Abstract
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional cultural practice, but also a form of violence against girls, which affects their lives as adult women. FGM comprises a wide range of procedures: the excision of the prepuce; the partial or total excision of the clitoris (clitoridectomy) and labia; or the stitching and narrowing of the vaginal orifice (infibulation). The number of girls and women who have been subjected to FGM is estimated at around 137 million worldwide and 3 million girls per year are considered at risk. Most of the females who have undergone mutilation live in 28 African countries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, M.W.: Sexually transmitted diseases control in developing countries. Genitourin. Med. 72, 83–88 (1996)
Asali, A., Khamaysi, N., Aburabia, Y., et al.: Ritual female genital surgey among Bedouin in Israel. Arch. Sex. Behav. 24, 573–577 (1995)
Brady, M.: Female genital mutilation: complications and risk of HIV transmission. AIDS Patient Care STD 13(12), 709–716 (1999)
Carr, D.: Female Genital Cutting. Findings from the Demographic and Health Surveys Programme, pp. 7–9. Macto International, Calverton (1997)
Catania, L., Adbulcadir, O., Puppo, V., et al.: Pleasure and orgasm in women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). J. Sex. Med. 4(6), 1666–1678 (2007)
Dirie, M.A., Lindmark, G.: The risk of medical complications after female circumcision. East Afr. Med. J. 69, 479–482 (1992)
Duncan, M.E., Reimann, K., Tibaux, G., et al.: Seroepidemological study of gonorrhea in Ethiopian women. 1. Prevalence and clinical significance. Genitourin. Med. 67, 485–492 (1991)
Duncan, M.E., Jamil, Y., Tibaux, G., et al.: Chlamydial infection in a population of Ethiopian women attending obstetric, gynaecological and mother and child health clinics. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 42, 1–14 (1996)
El Dareer, A.A.: Epidemiology of female circumcision in the Sudan. Trop. Doct. 13, 41–45 (1983)
Elmusharaf, S., Elkhidir, I., Hoffmann, S., et al.: A case-control study on the association between female genital mutilation and sexually transmitted infections in Sudan. BJOG 113, 349–374 (2006)
Grisaru, N., Lazer, S., Belmaker, R.H.: Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews. Arch. Sex. Behav. 26, 211–215 (1997)
Hrdy, D.B.: Cultural practices contributing to the transmission of HIV in Africa. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9(6), 1109–1117 (1987)
Kun, K.E.: Female genital mutilation: the potential for increased risk of HIV infection. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 15, 153–155 (1997)
Linke, U.: AIDS in Africa. Science 231, 203 (1986)
Machungo, F., Zanconato, G., Persson, K., et al.: Syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydial infection among women undergoing legal or illegal abortion in Maputo. Int. J. STD AIDS 13, 326–330 (2002)
Monjok, E., Essien, E.J., Holmes, L.: Female genital mutilation: potential for HIV transmission in sub – Saharan Africa and prospect for epidemiologic investigation and intervention. Afr. J. Reprod. Health 11(1), 33–42 (2007)
Morrone, A., Hergocova, J., Lotti, T.: Stop female genital mutilation: appeal to the international dermatologic community. Int. J. Dermatol. 41, 253–263 (2002)
Mutenbei, I. B., Mwesiga, M.K.: The impact of obsolete traditions on HIV/AIDS rapid transmission in Africa: the case of compulsory circumcision on young girls in Tanzania. Int Conf on AIDS. 12, 436(abstract 23473) (1998)
Okonofu, F.E., Larsen, U., Oronsaye, F., et al.: The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria. BJOG 109, 1089–1096 (2002)
Paavonen, J., Eggert-Kruse, W.: Chlamydia trachomatis: impact on human reproduction. Hum. Reprod. Update 5, 433–447 (1999)
Rushwan, H.: Etiologic factors in pelvic inflammatory disease in Sudanese women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138, 877–879 (1980)
Shandall, A.: Circumcision and infibulations of females. Sudan Med. J. 5, 178–212 (1967)
Toubia, N.: Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action, 2nd edn, pp. 35–44. Rainbo, New York (1995)
UNICEF: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Exploration. UNICEF, New York (2005)
WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome, Banks, E., Meirik, O., Farley, T., et al.: Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet. 367(9525), 1835–1841 (2006)
World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation. Report of a WHO Technical Working Group, 17–19 July 1995, pp. 3–4. World Health Organization, Geneva (1996)
World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation: a joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA statement, pp.1–6. World Health Organization, Geneva (1997)
World Health Organization: Female genital mutilation – new knowledge spurs optimism. Progress in sexual and reproductive health research. WHO 72, 2–8 (2006)
Yoder, P.S., Abderrahim, N., Zhuzhuni, A.: Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis. ORC Marco, Calvelton (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morrone, A., Calcaterra, R., Franco, G. (2011). Female Genital Mutilation and Risk for Transmission of STIs. In: Gross, G., Tyring, S. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_59
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_59
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14662-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-14663-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)