Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Development of Research on Suggestibility: Critical Considerations

  • Conference paper
Suggestion and Suggestibility

Abstract

Three main trends of research on suggestion and suggestibility have prevailed over time: suggestion in connection with hypnosis, suggestion as a feature of personality, and suggestion as a psychosocial phenomenon. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss very selectively these lines of research. Selectivity is imperative not only because of the multitude of studies but also because there have already been frequent reports on them in recent years. This is particularly true of investigations of the effects of suggestion with respect to hypnotic phenomena or social influence. Consequently, those fields will be discussed here only as they relate to controversies of significance to the whole domain of suggestion. Fundamental aspects of suggestion and suggestibility are still relatively unexplored. This applies above all to suggestibility, which has been studied — independently of hypnosis and specific questions of social influence — for almost 100 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham, H.H.L. (1962). The suggestible personality: A psychological investigation of susceptibility to persuasion. Acta Psychologica, 20, 167–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adorno, T. (1972). Freudian theory and the pattern of fascist propaganda. In T. Adorno, Gesammelte Schriften (Vol. 8, pp. 408–433). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G.W. (1968). The historical background of modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1–80). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anokhine, P. (1975). Biologie et neurophysiologie du réflexe conditionné. Moscow: Editions Mir.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, M.B. (1946). On the mechanism of suggestion and hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 107–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • As, A. (1962). The recover of forgotten language knowledge through age regression: A case report. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 5, 24–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asch, S.E. (1952). Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Asch, S.E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70(9, Whole No. 416), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aveling, F., & Hargreaves, H.L. (1921). Suggestibility with and without prestige in children. British Journal of Psychology, 12, 53–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, N., & Stevenson, I. (1988). “Psychic surgery” in the Philippines as a form of group hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 31(1), 61–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1978). The self-system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33, 344–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T.X. (1964). Hypnotizability, suggestibility, and personality: A critical review of research findings. Psychological Reports, 14, 299–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T.X. (1969). Hypnosis: A scientific approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T.X. (1979). Suggested (“hypnotic”) behavior: The trance paradigm versus an alternative paradigm. In E. Fromm & R.E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 217–271). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T.X. (1984). Changing “unchangeable” bodily processes by (hypnotic) suggestions: A new look at hypnosis, cognitions, imagining, and the mind-body problem. In AA. Sheikh (Ed.), Imagination and healing (pp. 69–127). Farmingdale, NY: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassine, P. (1973). Le problème de l’inconscient. Moscow: Editions Mir.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudouin, C. (1921). Psychologie der Suggestion und Autosuggestion. Dresden: Sibyllenverlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechterew, W. v. (1899). Suggestion und ihre soziale Bedeutung. Leipzig: Georgi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benesch, H. (1981). Wörterbuch zur klinischen Psychologie (Vol. 2). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A.L., & Bandura, A. (1953). “Primary” and “secondary” suggestibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 336–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernheim, H. (1888). Hypnosis and suggestion in psychotherapy, (repr. New York: University Books, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernheim, H. (1910). Hypnotisme et suggestion. Paris: Doin & Fils.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berreman, J., & Hilgard, E.R. (1936). The effects of personal heterosuggestion and two forms of autosuggestion upon postural movement. Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 289–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, A. (1823). Traité du somnambulisme. Paris: Dentu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biberi, I. (1945). Individualitate si destin (Vol. 2). Bucharest: Editura Fundatilor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binet, A. (1900). La suggestibilité. Paris: Schleicher Frères.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binet, A., & Féré, C. (1888). Animal magnetism (Trans.). New York: Appleton. (Original work published 1886).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottenberg, E.H., & Wehner, E.G. (1971). Suggestibilität I: Konstruktion und empirische Überprüfung des Würzburger Suggestibilitäts-Tests (WST). Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 20, 161–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottenberg, E.H., & Wehner, E.G. (1972). Suggestibilität II: Einige persönlichkeits-und leistungsdiagnostische Korrelate des Würzburger Suggestibilitäts-Tests (WST). Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 21, 282–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S. (1979). Time distortion and hypnotic ability: Underestimating the duration of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 435–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S. (1983). Hypnosis for the seriously curious. New York: Norton. (Original work published 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S. (1984). On being unconsciously influenced and informed. In K.S. Bowers & D. Meichenbaum (Eds.), The unconscious reconsidered. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S., & Brenneman, HA. (1979). Hypnosis and the perception of time. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 29–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S., & Hilgard, E.R. (1988). Some complexities in understanding memory. In H.M. Pettinati (Ed.), Hypnosis and Memory (pp. 3–18). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.S., & Meichenbaum, D.W. (Eds.). (1984). The unconscious reconsidered. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braid, J. (1846). The power of the mind over the body. London: John Churchill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. (1820). Lectures on the philosophy of the human mind. Edinburgh: Ballantyne.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (1916). Individual and sex differences in suggestibility. University of California Publications in Psychology, 2, 291–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J.S., & Postman, L. (1951). An approach to social perception. In W. Dennis & R. Lippitt (Eds.), Current trends in social psychology (pp. 71–118). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bzhalava, I.T. (1967). Set as a mechanism of suggestion. Voprosy Psyhology, 2, 102–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S.J., Ross, D.F., & Toglia, M.P. (1987). Age differences in suggestibility: Narrowing the uncertainties. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & D.F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 79–91). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S.J., Toglia, M.P., & Ross, D.F. (Eds.). (1987). Children’s eyewitness memory. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemnitz, G., Feingold, E., & Gheorghiu, V.A. (1981). Beeinflussung kognitiver Prozesse von Schülern verschiedenen Alters und Geschlechts durch ihre Mitschüler. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 28, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chertok, L. (1984). Suggestio rediviva. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Résurgence de l’hypnose (pp. 11–38). Paris: Desclée de Brouwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciofu, I. (1974). Comportamentul simulat: Cercetari psihofiziologice experimentale. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

    Google Scholar 

  • Classen, W., Feingold, E., & Netter, P. (1983). Influence of sensory suggestibility on treatment outcome in headache patients. Neuropsychobiology, 10, 44–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W.C. (1980). Expectations, hypnosis, and suggestion in behavior change. In: F.H. Kanfer & A.P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change (2nd ed., pp. 423–469). New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W.C., Basden, B.H., Basden, D., Fikes, T., Gargano, GJ., & Webb, M. (1988). Directed forgetting and posthypnotic amnesia: Information processing and social context. Abstracts, 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W.C., & Sarbin, T.R. (1977). Hypnosis from the standpoint of a contextualist. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 296, 2–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W.C., St. Jean, R.L., & Burger, J.M. (1980). Hypnosis and the enhancement of visual imagery. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 28, 225–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, T.E. (1941). Some conditions of suggestion and suggestibility: A study of certain attitudinal and situational factors influencing the process of suggestion. Psychological Monographs, 4, 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R.L., & Harnick, M.A. (1980). The susceptibility of child witnesses to suggestion. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 201–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, L.M. (1979). Hypnotic amnesia. In E. Fromm & R.E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Research and developments (pp. 305–350). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coué, E. (1976). Oeuvres complètes. Paris: Astra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, H.J. (1981). Hypnotic susceptibility as related to Gestalt closure task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 376–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, P.S., Loftus, E.F., & Rathbun, L. (1978). The influence of the form of the question on the eyewitness testimony of preschool children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7, 269–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, J.P. (1964). Hypnosis, verbal satiation, vigilance, and personality factors: A correlational study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 72–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, J.P. (1966). Relation between semantic satiation and verbal conditioning. British Journal of Psychology, 57, 87–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das, J.P. (1968). Body-sway suggestibility and semantic satiation. British Journal of Psychology, 59, 17–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. (1987). Conditioning and perception. In G. Davey (Ed.), Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans (pp. 183–210). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P., & Charlton, E. (1985). Conditioned auditory hallucinations. Paper presented at the 1st scientific meeting of the Psychobiological Section of the British Psychological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pascalis, V., & Caddia, F. (1985). Effect of suggestion on perception: Replication of Gheorghiu and Reyher’s study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 123–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilts, R., Grinder, J., Bandler, R., Bandler, L.C., & De Lozier, J. (1980). Neuro-linguistic programming (Vol. 1). Cupertino: Meta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörner, D. (1983). Empirische Psychologie und Alltagsrelevanz. In G. Jüttemann (Ed.), Psychologie in der Veränderung (pp. 13–29). Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, J.D. (1964). Intercorrelational status of suggestibility tests and hypnotizability. Psychological Record, 14, 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, J.D. (1967). Primary suggestibility, life experiences, and aptitude measures. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 73–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, E.M., Whitney, P., & Kunen, S. (1982). Integration of visual and verbal information in children’s memories. Child Development, 53, 1215–1223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easton, R.D., & Shor, R.E. (1976). An experimental analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion. Journal of General Psychology, 95, 111–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edmonston, W.E., Jr. (1967). Stimulus-response theory of hypnosis. In J.E. Gordon (Ed.), Handbook of clinical and experimental hypnosis (pp. 345–387). New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmonston, W.E., Jr. (1981). Hypnosis and relaxation. Modern verification of an old equation. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellson, D.G. (1941). Hallucinations produced by sensory conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, R.R. (1976). Note on effects of suggestion on perception of small changes in temperature. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited, or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist, 28, 404–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estabrooks, G.H. (1929). Experimental studies in suggestion. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 36, 120–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, F.J. (1967). Suggestibility in the normal waking state. Psychological Bulletin, 67(2), 114–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, F.J. (1985). Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo response. In L. White, B. Tursky, & G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Placebo: Theory, research, and mechanisms (pp. 215–228). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1943). Suggestibility and hysteria. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 36, 349–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1947). Dimensions of personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1960). The structure of human personality. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J., & Furneaux, W.D. (1945). Primary and secondary suggestibility: An experimental and statistical study. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35, 485–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J., Granger, G.W., & Brengelmann, J.C. (1957). Perceptual processes and mental illness. London: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faguet, E. (1911). Les préjugés necessaires. Paris: Société Francaise d’Imprimerie et de Librairie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faria, J.C.A. de (1819). De la cause du sommeil lucide on l’étude de la nature de l’homme. Paris: Henri Jouve.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, E. (1982). Untersuchungen zur sensorischen Suggestibilität sowie zum Zusammenhang zwischen sensorischer Suggestibilität und der Placebo-Ansprechbarkeit im Schmerzbereich. Dissertation rer. nat. Mainz: Johannes-Gutenberg-University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, K. (1983). Beruhen Bestätigungsfehler nur auf einem Bestätigungsfehler? Eine Replik auf Gadenne. Psychologische Beiträge, 25, 280–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, K., & Stroehm, W. (1986). What kind of mood influences what kind of memory: The role of arousal and information structure. Memory & Cogniition, 14, 181–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, P.B. (1979). Humanistic aspects of hypnotic communication. In E. Fromm & R.E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives (pp. 605–618). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finke, R.A. (1985). Theories relating mental imagery to perception. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 236–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster, H. v. (1981). Observing systems. Seaside, CA: Niederzisten Intersystems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foppa, K. (1966). Lernen, Gedächtnis, Verhalten: Ergebnisse und Probleme der Lempsychologie. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, G. (1961). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1963). Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse. In Gesammelte Werke (Vol. 13). Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. (Original work published 1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frichton, J.R., & Roth, P. (1985). The effects of direct and indirect hypnotic suggestions for analgesia in high and low susceptible subjects. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 226–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, E. (1970). Age regression with unexpected reappearance of a repressed childhood language. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 18, 79–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furneaux, W.D. (1952). Primary suggestibility and hypnotic susceptibility in a group situation. Journal of General Psychology, 46, 87–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasiorowska, T., Kowalik, Z., Migaszewska, J., Martin, T., & Paryzek, L. (1976). Proba ustalenia osobowsciowych wyznacznikow podatnosci na sugestie. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 19, 479–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiselman, R.E., Fischer, R.P., McKinnon, D.P., & Holland, H.C. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 401–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiselman, R.E., McKinnon, D.P., Fishman, D.L., Jaenick, C., Larner, B.R., Schoenberg, S., & Swartz, S. (1983). Mechanisms of hypnotic and nonhypnotic forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 626–635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1966). Probleme metodologice ale cercetarii sugestiei si sugestibilitatii. Revista de Psihologie, 12, 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1971). Direkte und indirekte Suggestion. In A. Katzenstein (Ed.), Hypnose: Aktuelle Probleme in Theorie, Experiment und Klinik (pp. 143–157). Jena: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1972). On suggestion and suggestibility. Scientia, 107, 811–860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1973). Hypnose und Gedächtnis. München: Goldmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1976). An attempt to control for compliance behavior in the measurement of sensory suggestibility [Summary]. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 24(3), 362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A. (1982). Aspecte psihologice ale sugestiei si sugestibilitatii. In V.A. Gheorghiu & I. Ciofu, Sugestie si sugestibilitate: Aspecte psihologice si psihofiziologice (pp. 11–148). Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., & Ciofu, I. (1982). Sugestie si sugestibilitate: Aspecte psihologice si psihofiziologice. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., & Gerendy, I. (1980). Corelate ale scalei de sugestibilitate seuzoriala. Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Pedagogical and Psychological Research, Bucharest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Grimm, M., & Hodapp, V. (1978). Standardisierung einer Skala zur Erfassung der sensorischen Suggestibilität (indirekte Variante) an Schülern der Sekundarstufe II. Diagnostica, 14, 350–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Hodapp, V., & Ludwig, C. (1975). Attempt to construct a scale for the measurement of the effect of suggestions on perception. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35, 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Hoeme, A., & Pieper, W. (1988). Beeinflussung motorischer Prozesse durch objektive, vorgetäuschte (suggerierte) und imaginierte Druckreize. Experimentelle und Klinische Hypnose, 4, 27–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., & Holdevici, I. (1980). Attempt to test suggestibility by “direct”, “indirect”, and “indirect-direct” approaches following hypnotic induction. Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales, Serie de Psychologie, 24, 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Holdevici, I., & Horghidan, V. (1979). Variation of compliance tendency by testing suggestibility dependent of the experimental context. Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales, Serie de Psychologie, 23, 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Meiu, G., Onofrei, A., & Timofte, G. (1966). Experimental investigation on suggestibility: Effects of direct and indirect suggestions. Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales, Serie de Psychologie, 10, 163–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Netter, P., & Tichi, H.J. (in press). A test of sensory suggestibility, its dependence on experimental context, and its relation to other tests of deception. In K. McConkey & H. Bennet (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Psychology, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., Netter, P., & Tichi, H.J. (1987). Untersuchungen zur sensorischen Suggestibilität. In P. Netter, V.A. Gheorghiu, A. Höme, & H.J. Tichi, Einflußfaktoren der Suggestibilität (DFG Report No. Ne 216/5-1). Giessen: Justus-Liebig-University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., & Reyher, J. (1982). The effect of different types of influence on an “indirect-direct” form of a scale of sensory suggestibility. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 24(3), 191–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiu, V.A., & Walter, B. (1989). The effect of suggestion and countersuggestion on motor processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 239–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J.A. (1894). Researches on the mental and physical development of school children. Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory, 2, 40–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasersfeld, E. v. (1987). Wissen, Sprache und Wirklichkeit: Arbeiten zum radikalen Konstruktivismus. Braunschweig: Vieweg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, G.S., Aman, C., & Hirschman, J. (1987). Child sexual and physical abuse: Children’s testimony. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia & F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 1–23). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. (1949). An investigation into some of the factors that favour the formation of stereotyped images. British Journal of Psychology, 39, 156–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A.G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.L. (Ed.). (1987). The Oxford companion to the mind. Oxford: Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudjonsson, G.H. (1983). Suggestibility, intelligence, memory recall and personality: An experimental study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 35–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gudjonsson, G.H. (1984). A new scale of interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudjonsson, G.H. (1987a). A parallel form of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 215–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gudjonsson, G.H. (1987b). Historical background to suggestibility: How interrogative suggestibility differs from other types of suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 347–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudjonsson, G.H., & Lister, S. (1984). Interrogative suggestibility and its relationship with self-esteem and control. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 24, 99–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J.P. (1961). Persönlichkeit (Trans.). Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R.C., & Reyher, J. (1976). Enhancement of creativity via free-imagery and hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 18, 237–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending: Processes of self-environment organization. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeberlin, P. (1927). Die Suggestion. Basel: Kober.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, J. (1973). Uncommon therapy: The psychiatric techniques of Milton Erickson. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, A.G., Evans, F.J., & Bartlett, M. (1963). Factors in hypnosis and suggestion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 15–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, A.G., Walker, W.L., & Diment, A.D. (1978). A nonsuggested effect of trance induction. In F.H. Frankel & H.S. Zamansky (Eds.), Hypnosis, at its bicentennial. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hariu, I. (1970). Some considerations on the productive conditions of hallucinations by suggestion. Tohoku Psychologica, 1-2, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartland, J. (1967). The general principles of suggestion. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9(3), 211–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (1980). Motivation und Handeln. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg, A.G. (1974). The effect of certain examiner and subject characteristics on responsiveness to suggestion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 22, 354–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R. (1965). Hypnotic susceptibility. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R. (1969). Experimental psychology and hypnosis. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R. (1973). The domain of hypnosis, with some comments on alternative paradigms. American Psychologist, 28, 972–982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R. (1987). Research advances in hypnosis: Issues and methods. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 35, 248–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E.R., & Tart, C.T. (1966). Responsiveness to suggestions following waking and imagination instructions and following induction of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 196–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, J.R. (1970). Personality and hypnosis: A study of imaginative involvement. Chicago: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstätter, P.R. (1957). Gruppendynamik: Kritik der Massenpsychologie. Hamburg: Rowohlt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C.L. (1929). Quantitative methods of investigating waking suggestion. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 153-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C.L. (1933). Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, J.G. (1954). Body-sway suggestibility and neurosis. Journal of Mental Science, 100, 432–441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, J.G. (1955). Psychoneurosis and suggestibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 600–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irle, M. (1979). Das Instrument der “Täuschung” in der Verhaltens-und sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 10, 305–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, B. (1987). Interrogative suggestibility: A question of parsimony. Social Behaviour, 2, 19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, E. (1929). Progressive relaxation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1896). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I.L., & Field, P.B. (1959). A behavioral assessment of persuasibility: Consistency of individual differences. In C.I. Hovland & I.L. Janis (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (Vol. 2, pp. 29–54). New Haven, CT: Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.K., & Raye, C.L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jussim, L. (1986). Self-fulfilling prophecies: A theoretical and integrative review. Psychological Review, 93, 429–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, J.F. (1984). Conscious, subconscious, unconscious: A cognitive perspective. In K.S. Bowers & D. Meichenbaum (Eds.), The unconscious reconsidered (pp. 149–211). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, J.F. (1986). Strong inferences about hypnosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 474–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, J.F., & Cantor, N. (1984). Mental representations of the self. In L. Berkovitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 1–47). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, M.A., & Yuille, J.C. (1987). Suggestibility and the child witness. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 24–35). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klebeisberg, D. (1974). Zur Psychologie des Placebo-Effekts. Psychologische Beiträge, 16, 168–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleeberger, L. (1983). Sensorische Suggestibilität und Wahrnehmungsfaktoren. Dissertation med. Mainz: Johannes-Gutenberg-University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, M.V. (1966). Hypnotic amnesia in psychotherapy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 112–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klumbies, G. (1977). Psychotherapie in der Inneren und Allgemeinmedizin. Leipzig: Hirzel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krech, D., & Crutchfield, R.S. (1948). Theory and problems of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer, E. (1963). Medizinische Psychologie. Stuttgart: Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, P. (1989). Stabilität — Instabilität — Multistabilität: Selbstorganisation und Selbstreferentialität in kognitiven Systemen. Delfin, 6, 35–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, P., & Hoffmann, F. (1986). Multistabilität als Methode zur Untersuchung von Suggestion und Suggestibilität [Summary]. In M. Amelang (Ed.), Bericht über den 35. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Heidelberg 1986 (Vol. 2, p. 105). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, P., & Stadler, M. (1987). Radikaler Konstruktivismus — Psychologische Überlegungen zu einem philosophischen Zweifel. In M. Amelang (Ed.), Bericht über den 35. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft ßr Psychologie in Heidelberg 1986 (Vol. 2, pp. 199–210). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Külpe, O. (1902). Ueber die Objektivirung und Subjectivirung von Sinneseindrucken. Philosophische Studien, 19, 508–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. (1979, June). The cost and benefits of denial. Paper presented at the conference “The effectiveness and cost of denial”, University of Haifa, Israel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBon, G. (1896). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. London: Fisher Unwinn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz, H.W., Shupert, C.L., Post, R.B., & Dichigans, J. (1983). Expectation and autokinesis. Perception and Psychophysics, 34(2), 131–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leontjew, A.N. (1975). Tätigkeit, Bewußtsein, Persönlichkeit. Berlin: Volk und Wissen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerède, J. (1980). Qu’est-ce que la suggestologle?. Toulouse: Privat editeur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leuba, C. (1940). Images as conditioned sensations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 345–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. (1972). Autokinetic illusion: A systematic review of theories, measures, and independent variables. Psychological Bulletin, 78, 457–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1946). Behavior and development as a function of the total situation. In L. Carmichael (Ed.), Manual of child psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, D.S., & Johnson, M.K. (1987). Reality monitoring and suggestibility: Children’s ability to discriminate among memories from different sources. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 92–121). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littel, S. (1946). The role of suggestibility in susceptibility to the size-weight illusion and the phenomenon of autokinetic streaming. Denison University Bulletin, Journal Sci Lab, 39, 156–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F., & Davies, G.M. (1984). Distortions in the memory of children. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F., & Loftus, G. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, J.M., & Souheaver, G.T. (1981). Primary waking suggestibility and classical conditioning of world meaning. Psychological Reports, 48, 119–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, J.M., & Souheaver, G.T. (1982). Relationship between suggestibility and locus of control of reinforcement. Psychological Reports, 50, 10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lomov, B.F. (1988). On the problem of determinism in psychology. Abstracts of the 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lozanov, G. (1979). Suggestology and outlines of suggestopedia. New York: Gordon and Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luchins, A.S. (1945). Social influences on perception of complex drawings. Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 257–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Nash, M.R., Rhue, J.W., Frauman, D.C., & Sweeney, C.A. (1984). Nonvolition, expectancies, and hypnotic rapport. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 295–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Neufeld, V., Matyi, C.L., Weekes, J., Dudley, K., & Weiss, F. (1987). Direct versus indirect suggestions. Hypnos, 14, 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin, B.V., Holmes, D.L., Guth, M., & Kovac, P. (1979). The potential of children as eyewitnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 295–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H.R., & Varela, F.J. (1979). Autopoiesis and cognition. Boston: Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, K. (1984). The impact of an indirect suggestion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 32, 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, W. (1908). Introduction to social psychology. London: Methuen.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, W. (1935). The energies of men: A study of the fundamental of dynamic psychology (3rd ed.). London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan, T.H., Evans, F.J., & Orne, M.T. (1969). The nature of hypnotic analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 31, 227–246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W.J. (1968). Personality and susceptibility to social influence. In E.F. Borgatta & W.W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 1130–1187). Chicago: Rand-McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W.J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 233–346). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D.W. (1977). Cognitive-behavioral modification. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D.W., & Gilmore, J.B. (1984). The nature of unconscious processes: A cognitive behavioral perspective. In K.S. Bowers & D.W. Meichenbaum (Eds.), The unconscious reconsidered (pp. 273–298). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G.A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K.H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.J. (1980). The Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility as a predictor of nonhypnotic suggestibility. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 28, 46–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.K. (1964). Susceptibility to hypnosis and susceptibility to social influence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 282–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mordey, T., & Bryan, J.H. (1965). Suggestibility and its distribution. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 7, 226–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1976). Social influence and social change. London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1981a). L’âge des foules. Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1981b). Bewußte und unbewußte Einflüsse in der Kommunikation. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 12, 93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1985). Social influence and conformity. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 347–412). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O.H. (1960). Theory and the symbolic process. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S. (1983). The effect of postevent information on children’s memory for an illustrated story. Unpublished manuscript, Aberdeen University, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, U. (1988). The self: An ecological analysis. Abstracts of the 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netter, P. (1977). Der Placebo-Effekt. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 119, 203–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netter, P. (1980). Suggestibilität und Medikamentenwirkung. Medizinische Psychologe, 6, 195–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netter, P. (1984). Psychologische Faktoren bei der Wirksamkeitsprüfung von Arzneimitteln. In Arzneimittel in der modernen Gesellschaft (pp. 171–215). Köln: Heymanns.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netter, P. (1986). Systematik der am Placeboeffekt beteiligten Faktoren und Beispiele für ihre statistischen Wirkungen und Wechselwirkungen. In H. Hippius (Ed.), Das Placebo-Problem (pp. 61–75). Stuttgart: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, T.M. (1950). Social psychology. New York: Dryden.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier, L. (1987). The use of hypnosis as a therapeutic technique by traditional African healers. Hypnos, 14, 174–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M.T. (1959). The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 277–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M.T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M.T. (1966). On the mechanisms of posthypnotic amnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 121–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M.T. (1977). The construct of hypnosis: Implications of the definition for research and practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 296, 14–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M.T., Dinges, D.F., & Orne, E.C. (1986). Hypnotic experience: A cognitive social-psychological reality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 477–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otis, M.A. (1924). A study of suggestibility of children. Archives of Psychology, 11(70).

    Google Scholar 

  • Packard, V. (1957). The hidden persuaders. New York: McKay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I.P. (1953). Sämtliche Werke. Berlin: Akademie. (Original work published 1924–1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perky, C.W. (1910). An experimental study of imagination. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 422–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1937). La construction du réel chez l’enfant. Neuchâtel: Delachaux et Niestlé.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platonov, K.I. (1959). The word as a physiological and therapeutic factor. Moscow: Foreign Languages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pöll, W. (1951). Die Suggestion: Wesen und Grundformen. München: Kösel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prangishvili, A.S., Sherozia, A.E., & Bassin, F.V. (Eds.). (1978). The unconscious: Nature, functions, methods of study (Vols. 1-3). Tbilisi: Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinz, W. (1987). Ideo-motor action. In H. Heuer & A.F. Sanders (Eds.), Perspectives on perception and action (pp. 47–76). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psonik, A.T. (1952). Kora golovnoyo mosga i rezeptoria functia organizma. Moscow: Sovietskaia Nauka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puysegur, A.M.J., Ch. de (1809). Memoires pour servir à l’histoire et à l’établissement du magnetisme animal (2nd ed.). Paris: Cellat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralea, M. (1964). Schita unui sistem de psychologie. Revista de Psihologie, 10, 273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, G.D. (1963). Mutterwerden ohne Schmerz (Trans., 12th ed.). Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe. (Original work published 1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, A. (1969). Mental imagery. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1974). On the social psychology of the self-fulfilling prophecy: Further evidence for Pigmalion effects and their mediating mechanisms. New York: MSS Modular.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and student intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D.P. (1978). Interpersonal expectancy effects: The first 345 studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 377–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E.A. (1908). Social psychology. New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, E.L. (1976). Hypnotic realities: The induction of clinical hypnosis and forms of indirect suggestion. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, E. (1969). Persönlichkeits-Psychologie. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royce, J.R., Carran, A.B., Aftanas, M., Lehman, R.B., & Blumenthal, A. (1966). The autokinetic phenomenon: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 243–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein, S.L. (1984). Grundlagen der allgemeinen Psychologe (10th ed.). Berlin: Volk und Wissen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackeim, H.A., & Gur, R.C. (1978). Self-deception, self-confrontation and consciousness. In G.E. Schwartz & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self regulation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackeim, H.A., & Gur, R.C. (1985). Voice recognition and the ontological status of self-deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1365–1368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saywitz, K.J. (1987). Children’s testimony: Age related patterns of memory errors. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & D.F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 24–35). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarbin, T.R., & Coe, W.C. (1972). Hypnosis: A social psychological analysis of influence communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmerl, C. (1972). Experimente zur Prestige-Beeinflußbarkeit III: Beeinflußbarkeit durch positives und negatives Prestige. Archiv ür Psychologie, 124, 523–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, H.D. (1971). Experimente zur Prestige-Beeinflußbarkeit I: Co-judge-Suggestibilität und Persönlichkeit. Archiv ür Psychologie, 123, 49–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, H.D., Schmerl, C., & Steffens, K.H. (1971). Experimente zur Prestige-Beeinflußbarkeit II: Dimensionen der Prestige-Beeinflußbarkeit. Archiv ür Psychologe, 123, 97–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneck, J.M. (1972). A historical comment on Clark Hull: His postural sway test for suggestibility, and earlier descriptions of the maneuver. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 20, 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J.H. (1932). Das autogene Training. Stuttgart: Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W.D. (1910). Personal differences in suggestibility. Psychological Review, 17, 147–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scripture, E.W. (1893). Tests on school children. Educational Review, 5, 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seashore, C.E. (1895). Measurement of illusions and hallucinations in normal life. Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory, 2, 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, S.J. (1971). Processing of the stimulus in imagery and perception. In S.J. Segal (Ed.), Imagery: Current cognitive approaches. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A.K. (1964). Factors contibuting to the placebo effect. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 18, 73–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W. (1980). Factors influencing rapport in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 263–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W. (1967). A shortened form of Betts’ questionnaire upon mental imagery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 386–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W. (1979). Hypnosis and the processes of imagination. In E. Fromm & R.E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives (pp. 381–414). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., & McConkey, K.M. (1982). Hypnosis and experience: The exploration of phenomena and process. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., & Perry, C.W. (1976). Methodologies of hypnosis: A critical appraisal of contemporary paradigms of hypnosis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 187, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, M., & Sherif, C.W. (1969). Social psychology. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shor, R.E. (1970). The three-factor theory of hypnosis as applied to the book-reading fantasy and to the concept of suggestion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 18, 89–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shor, R.E. (1979). The fundamental problem in hypnosis research as viewed from historic perspectives. In E. Fromm & R.E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives (pp. 15–44). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidis, B. (1898). The psychology of suggestion. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sighele, S. (1891). La foule criminelle. Paris: Baillière.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloterdijk, P. (1983). Kritik der zynischen Vernunft (Vols. 1-2). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale, G.G. (1977). Prophecy, behaviour and change: An examination of self-fulfilling prophecies in helping relationships. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1986). Investigation of the responses of “fakers” and “non-fakers” on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS). Medicine, Science and the Law, 26, 66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P. (1971). Goal-directed fantasy and the performance of hypnotic test suggestions. Psychiatry, 34, 86–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P. (1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social-psychological perspective. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 7, 199–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P. (1986). Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 449–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P., & Barber, T.X. (1974). Toward a convergence in hypnosis research. American Psychologist, 29, 500–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P., Rivers, S.M., & Ross, S. (1977). Experienced involuntariness and response to hypnotic suggestions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 296, 208–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel, H. (1978). Manual for (he hypnotic induction profile. New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, M., & Wehner, T. (1985). Anticipation as a basic principle in goal directed action. In M. Frese & J. Sabini (Eds.), Goal directed behavior: The concept of action in psychology (pp. 67–79). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • St Jean, R., MacLeod, C., Coe, W.C., & Howard, M.L. (1982). Amnesia and hypnotic time estimation. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30, 127–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, W.L. (1903). Aussagestudium. In: Beiträge zur Psychologie der Aussage (pp. 46–78). Leipzig: Barth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokvis, B., & Pflanz, M. (1961). Suggestion. Stuttgart: Hippokrates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokvis, B., & Wiesenhütter, E. (1963). Der Mensch in der Entspannung. Stuttgart: Hippokrates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J.A., & Lundy, R.M. (1985). Behavioral compliance with direct and indirect body movement suggestions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 256–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stukat, K.G. (1958). Suggestibility: A factorial and experimental analysis. Stockhohn: Almqvist & Wiksell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sully, J. (1982). Illusions: A psychological study. New York: Da Capo. (Original work published 1903).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarde, G. (1903). The laws of imitation. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A. (1978/79). On measures and conceptions of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 21, 2–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974). Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 268–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thrasher, J.D. (1954). Interpersonal relations and graduations of stimulus structure in judgment variation. Sociometry, 17, 228–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Titchner, E.B. (1916). A textbook of psychology. New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Town, C.H. (1916). An experimental study of the suggestibility of twelve-and fifteen-year old boys. Psychol Clin, 10, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristic and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uznadze, D.N. (1939). Untersuchungen zur Psychologie der Einstellung. Acta Psychologica, 4, 323–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Parreren, C.F. (1966). Lemprozess und Lernerfolg. Braunschweig: Westermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D.M., Wesnes, K., Edwards, J., & Larrad, D. (1985). Scopolamine and the sensory conditioning of hallucination. Neuropsychobiology, 14, 198–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, J.G. (1966). Symposium on posthypnotic amnesia: Discussion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 139–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watzlawick, P. (1976). How real is real?. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watzlawick, P. (1981). Selbsterfullende Prophezeiungen. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), Die erfundene Wirklichkeit. München: Piper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, H. (1961). Über die Beziehungen zwischen Intelligenzgrad und Suggestibilität. Psychologische Beiträge, 6, 303–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenhoffer, A.M. (1953). Hypnotism: An objective study in suggestibility. New York: Wiley. (Original work published 1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenhoffer, A.M. (1957). General techniques of hypnotism. New York: Grüne & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenhoffer, A.M. (1972). The postural sway test: A historical note. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 20, 17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenhoffer, A.M. (1980). Hypnotic susceptibility revisited. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2, 130–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenhoffer, A.M., & Sjoberg, B.M. (1961). Suggestibility with and without “induction of hypnosis”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 132, 205–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellek, A. (1968). Kritisches zur “kritischen” Hypnose-Forschung. Archiv für die Gesamte Psychologie, 120, 301–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R.W. (1974). Strategies of adaptation: An attempt at systematic description. In G.V. Coelho, D.A. Hamburg, & J.E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and adaptation. New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, L., Tursky, B., & Schwartz, G.E. (Eds.). (1985). Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasekera, I. (1985). A conditioned response model of the placebo effect: Predictions from the model. In L. White, B. Tursky, & G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (pp. 255–287). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S.C., & Barber, T.X. (1978). The creative imagination scale as a measure of hypnotic responsiveness: Application to experimental and clinical hypnosis. American Journal Of Clinical Hypnosis, 20, 235–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, H.F., Bentall, R.P., Slade, P.D., & Dewey, B.A. (1987). The role of brief instructions and suggestibility in the elicitation of auditory and visual hallucinations in normal and psychiatric subjects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 41–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, P.C. (1931). Suggestion as indirection. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 26, 69–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zamansky, H.S., Scharf, B., & Brightbill, R. (1964). The effect of expectancy for hypnosis on prehypnotic performance. Journal of Personality, 32, 236–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaragoza, M.S. (1987). Memory, suggestibility, and eyewitness testimony in children and adults. In S J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & D.F. Ross (Eds.), Children’s eyewitness memory (pp. 53–78). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielberg, R. (1983). Sensorische Suggestibilität: Kognitive Steuermechanismen der Wahrnehmung und Indikatoren des Erregungsniveaus. Dissertation med. Mainz: Johannes-Gutenberg-University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, W. (1982). Probleme und Ergebnisse der weiteren Standardisierung des Suggestibilitätstests für 12-bis 16-jährige Schüler. Kriminalistik und Forensische Wissenschaften, 46, 47–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubek, J. (1969). Sensory deprivation. New York:.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., Bone, R.N., Neary, R., Mangelsdorff, D., & Brustman, D. (1972). What is a sensation seeker? Personality trait and experience correlates of the sensation seeking scales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39, 308–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. V. A. Gheorghiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fachbereich Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Otto-Behaghel-Straße 10, D-6300, Gießen, Germany

    Vladimir A. Gheorghiu  & Petra Netter  & 

  2. Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, Denmark Hill, London, S.E.5, Great Britain

    Hans J. Eysenck

  3. Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Robert Rosenthal (Professor of Social Psychology) (Professor of Social Psychology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gheorghiu, V.A. (1989). The Development of Research on Suggestibility: Critical Considerations. In: Gheorghiu, V.A., Netter, P., Eysenck, H.J., Rosenthal, R. (eds) Suggestion and Suggestibility. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73875-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73875-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73877-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73875-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation