronik der AIDS-Epidemie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–13
Lang W, Miklossy J, Derauz JP et al. (1989) Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a report of 135 consecutive autopsy cases from Switzerland. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 77: 379–390
Lantos PL, McLaughlin JE, Scholtz CL et al. (1989) Neuropathology of the brain in HIV infection. Lancet I: 309–311
Leen CL, Dunbar EM, Ellis ME, Mandal BK (1990) Once-weekly fluconazole to prevent recurrence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Infect 21 /1: 55–60
Leestma JE (1991) Viral infections of the nervous system/pp 804–903. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Leger JM, Henin D, Belec L, Mercier B, Cohen L, Bouche P, Hauw JJ, Brunet P: Lymphoma-induced polyradiculopathy in AIDS. J. Neurol. 239: 132–134 (1992)
Lennert K, Feller AC (1990) Histopathologic der Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome (nach der aktualisierten Kiel-Klassifikation). Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Letendre L, Banks PM, Reese DF, Miller RH, Scanlon PW, Kiely JM (1982) Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Cancer 49: 939–943
Levine AM (1988) Reactive and neoplastic lymphoproliferative disorders and other miscellaneous cancers associated with HIV infection. In: Devita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) AIDS, etiology, diagnosis treatment and prevention. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 263–275
Levine AM, Sullivan-Halley J, Pike MC, Rarick MU, Loureiro C, Bernstein-Singer M, Willson E, Brynes R, Parker J, Rasheed S, Gill PS: Human immunodeficiency virus-related Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Predictive of Survival. Cancer 68: 2466–2472 (1991)
Levy J, Hoffman A, Kramer S, Landis J, Shimabukuru J, Oshira L (1984) Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 225: 840–842
Levy JA, Shimabukuro J, Hollander H (1985) Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from the cerebrospinal fluid and brain of patients with neurological symptoms. Lancet II: 587–588
Levy RM, Bredesen DE (1988) Central nervous system dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Rosenblum ML, Levy RM, Bredesen DE (eds) AIDS and the nervous system. Raven, New York
Levy RM, Bredesen D, Rosenblum ML (1985) Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 62: 475–495
Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML, Davis RL (1986) Postmortem neuropathology in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 35th Annual meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, New Orleans (abstr)
Levy RM, Janssen RS, Bush TJ, Rosenblum ML (1988) Neuroepidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1: 31–40
Lifson JD, Reyes GR, McGrath MS et al. (1986) AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen. Science 232: 1123–1127
Linneman CC Jr, Dunn CR, First MR et al. (1978) Late onset of fatal cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. Primary or reactivation infection? Arch Intern Med 138: 1247–1250
Lipsmeyer EA (1972) Development of malignant cerebral lymphoma in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppression. Arthritis Rheum 15: 183–186
Lipton HL (1991) Is JC virus latent in brain? Ann Neurol 29: 433–434
Loeber G, Dörries K (1988) DNA rearrangements in organ-specific variants of polyomavirus JC strain GS. J Virol 62: 1730–1735
Luft BJ, Remington JS (1988) Toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 157: 1–6
Luft BJ, Brooks RG, Conley FK, McCabe RE, Remington JS (1984) Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 252: 913–917
Lutz J: (1993) Vergleichende immunhistochemische Untersuchungen zur Darstellung von HIV-Antigenen an Gewebeproben des ZNS unter Verwendung von eingebettetem und schockgefrorenem Material. Med. Dis., Berlin
Machado AA, Coelho IC, Roselino AM, Trad ES, Figueiredo JF, Martinez R, de Costa JC (1991) Histoplasmosis in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): report of six cases with cutaneous-mucosal involvement. Mycopathologia 115 /1: 13–18
Mackenzie DW (1989) Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era. Epidemiol Infect 102 /3: 361–363
MacMahon EME, Glass JD, Hayward SD, Mann RB, Becker PS, Charache P, McArthur JC, Ambinder RF (1991) Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet II /338: 969–973
MacMahon EMF, Glass JD, Hayward SD, Mann RB, Charache P, McArthur JC, Ambinder RF: Association of Epstein-Barr Virus with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in AIDS. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8: 740–742 (1992)
Mahieux F, Gray F, Fenelon G et al. (1989) Acute myeloradiculitis due to cytomegalovirus as the initial manifestation of AIDS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 270–274
Maier H, Budka H, Lassmann H, Pohl P (1989) Vacuolar myelopathy with multinucleated cells in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78: 497–503
Maleßa R (1991) Veränderungen am Rückenmark. In: Möller A, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 97–100
Marin-Casanova P, Garcia-Martos P, Fernandez-Gutierrez-del-Alamo C, Garcia-Herruzo J, Escribano-Moriana JC, Aznar-Martin A (1991) Nocardiosis in a patient with AIDS. Rev Clin Esp 188 /2: 83–84
Marshall BC, Cox JK Jr, Carroll KC, Morrison RE (1990) Histoplasmosis as a cause of pleural effusion in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med Sci 300 /2: 98–101
Masdeu JC, Small CB, Weiss L (1988) Multifocal cytomegalovirus encephalitis in AIDS. Ann Neurol 23: 97–99
Matthiessen L, Labrousse F, Marche C, Vedrenne C (1988) Morphology and etiology of microglial nodules in 27 AIDS autopsy cases. Clin Neuropathol 7: 187 (abstr)
Mayayo E, Vidal F, Alvira R, Gonzalez J, Richart C (1990) Cerebral Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. Lancet 336:1592
Mazlo M, Herndon RM (1977) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: ultrastructural findings in two brain biopsies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 3: 323–329
Mazlo M, Tariska I (1982) Are astrocytes infected in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathologica 56: 45–51
McArthur JC (1987) Neurologic manifestations of AIDS. Medicine Baltimore 66: 407–437
Mcgavran MH, Smith MG (1965) Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and microchemical observations of cytomegalovirus (salivary gland virus) infection of human cells in tissue culture. Exp Mol Pathol 4: 1–10
McGrath M, Shiramizu B, Meeker TC, Kaplan LD, Herndier B (1991) AIDS-associated polyclonal lymphoma: identification of a new HIV-associated disease process. AIDS 4: 408–415
Meeker TC, Shiramizu B, Kaplan L, Herndier B, Sanchez H, Grimaldi JC, Baumgartner J, Rachlin J, Feigal E, Rosenblum M, McGrath MS (1991) Evidence for molecular subtypes of HIV-associated lymphoma: division into peripheral monoclonal, polyclonal and central nervous system lymphoma. AIDS 5: 669–674
Mehren M, Burns PJ, Mamani F, Levy CS, Laureno RR (1988) Toxoplasmic myelitis mimicking intramedullary spinal cord tumor. Neurology 38: 1648–1650
Merkel KHH, Hansmann ML (1986) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of the central nervous system. Pathol Res Pract 181: 430–433
Meyenhofer MF, Epstein LG, Cho E-S, Sharer LR (1987) Ultrastructural morphology and intracellular production of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 46: 474–484
Meyermann R, Lampert PW, Korr H, Wekerle H (1987) The blood-brain barrier — a strict border to lymphoid cells? In: Cervós-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Stroke and microcirculation. Raven, New York, pp 289–296
Michaels J, Price RW, Rosenblum MK (1988 a) Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 76:373–379
Michaels J, Sharer LR, Epstein LG (1988 b) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the nervous system: a review. Immunodefic Rev 1:71–104
Michelone G, Tacconi F, Maccabruni A, Lanzarini P, Tinelli M, Dei-Cas A (1989) Clinical and therapeutic profile of 3 cases of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. G Ital Chemioter 36 /3: 95–99
Miedema F, Tersmette M, van Lier RAW (1990) AIDS pathogenesis: a dynamic interaction between HIV and the immune system Immunol Today 11: 293–297
Miller JR, Barrett RE, Britton CB et al. (1982) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a male homosexual with T-cell immune deficiency. N Engl J Med 307: 1436–1438
Milligan SA, Katz MS, Craven PC et al. (1984) Toxoplasmosis presenting as panhypopituitarism in a patient with a acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 77: 760–764
Minato S, Itoyama Y, Goto I, Yamamoto N (1988) Expression of HTLV-I antigen in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV-I associated myelopathy. J Neurol Sci 87: 233–244
Mirra SS, Anand R, Spira TJ (1986 a) HTLV-III/LAV infection of the central nervous system in a 57-year-old man with progressive dementia of unknown cause. N Engl J Med 314:1191–1192
Mirra SS, Spira TJ, Anand R (1986 b) HTLV-III/LAV infection presenting as giant cell encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45:331 (abstr)
Mitani S, Sugawara I, Shiku H, Mori S (1988) Expression of c-myc oncogene product and ras family oncogene products in various human malignant lymphomas defined by immunohistochemical techniques. Cancer 62: 2085–2093
Mitrou PS (1991) Mit einer HIV-Infektion assoziierte Neoplasien: I. Maligne Lymphome. In: L’Age-Stehr J, Helm EB (eds) AIDS und die Vorstadien, vol III, part 9. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–11
Mitsumoto H, Breuer AC, Lederman RJ (1980) Malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system: a case of primary spinal intramedullary involvement. Cancer 46: 1258–126
Mizusawa H, Hirano A, Llena JF et al. (1988) Cerebrovascular lesions in acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 76: 451–457
Möller AA, Backmund H (1991) Neurologische und neuropsychiatrische Syndrome im natürlichen Verlauf der HlV-Infektion. In: Möller A A, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 25–44
Möller AA, Naber D, Zaudig M (1991) Chronische Enzephalitis, HIV-assoziierte Demenz und sog. AIDS-Demenz-Komplex. In: Möller AA, Backmund H (eds) HIV-Infektion und Nervensystem. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 45–53
Morace G, Tamburrini E, Manzara S, Antinori A, Maiuro G, Dettori G (1990) Epidemiological and clinical aspects of mycoses in patients with AIDS-related pathologies. Eur J Epidemiol 6 /4: 398–403
Morgello S: Epstein Barr and human immunodeficiency viruses in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Amer. J. Path. 141: 441–450 (1992)
Morgello S, Cho ES, Nielsen S, Devinsky O, Petito CK (1987) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an autopsy study of 30 cases and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 18: 289–297
Morgello S, Black GA, Price RW, Petito C (1988) Varicellazoster virus leukoencephalitis and cerebral vasculopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 173–177
Morgello S, Maiese K, Petito CK (1989) T-cell lymphoma in the CNS: clinical and pathologic features. Neurology 39: 1190–1196
Morgello S, Petito CK, Mouradian JA (1990) Central nervous system lymphoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Neuropathol 9: 205–215
Mori S, Itoyama S, Mohri N, Shibuya A, Hirose T, Takanashi R, Oshimi K, Mizoguchi H, Epstein AE (1985) Cellular characteristics of neoplastic angioendotheliosis. An immunohistological marker study of 6 cases. Virchows Arch [A] 407: 167–175
Moskowitz LB, Hensley GT, Chan JC, Conley FK, Post MJD, Gonzalez-Arias SM (1984a) Brain biopsies in patients with the acquired immune defiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 368–371
Moskowitz LB, Hensley GT, Chan JC et al. (1984b) The neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 867–872
Moskowitz LB, Gregorios JB, Hensley GT et al. (1984c) Cytomegalovirus induced demyelination associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 873–877
Müller WEG; Pfeifer K, Forrest J, et al.: Accumulation of transcripts coding for prion protein in human astrocytes during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Biochem Biophys Acta (1992) 1139: 32–40
Munoz DG, Perl DP, Pendlebury WW, Higland RA (1987) Comparison of cytomegalovirus infection of brain and lung in a patient with subacute encephalopathy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111: 234–237
Munoz J, Teira R, Zubero Z, Alvarez M, Cisterna R, Santamaria JM (1990) Meningitis caused by Candida albicans in a patient with AIDS. Treatment with fluconazole (letter). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 8 /9: 590–591
Murphy JK, O’Brien CJ, Ironside JW (1989) Morphologic and immunophenotypic characterization of primary brain lymphomas using paraffin-embedded tissue. Histopathology 15: 449–460
Myerson D, Hackman RC, Nelson J A et al. (1984) Widespread presence of histologically occult cytomegalovirus. Hum Pathol 15: 430–439
Nag S, Jackson AC (1989) Myelopathy: an unusual presentation of toxoplasmosis. Can J Neurol Sci 16: 422–425
Nakamine H, Yokote H, Itakura T, Hayashi S, Komai N, Takano Y, Saito K, Moriwaki H, Nishino E, Takenaka T, Maeda J, Matsumori T (1989) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma involving the brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78: 462–471
Nakhleh RE, Manivel JC, Hurd D, Sung JH (1989) Central nervous system lymphomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1050–1056
Nakhleh RE, Manivel JC, Copenhaver CM, Sung JH, Strickler JG (1991) In situ hybridization for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus in central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer 67: 444–448
Narayan O, Penney JB, Johnson RT et al. (1973) Etiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Identification of Papovavirus. N Engl J Med 289:1278–:1282
Nasr SA, Brynes RK, Garrison CP, Chan WC (1988) Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer 61: 947–951
Nath A, Jankovic J, Pettigrew C (1987) Movement disorders and AIDS. Neurology 37: 37–41
Nathan CF (1987) Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest 79: 319–326
National Cancer Institute Sponsored Study of Classifications of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas (1982) Summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage (the Non-Hodgkins’s Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project). Cancer 49: 2112–2135
Navia BA, Price RW (1987) The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex as the presenting or sole manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 44: 65–69
Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986a) The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 19: 517–524
Navia BA, Cho E-S, Petito CK, Price RW (1986 b) The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 19: 525–535
Navia B A, Petito CK, Gold J WM, Cho E-S, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986 c) Cerebral toxoplasmosis complicating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical and neuropathological findings in 27 patients. Ann Neurol 19:224–238
Nelson JA, Reynolds-Kohler C, Oldstone MBA, Wiley CA (1988) HIV and HCMV coinfect brain cells in patients with AIDS. Virology 165: 286–290
Niedobitek G, Herbst H (1991) Applications of in situ hybridization. Int Rev Exp Pathol 32: 1–56
Niedobitek G, Young LS, Lau R, Brooks L, Greenspan D, Greenspan J, Rickinson AB (1991) Epstein-Barr virus infection in oral hairy leukoplakia: virus replication in the absence of a detactable latent phase. J Gen Virol 72: 3035–3046
Nielsen SL, Petito CK, Urmacher CD, Posner JB (1984) Sub-acute encephalitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a postmortem study. Am J Clin Pathol 82: 678–682
Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, van Huijzen C (1988) The human central nervous system. A synopsis and atlas, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Nightingale SD, Parks JM, Pounders SM, Burns DK, Reynolds J, Hernandez JA (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. South Med J 83/6: 624–630
Norenberg MD, Bruce-Gregorios J (1991) Nervous system manifestations of systemic disease. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
O’Hara CJ (1989) The lymphoid and hematopoietic system. In: Harawi SJ, O’Hara CJ (eds) Pathology and pathophysiology of AIDS and HIV-related diseases. Chapman and Hall Medical, London
O’Neill BP, Habermann TM, Banks PM, O’Fallon JR, Earle JD (1989) Primary central nervous system lymphoma as a variant of Richter’s syndrome in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 64: 1296–1300
Orenstein JM, Jannotta F (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus and papovavirus infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an ultrastructural study of three cases. Hum Pathol 19: 350–361
Osame M, Matsumoto M, Usuku K et al. (1987) Chronic progressive myelopathy associated with elevated antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I and adult T-cell leukemia like cells. Ann Neurol 21: 117–122
Ost A, Einhorn L (1984) Cytomegalovirus infection of human blood cells. J Infect Dis 149: 207–214
Otto HF, Bettmann I, Weltzien JV, Gebbers JO (1981) Primary intestinal lymphomas. Virchows Arch [A] 391: 9–31
Padgett BL, ZuRhein GM, Walker DL et al. (1971) Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with PML. Lancet i: 1257–1260
Padgett BL, Walker DL (1983) Virologic and serologic studies of PML. Prog Clin Biol Res 105: 107–117
Pant SS, Asbury AK, Richardson EP Jr (1968) The myelopathy of pernicious anemia: a neuropathological reappraisal. Acta Neurol Scand 44 [Suppl 35]: 8–36
Patterson TF, Andriole VT (1989) Current concepts in cryptococcosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8/5: 457–465
Paulus W, Jellinger K, Hallas C, Gärtner C, Kretschmer C, Ott G, Müller-Hermelink HK: Classifikation and Virus Expression of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Path. 76: 207–210 (1992)
Pedneault L, Katz BZ, Miller G: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in the brain by the polymerase chain reaction. Ann. Neurol. 32: 184–192 (1992)
Peiffer J (1984) Neuropathologie. In: Remmele W (ed) Pathologie, vol 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Pepose JS, Hilborne LH, Cancilla PA et al. (1984) Concurrent herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus retinitis and encephalitis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Ophthalmology 91: 1669–1676
Perham TGM, Caul EO, Clarke SKR, Gibson AGF (1971) Cytomegalovirus meningoencephalitis. Br Med J 2: 50–58
Petito CK, Cho E-S, Lemann W, Navia BA, Price RW (1986) Neuropathology of acquired immunodefiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45: 635–646
Philips CA, Fanning WL, Gump DW, Philips CF (1977) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in immunologically normal adults. Sucessful treatment with vidarabine. JAMA: 238: 2299–2300
Pinkerton H, Henderson RG (1941) A previously unrecognized disease entity simulating typhus-spotted fever group. JAMA 116: 807–814
Plettenberg A, Reisinger E, Lenzner U, Listemann H, Ernst M, Kern P, Dietrich M, Meigel W (1990) Oral candidosis in HIV-infected patients. Prognostic value and correlation with immunological parameters. Mycoses 33 /9: 421–425
Pons VG, Jacobs RA, Hollander H (1988) Nonviral infections of the central nervous system in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Rosenblum ML, Levy DE, Bredesen DE (eds) AIDS and the nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 263–283
Popovic M, Sarhgadharan MG, Read E et al. (1984) Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses ( HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 224: 497–500
Post MJD, Hensley GT, Moskowitz LB et al. (1986) Cytomegalic inclusion virus encephalitis in patients with AIDS: CT, clinical, and pathological correlation. AJNR 7: 275–280
Powell HC, Gibbs CJ Jr, Lorenzo AM et al. (1978) Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the adult. Electron microscopic observations. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 41: 211–216
Presant CA, Gala K, Wiseman C, Kennedy P, Blayney D, Sheibany K, Winberg CD, Rasheed S (1987) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in AIDS. Cancer 60: 1459–1461
Price RW, Brew B (1988) The AIDS dementia complex. J Infect Dis 158: 1079–1083
Price RW, Nielsen S, Horten B, Rubino M, Padgett B, Walker D (1983) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a burnt-out case. Ann Neurol 13: 485–490
Price RW, Brew B, Sidtis JJ, Roseblum M, Scheck AC, Cleary P (1988 a) The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex. Science 239: 586–592
Price RW, Sidtis JJ, Navia BA, Pumarola-Sune T, Ornitz DB ( 1988 b) The AIDS dementia complex. In: Rosenblum ML, Levy RM, Bredesen DE (eds) AIDS and the nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 203–219
Price RW, Sidtis JJ, Brew BJ (1991) AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 infection: a view from the clinic. Brain Pathol 1: 155–162
Pumarola-Sune T, Navia BA, Cordon-Cardo C, Cho E-S, Price RW (1987) HIV antigen in the brains of patients with the AIDS dementia complex. Ann Neurol 21: 490–496
Quirino T, Coen M, dal-Conte I, Infuso A, Bonaccorso C, Vigevani GM, Milazzo F (1990) Cryptococcosis of CNS in AIDS patients. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 12 /1: 88–90
Ramsay AD, Smith WJ, Isaacson PG (1988) T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 12: 433–443
Rance NE, McArthur JC, Cornblath DR et al. (1988) Gracile tract degeneration in patients with sensory neuropathy and AIDS. Neurology 38: 265–271
Remington JS, Desmonts G (1983) Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 144
Reyes MG (1988) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 24: 98
Reyes MG, Faraldi F, Senseng CS et al. (1991) Nigral degeneration in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82: 39–44
Rhodes RH (1987) Histopathology of the central nervous system in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 18: 636–643
Rhodes RH, Ward JM, Cowan RP, Moore PT (1989) Immunohistochemical localization of human immunodeficiency viral antigens in formalin-fixed spinal cords with AIDS myelopathy. Clin Neuropathol 8: 22–27
Rice GPA, Schrier D, Oldstone MBA (1984) Cytomegalovirus infects human lymphocytes and monocytes: virus expression is restricted to immediate-early gene products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6134–6138
Richardson EP Jr (1961) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 265: 815–823
Richardson EP Jr (1970) Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 485–499 (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 9)
Richardson EP Jr (1974) Our evolving understanding of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann NY Acad Sci 230: 358–364
Richardson EP Jr, Johnson PC (1975) Atypical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with plasma cell infiltrates. Acta Neuropathol [Suppl] 6: 247–250
Richardson EP Jr, Webster HF (1983) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: its pathological features. Prog Clin Biol Res 105: 183–190
Rinaldo CR Jr, Carney WP, Richter BS, Black PH, Hirsch MS (1980) Mechanisms of immunosuppression in cytomegaloviral mononucleosis. J Infect Dis 141: 488–495
Ringler DJ, Hunt RD, Desrosiers RC et al. (1988) Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced meningoencephalitis: natural history and retrospective study. Ann Neurol 23 [suppl]: 101–107
Riverola R, Ribalta T, Graus F, Tdosa E, Cardesa A: Primary brain lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Path Res Pract 187: 755–756 (1991)
Robertson WB, Cruickshank EK (1972) Jamaican (tropical) myeloneuropathy. In: Minckler J (ed) Pathology of the nervous system. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2466–2476
Rockstroh JK, Hachmann A, Molitor E, Tschubel K, Marklein G, Luster W, Ewig S (1991) A case of AIDS associated histoplasmosis in Germany. Klin Wochenschr 69 /7: 325–329
Rosenblum ML, Levy RM, Bredesen DE, So YT, Wara W, Ziegler JL (1988) Primary central nervous system lymphomas in patients with AIDS. Ann Neurol 23 [Suppl]: 13–16
Rosenblum M, Scheck AC, Cronin K et al. (1989) Dissociation of AIDS-related vacuolar myelopathy and productive HIV-1 infection of the spinal cord. Neurology 39: 892–896
Rosenblum MK, Brew BJ, Hahn B et al. (1992) Human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 23: 513–519
Rosenthal LJ (1979) Replication of herpes viruses and latency. Can J Microbiol 25: 239–244
Ross MH, Abend WK, Schwartz RB et al. (1991) A case of C2 herpes zoster with delayed bilateral pontine infarction. Neurology 41: 1685–1686
Rowe M, Evans HS, Young LS, Hennessy K, Kieff E, Rickinson AB (1987) Monoclonal antibodies to the latent membrane protein of Epstein-Barr virus reveal heterogeneity of the protein and inducible expression in virus-transformed cells. J Gen Virol 68: 1575–1586
Rowe WP, Hartley JW, Waterman S et al. (1956) Cytopathogenic agent resembling human salivary gland virus recovered from tissue cultures of human adenoids. Proc Soc Exp Biol 92: 418–424
Rübsamen-Waigmann H (1990) HIV: Natur des Virus. In: L’age-Stehr J, Helm EB (eds) AIDS und die Vorstadien. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Ruiz Marcellan MC, Ortega A, Moragas A, Castro M: In-situ detection of EB V-genomes in primary lymphomas of central nervous system. Path Res Pract 187: 759 (1991)
Rutsaert J, Melot C, Ectors M et al. (1980) Complications infectieuses pulmonaires et neurologiques d’un sarcome de Kaposi. Ann Anat Pathol 25: 125–138
Ryder JW, Craen D, Kleinschmidt-De Masters BK et al. (1986) Progressive encephalitis 3 months after resolution of cutaneous zoster in a patient with AIDS. Ann Neurol 19: 182–188
Ryning FW, McLeod R, Maddox JC et al. (1979) Probable transplantation of Toxoplasma gondii by organ transplantation. Ann Intern Med 90: 47–49
Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV, Markham PD, Josephs SF, Sturzenegger S, Kaplan M, Halligan G, Biberfeld P, Wong-Staal F, Kramarsky B, Gallo RC (1986) Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science 234: 596–601
Salaki JS, Louria DB, Chmel H (1984) Fungal and yeast infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review. Medicine (Baltimore) 63 /2: 108–132
Salfelder K (1971) Cryptococcis. In: Baker RD (ed) Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologic. Infektionen des Menschen durch Pilze, Aktinomyzeten und Algen, vol III, part 5. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 383
Sano T, Kovacs K, Scheithauer B W et al. (1989) Pituitary pathology in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1066–1070
Sarov I, Abady I (1975) The morphogenesis of human cytomegalovirus: isolation and polypeptide characterization of cytomegalovirions and dense bodies. Virology 66: 464–473
Sanchez-Rodrigez A, Canueto-Quintero J, Escribano-Moriana JC, Acosta-Gonzales F, Bascunana-Quirell A (1990) Meningitis caused by Candida tropicalis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 8 /9: 588–589
Sarosi GA, Johnson PC (1990) Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a model for disseminated disease. Semin Respir Infect 5 /2: 146–150
Scaravilli F, Ellis DS, Tovey G et al. (1989 a) Unusual development of polyoma virus in the brains of two patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 15: 407–418
Scaravilli F, Daniel SE, Harcourt-Webster N et al. (1989b) Chronic basal meningitis and vasculitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 192–195
Schaefer HE: Tumours in Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Path. 75: 80–97 (1991)
Scheidegger S (1958) Tuberkulose. In: Scholz W (ed) Nervensystem. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, vol 13, part 2A)
Scherneck S, Geissler E, Jänisch W et al. (1980) Isolation of a SV 40-like virus from a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Virol 25: 191–198
Schlote W, Vitzthum H, Thomas E, Hübner K, Stutte HJ, Woelki U, Kauss J (1987) Neuropathologische Beobachtungen in 28 Fällen von erworbenem Immundefektsyndrom (AIDS). In: Fischer PA, Schlote W (eds) AIDS und Nervensystem. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 85–116
Schmidbauer M, Budka H, Ulrich W, Ambros P (1989) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease of the brain in AIDS and connatal infection: a comparative study by histology, immunocytochemistry and in situ DNA hybridization. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 79: 286–293
Schmidbauer M, Budka H, Shah KV (1990 a) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS and in the pre-AIDS era. A neuropathological comparison using immunocytochemistry and in situ DNA hybridization for virus detection. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 80: 375–380
Schmidbauer M, Budka H, Okeda R, Christina S, Lechi A, Trabattoni R (1990 b) Multifocal vacuolar leucoencephalopathy: a distinct HIV-associated lesion of the brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 16:437–443
Schneck SA (1965) Neuropathological features of human organ transplantation. I. Probable cytomegalovirus infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24: 415–429
Schneck SA, Penn I (1971) De-novo brain tumors in renal-transplant recipients. Lancet I: 983–986
Schnoy N (1991) Morphologische Befunde zum Pathomechanismus der Infektion mit Cryptococcus neoformans in der Lunge. In: Staib F, Huhn D (eds) Pilzinfektionen bei abwehrgeschwächten Patienten. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 40–49
Schober R, Herman MM (1973) Neuropathology of cardiac transplantation. Lancet 1: 962–967
Schochet SS, Nelson J (1991) Exogenous toxic-metabolic diseases including vitamin deficiency. In: Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds) Textbook of neuropathology, 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Schwenk J, Ferszt R, Gosztonyi G et al. (1987a) Neuropathologische Befunde bei 13 Verstorbenen mit erworbenem Immundefektsyndrom. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 133: 29–48
Schwenk J, Cruz-Sanchez F, Gosztonyi G, Cervos-Navarro J (1987b) Spongiform encephalopathy in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 74: 389–392
Schwenk J, Gosztonyi G, Thierauf P et al. (1990) Wernicke’s encephalopathy in two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Neurol 237: 445–447
Selmaj KW, Raine CS (1988) Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocytes damage in vitro. Ann Neurol 23: 339–346
Severi B, Landini MP, Musiani M, Zerbini M (1979) A study of the passage of human cytomegalovirus from the nucleus to the cytoplasma. Microbiologica 2: 265–273
Sharer LR, Kapila R (1985) Neuropathologic observations in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 66: 188–198
Sharer LR, Cho E-S, Epstein LG (1985) Multinucleated giant cells and HTLV-III in AIDS encephalopathy. Hum Pathol 16: 760 (abstr)
Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Cho E-S, Joshi VV, Meyenhofer MF, Rankin LF, Petito CK (1986a) Pathologic features of AIDS encephalopathy in children: evidence for LAV/HTLV-III infection of brain. Hum Pathol 17: 271–284
Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Cho E-S, Petito CK (1986 b) HTLV-III and vacuolar myelopathy. N Engl J Med 315:62–63
Sharer LR, Baskin GB, Cho E-S, Murphy-Corb M, Blumenberg BM, Epstein LG (1988) Comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitides in the immature host. Ann Neurol 23 [Suppl]: S108–S112
Sharer LR, Dowling PC, Michaels J, Cook SD, Menonna J, Blumberg BM, Epstein LG (1990) Spinal cord disease in children with HIV-1 infection: a combined molecular biological and neuropathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 16: 317–331
Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH, Epstein LG, Gajdusek DC, Price RW, Navia BA, Petito CK, O’Hara CJ, Groopman JE, Cho E-S, Oleske JM, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC (1985) HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science 227: 177–182
Sheibani K, Battifora H, Winberg CD, Burke JS, Ben-Ezra J, Ellinger GM, Quigley NJ, Fernandez BB, Morrow D, Rappaport H (1986) Further evidence that “malignant angioendotheliomatosis” is an angiotropic large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 314: 943–948
Sidhu GS (1990) Ultrastructural aspects of AIDS: neoplasms and infections: In: Joshi AA (ed) Pathology of AIDS and other manifestations of HIV infection. Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo, pp 271–312
Silverman L, Rubinstein LJ (1965) Electron microscopic observations on a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 5: 215–224
Simon J, Jones EL, Trumper MM, Salmon MV (1987) Malignant lymphomas involving the central nervous system — a morphological and immunohistochemical study of 32 cases. Histopathology 11: 335–349
Simon M, Bartram CR, Friedrich W, Arnold R, Schmeiser T, Hampl W, Müller-Hermelink HK (1991) Fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome in allogeneic marrow graft recipients. A clinical, immunobiological and pathological study. Virchows Arch [B] 60: 307–319
Singh BM, Levine S, Yarrish RL et al. (1986) Spinal cord syndromes in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 73: 590–598
Singh N, Yu VL, Rihs JD (1991) Invasive aspergillosis in AIDS. South Med J 84 /7: 822–827
Smith JD, de Harven E (1974) Herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in WI-38 cells. II. An ultrastructural study of viral penetration. J Virol 14: 945–956
Smith MG (1956) Propagation in tissue cultures of a cytopathogenic virus from human salivary gland virus disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol 92: 424–430
Smith TW, DeGirolami U, Hénin D et al. (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) leukoencephalopathy and the microcirculation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 49: 357–370
Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen SL et al. (1983 a) Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 14:403–418
Snider WD, Simpson DM, Aronyk KE, Nielsen SL (1983 b) Primary lymphoma of the nervous system associated with acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 308: 45
So YT, Beckstead JH, Davis RL (1986) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Ann Neurol 20: 566–572
Sordillo PP, Epremian B, Koziner B, Lacher M, Lieberman P (1982) Lmyphomatoid granulomatosis. Cancer 49: 2070–2076
Sotrel A (1989) The nervous system. In: Harawi SJ, O’Hara CJ (eds) Pathology and pathophysiology of AIDS. Chapman and Hall, London
Staemmler M (1958) Kreislaufstörungen und Gefäßerkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. In: Kaufmann-Staemmler (ed) Lehrbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie, vol 3, part 1. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 271–339
Staib F (1984) Ecological and epidemiological aspects of aspergilli pathogenic for man and animal in Berlin (West). Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg A 257: 240–245
Staib F (1985) Pleural fluid as nutrient substratum for Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus. Submerged growth in pleural fluid and extracellular proteolysis in pleural fluid agar. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg A 260: 543–549
Staib F (1987) Kryptokokkose bei AIDS aus mykologisch-diagnostischer und -epidemiologischer Sicht. Cryptococcosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; mycologicaldiagnostic and -epidemiological observations. AIFO 2: 363–382
Staib F (1989) Infektionen durch Sproß- und Fadenpilze — aktuelle Themen. In Jorde W, Schata M (eds) Mönchengladbacher Allergieseminar. Bd.II. Dustri, Deisenhofen (S. 26–45 )
Staib F (1991) Grundsätzliches zur Epidemiologic, Diagnostik und Therapie aerogener invasiver Pilzinfektionen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der invasiven Aspergillose. In: Staib F, Huhn D (eds) Pilzinfektionen bei abwehrgeschwächten Patienten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Barcelona, Budapest (S. 1–16 )
Staib F (1992) Pilzinfektionen des Zentralnervensystems. In: Hopf HCh, Poeck K, Schliack H (eds) Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York (S. 8.133–8.142)
Staib F, Heissenhuber M (1989) Cryptococcus neoformans in bird droppings; a hygienic-epidemiological challenge. AIDS Forschung 4:449–655
Stein H, Spiegel H, Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Foss HD (1991) Das lymphatische Gewebe und AIDS: die Rolle der Lymphozyten und der follikulären dendritischen Zellen ( FDC ). Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 75: 4–19
Stoler MH, Eskin TA, Benn S, Angerer RC, Angerer LM (1986) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection of the central nervous system. A preliminary in situ analysis. JAMA 256: 2360–2364
Subar M, Neri A, Inghirami G, Knowles DM, Dalla-Favera R (1988) Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 72: 667–671
Sugar AM (1991) Overview: cryptococcosis in the patient with AIDS. Mycopathologia 114 /3: 153–157
Tang TT, Harb JM, Dunne WM, Wells RG, Meyer GA, Chusid MJ, Casper JT, Camitta BM (1986) Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an immunocompromised host. A precise and rapid diagnosis by electron microscopy. Am J Clin Pathol 85: 104–110
Tardieu M, Héry C, Peudenier S et al. (1992) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected monocytic cells can destroy human neural cells after cell-to-cell adhesion. Ann Neurol 32: 11–17
Taylor CR, Russell R, Lukes RJ, Davis RL (1978) An immunohistological study of immunoglobulin content of primary central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer 41: 2197–2205
Telzak EE, Cote PJ, Gold JWM, Campbell S, Armstrong D (1990) Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infections. Rev Infect Dis 12: 380–386
Thiele J, Titius B, Dienemann D, Falini B, Wagner ST, Stern H, Fischer R (1991) Immunohistochemical and morphometric studies on bone marrow biopsies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with special emphasis on megakaryopoiesis and macrophages. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 75: 126–130
Thornton C, Latif A, Houston S (1989) Neurological disturbances associated with HIV infection. 5th International conference on AIDS, Montreal, 4–9 June 1989 (abstr Th B P 217)
Tomita T, Lotuaco L, Watanabe I, Chiga M (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prog AIDS Pathol 2: 127–135
Torrents C, Alvarez-Castells A, de-Vera PV, Coll S, Solduga C, Puy R (1991) Postpneumocystis aspergilloma in AIDS: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15 /2: 304–307
Townsend TJ, Wolinsky JS, Baringer JS et al. (1975) Acquired toxoplasmosis: a neglected cause of treatable nervous system disease. Arch Neurol 32: 335–343
Tucker T, Dix RD, Katzen RL et al. (1985) Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus ascending myelitis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 18: 74–79
Tyler KL, Fields BN (1989) Pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections. In: Mckendall (ed) Viral disease. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 25–49 (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 12, part 56)
Tyor WR, Glass JD, Griffin JW, Becker PS, McArthur JC, Bezman L, Griffin De (1992) Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 31: 349–360
Vazeux R, Brousse N, Jarry A, Hénin D, Marche C, Vedrenne C, Mikol J, Wolff M, Michon C, Rozenbaum W, Bureau J-F, Montagnier L, Brahic M (1987) AIDS subacute encephalitis. Identification of HIV-infected cells. Am J Pathol 126: 403–410
Vazeux R, Cumont M, Girard PM et al. (1990) Severe encephalitis resulting from coinfection with HIV and JC virus. Neurology 40: 944–948
Velimirovic B (1984) Toxoplasmosis in immunosuppression and AIDS. Infection 12: 315–317
Veltri RW, Raich PC, McClung JE, Shah SH, Sprinkle PM (1982) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer 50: 1513–1517
Vinters HV (1989) AIDS, cytomegalovirus, and the brainstem. Ann Neurol 25: 311–312
Vinters HV, Anders KH (1990) Neuropathology of AIDS. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Vinters HV, Anders KH, Barach P (1987) Focal pontine leukoencephalopathy in immunosuppressed patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111: 192–196
Vinters HV, Guerra WF, Eppolito L et al. (1988) Necrotizing vasculitis of the nervous system in a patient with AIDS-related complex. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 417–424
Vinters HV, Kwok MK, Ho HW, Anders KH, Tomiyasu U, Wolfson WL, Robert F (1989) Cytomegalovirus in the nervous system of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Brain 112: 245–268
Vital C, Merlio JP, Rivel J, Vital A, Gautris P, Beylot M, DeMascarel A, Bloch B: Three cases of primary cerebral lymphoma in AIDS patients: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus by in situ hybridization and Southern blot technique. Acta Neuropath. 84: 331–334 (1992)
Viviani MA (1991) Mykosen als opportunistische Infektionen bei AIDS-Patienten. (Mycoses as opportunistic infections in AIDS patients). Med. Klin 86/Suppl 1: 19–22
von Glahn WC, Pappenheimer AM (1925) Intranuclear inclusions and visceral disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1: 445 – 465
Vonka V, Anisimova E, Macek M (1976) Replication of cytomegalovirus in human epitheloid diploid cell line. Arch Virol 52: 283–296
Vortel V, Plachy V (1968) Glial-nodule encephalitis associated with generalized cytomegalic inclusion body disease. Am J Clin Pathol 49: 319–324
Walker DL (1978) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Infections of the nervous system. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 307–329 (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 34 )
Walker DL (1985) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Koetsier JC (eds) Demyelinating diseases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 307–329 (Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 3/47)
Walker DL, Frisque RJ (1986) The biology and molecular biology of JC virus. In: Salzman ND (ed) The Papovaviridae. Plenum, New York, pp 327–377
Ward JM, O’Leary TJ, Baskin GB et al. (1987) Immunohistochemical localization of human and simian immunodeficiency viral antigens in fixed tissue sections. Am J Pathol 127: 199–205
Weberle H, Linington C, Lassman H, Meyermann R (1986) Cellular immune reactivity within the CNS. Trends Neurosci 96: 271–277
Weidenheim KM, Nelson SJ, Kure K et al. (1992) Unusual patterns of histoplasma capsulatum meningitis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency virus. Hum Pathol 23: 581–586
Weidenheim KM, Epshteyn I, Lyman WD: Immunocytochemical identification of T-cells in HIV-1 encephalitis: implications for pathogenesis of CNS disease. Modern Pathology 6: 167–174 (1993)
Weiner LP, Herndon RM, Narayan O et al. (1972) Isolation of virus related to SV 40 from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 286: 385–390
Weiner LP, Narayan O, Penney JB (1973) Papovavirus of JC type in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 29: 1–3
Weinke T, Rögler G, Sixt C, De Matos-Marques B, Pohle HD, Staib F, Seibold M (1989) Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients: observations concerning CNS involvement. J Neurol 236: 38–42
Weis S, Haug H, Budka H: Neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of AIDS brains: a morphometric study. Acta Neuropathol 85: 185–189 (1993)
Weller TH, Macauley JC, Craig JM, Wirth P (1957) Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 94: 4–12
Wheat LJ, Conolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, Curfman MF, Eads ME, Israel KS, Norris SA, Webb DH, Zeckel ML (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 69 /6: 361–374
Whelan WL, Kirsch DR, Kwon-Chung KJ, Wahl SM, Smith PD (1990) Candida albicans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: absence of a novel of hypervirulent strain. J Infect Dis 162/2:315–318
Whitehead R (1968) Primary lymphadenopathy complicating idiopathic steatorrhoea. Gut 9: 569–575
Wick MR, Banks PM, McDonald TJ (1981) Angioendotheliomatosis of the nose with fatal systemic dissemination. Cancer 48: 2510–2517
Wiley CA, Budka H (1991) HIV-induced CNS lesions. Brain Pathol 1: 153–154
Wiley CA, Nelson JA (1988) Role of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus in AIDS encephalitis. Am J Pathol 133: 73–81
Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA et al. (1986) Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7089–7093
Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Denaro FJ et al. (1986b) Localization within the CNS of cytomegalovirus proteins and genome during fulminant infection in an AIDS patient. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45: 127–139
Wiley CA, Grafe M, Kennedy C, Nelson JA (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus and JC virus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 76: 338–346
Wills PR and Hughes T: Stem loops in HIV and prion protein mRNA. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1990) 3: 95–97
Winkelman NW, Moore MT (1941) Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin’s disease) of the nervous system. Arch Neurol Psychiat 45:304–317
Wolf JA, Spjut HJ (1981) Focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach preceding gastric lymphoma: case report and review of the literature. Cancer 48: 2518–2523
Woodman R, Shin K, Pineo G (1986) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the brain: a review. Medicine (Baltimore) 64: 425–430
Woods GL, Goldsmith JC (1990) Aspergillus infection of the central nervous system in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Neurol 47: 181–184
World Health Organization (1984) Toxoplasmosis surveillance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 59: 162–164
Wrotnowski U, Mills SE, Cooper PH (1985) Malignant angioendotheliomatosis: an angiotropic lymphoma? Am J Clin Pathol 83: 244–248
Wu BC, Ho M (1979) Characteristics of infection of B and T lymphocytes from mice after inoculation with cytomegalovirus. Infect Immun 24: 856–864
Xerri L, Gambarelli D, Horschowski N, Andrac L, Hassoun J (1990) What’s new in primary central nervous system lymphomas? Pathol Res Pract 186: 809–816
Yanagisawa N, Toyokura Y, Shiraki B (1975) Double encephalitis with herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in an adult. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 33: 153–164
Yankner B A, Skolnik PR, Shoumikas GM et al. (1986) Cerebral granulomatous angiitis associated with isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 20: 362–364
Yermakov V, Rashid RK, Vuletin JC, Pertschuk LP, Isaksson H (1982) Disseminated toxoplasmosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106: 524–528
Yoshioka M, Shapshak P, Sun NCJ, Nelson SJ, Svenningsson A, Tate LG, Pardo V, Resnick L: Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia. Acta Neuropathol 84: 297–306 (1992)
Yuile CL (1938) Case of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain: relationship of microglia cells to histiocytes. Arch Pathol 26: 1036–1044
Zarabi CM; Thomas R; Adesokan A (1992). Diagnosis of systemic histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. South Med J 85 /12: 1171–1175
Ziegler JL, Miner RC, Rosenbaum E, Lennette ET, Shillitoe E, Casavant C, Drew WL, Mintz L, Gershow J, Greenspan J, Beckstead J, Yamamoto K (1982) Outbreak of Burkitt’s-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet II: 631–633
Zimmer C, Maerzheuser S, Patt S, Rolfs A, Gottschalk J; Weigel K, Gosztonyi G: Stereotactic brain biopsy in AIDS. J. Neurol. 239: 394–400 (1992)
Zoller WG, Kellner H, Goebel FD, Schmiedtke K, Holecek B, Staib F, Seibold M, Zöllner N (1989) Cryptococcus neoforman — Meningoencephalitis und Mehrfachinfektionen bei AIDS. Klin Wochenschr 67:598–604
Zuger A, Louie E, Holzman RS, Simberkoff MS, Rahal J J (1986) Cryptococcal disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 104: 234–240
Zülch KJ (1951) Die Hirngeschwülste in biologischer und morphologischer Darstellung. Barth, Leipzig
Zu Rhein GM, Chou SM (1965) Particles resembling papovavirus in human cerebral demyelinating disease. Science 148: 1477–1479
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Artigas, J., Grosse, G., Niedobitek, F. (1993). Neuropathology of AIDS. In: Artigas, J., Grosse, G., Niedobitek, F. (eds) The Central Nervous System in AIDS. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77732-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77732-5_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77734-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77732-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive