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Quasars: The Observational Perspectives

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Fifty Years of Quasars

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 386))

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Abstract

The empirical basis of quasar astronomy can be overawing especially in the twenty-first century. A first source of intricacy involves the nomenclature that has evolved to label the multifold phenomenological manifestations now united under the umbrella of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). A further complication involves observations of the many subclasses with the observations now spanning the electromagnetic spectrum.

Contributions by Mauro D’Onofrio, Paola Marziani, Jack W. Sulentic, Greg Shields, Martin Gaskell, Todd Boroson, Ari Laor, Michael Hawkins, Vladimir Pronik, Sergey Sergeev, Deborah Dultzin, Dirk Grupe, Gordon Richards, Raffaella Morganti, Aleksander Volvach, Sebastian Zamfir, Heino Falcke, Elmar Köording, Martin Elvis, Tracey Jane Turner, Ajit Kembhavi, Luigi Foschini, Yuri Neshpor, and Alberto Franceschini

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.cv.nrao.edu/nvss/, see also [106].

  2. 2.

    http://sundog.gtsci.edu/, see also [47].

  3. 3.

    Zamfir et al. [577] define a population of RI quasars with \(\log [L(1.4\mathrm{GHz})]\,=\,31.0 - 31.6\) (erg s − 1 Hz − 1) in order to test whether they show a restricted domain occupation in the optical plane FWHM(Hβ) vs. R FeII of the 4DE1 space. Their conclusion is that RI and RQ sources are statistically indistinguishable.

  4. 4.

    Note, that given the original meaning of the term “quasar”, the term “radio-loud quasar” is actually a tautology, but we will use it nonetheless given its widespread use.

  5. 5.

    Irritatingly, he did this during that brief time he was sharing an office with me, he even told me what he was doing, and I just did not understand it. Rats. It could have been the Soltan–Elvis argument. I guess it pays to be smart.

  6. 6.

    Not radially, like the ion tail of a solar system comet, otherwise we would not see an asymmetrical dip.

  7. 7.

    The ionization parameter introduced here (and defined by (3.1) on page 143) differs from the ionization parameter U that has been defined previously. ξ is customarily defined as proportional to the energy flux divided by the gas density.

  8. 8.

    Before CGRO, only one quasar, namely, 3C 273 (z = 0. 158), was detected at high-energy γ rays (50–500 MeV) by COS-B [501].

  9. 9.

    Another radio galaxy—NGC 6251 (z = 0. 025)—was later indicated as counterpart of the γ-ray source 3EG J1621 + 8203 [168, 359, 366].

  10. 10.

    Indeed, an old classification name for certain quasar was optically violently variable (OVV).

  11. 11.

    The process with the greater cross section is the photon–photon interaction (γγ).

  12. 12.

    \(\delta = {[\Gamma (1 - \beta \cos \theta )]}^{-1}\), where Γ is the bulk Lorentz factor, β is the speed in units of c, and θ is the viewing angle.

  13. 13.

    At the moment of writing these notes, the second catalogue covering 2 years of operations has not yet been published, but it is forthcoming.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 3, I35122, Padova, Italy

    Mauro D’Onofrio & Alberto Franceschini

  2. INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, IT35122, Padova, Italy

    Paola Marziani

  3. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Granada, Spain

    Jack W. Sulentic

  4. Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712-0259, USA

    Greg Shields

  5. Departamento de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile

    Martin Gaskell

  6. National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Todd Boroson

  7. Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel

    Ari Laor

  8. Institute for Astronomy (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK

    Michael Hawkins

  9. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 98409, Nauchny, Crimea, Ukraine

    Vladimir Pronik, Sergey Sergeev & Yuri Neshpor

  10. Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), 70-264, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Deborah Dultzin

  11. The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab., University Park, PA, 16082, USA

    Dirk Grupe

  12. Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Gordon Richards

  13. Netherlands Institute for RadioAstronomy (ASTRON), 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    Raffaella Morganti

  14. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Raffaella Morganti

  15. Radio Astronomy Laboratory of Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 98688, Katsively, RT-22., Crimea, Yalta, Ukraine

    Aleksander Volvach

  16. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 1848 Maria Dr Stevens Point, WI 54481-1957, Stevens Point, USA

    Sebastian Zamfir

  17. Department of Astronomy, Radbound Universiteit Nijmegen, IMAPP, The Netherlands

    Heino Falcke & Elmar Körding

  18. ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    Heino Falcke

  19. Max-Planck Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany

    Heino Falcke

  20. Harward Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA02138, USA

    Martin Elvis

  21. UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA

    Tracey Jane Turner

  22. The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mumbai, Pune, India

    Ajit Kembhavi

  23. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi, 46, 23807, Merate (LC), Italy

    Luigi Foschini

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  1. Mauro D’Onofrio
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  24. Alberto Franceschini
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Correspondence to Jack W. Sulentic .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 3, Padova, 35122, Italy

    Mauro D'Onofrio

  2. , Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Vicolo dell' Osservatorio 5, Padova, 35122, Italy

    Paola Marziani

  3. , (IAA-CSIC), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Camino Bajo del Huetor 50, Granada, 18008, Spain

    Jack W. Sulentic

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D’Onofrio, M. et al. (2012). Quasars: The Observational Perspectives. In: D'Onofrio, M., Marziani, P., Sulentic, J. (eds) Fifty Years of Quasars. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 386. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27564-7_3

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