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Shiga Toxin: Biochemistry, Genetics, Mode of Action, and Role in Pathogenesis

  • Chapter
Pathogenesis of Shigellosis

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 180))

Abstract

Dysentery was well known and clearly described in many ancient texts and histories. The first step towards the description of the genus Shigella, however, was the identification of Entamoeba histolytica by Losch in 1875 and the separation of amebic from all other forms of dysentery (Losch, 1875). With this discovery, attention could be focused on the etiology of epidemic dysentery, and a partial description of the prototype Shigella sp., Shigella dysenteriae type 1, was published by Chantemesse and Widal in 1888. The definitive description of this organism was provided by Kiyoshi Shiga following an extensive dysentery epidemic in Japan in 1896 (Shiga 1898). It did not take long to determine that there was a potent toxic activity in this organism, and in 1900 Flexner reported that either living or killed cultures of Shiga’s bacillus injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals caused fever and diarrhea. Flexner concluded that shigellosis was due to a “toxic agent rather than to an infection per se”; however, the Observed effects were Probably due to endotoxin. The presence of a lethal toxin in extracts of heat-killed bacteria was shown independently by Neisser and Shiga (1903) and by Conradi (1903). Conradi (1903) also described the limb paralysis following parenteral inoculation of Shigella extracts in rabbits, characteristic of the so-called Shiga neurotoxin.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, 20814-4799, Bethesda, MD, USA

    A. D. O’brien & V. L. Tesh

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Box 41, 02111, Boston, MA, USA

    A. Donohue-Rolfe & G. T. Keusch

  3. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, 48201, Detroit, MI, USA

    M. P. Jackson

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, 0310, Montebello, Oslo 3, Norway

    S. Olsnes & K. Sandvig

  5. Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86, Huddinge, Sweden

    A. A. Lindberg

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  1. Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France

    P. J. Sansonetti M.D

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O’brien, A.D. et al. (1992). Shiga Toxin: Biochemistry, Genetics, Mode of Action, and Role in Pathogenesis. In: Sansonetti, P.J. (eds) Pathogenesis of Shigellosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77238-2_4

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