Abstract
About 12,000 years ago, humans began the transition from hunter-gathering to a sedentary, agriculture-based society. From its origins in the Fertile Crescent, farming expanded throughout Europe, Asia and Africa, together with various domesticated plants and animals. Where, how and why agriculture originated is still debated. Progress has been made in understanding plant domestication in the last few years. The approach to understanding cereal domestication that we have taken in recent years has, in the main, involved the following five-pronged strategy: (1) the use of comprehensive germplasm collections covering the whole distribution area for each species and the collection of new germplasm for wild cereals from their primary habitats in nature; (2) the comparison of many wild and domesticated accessions for each species; (3) the identification of the wild progenitor in the wild gene pool and via comparison of genetic similarity across many loci with domesticate descendants; (4) the use of molecular fingerprinting techniques at many loci to compare wild and domesticate cereals; (5) the identification and cloning of genes involved in domestication. That work has provided some insights into the domestication process, insights that, placed in the archaeological context of human history in the Fertile Crescent, provide information about what humans were doing while domestication was taking place. This chapter reviews recent developments in our understanding of wheat and barley domestication history in the Fertile Crescent, events that forged the foundations of our present-day European culture.
During SPP 1127: Scope of this Study.
The main aim of the study during SPP1127 was to investigate and compare nucleotide diversity between wild and domesticated wheat and barley using large germplasm collections and different molecular markers to obtain new insights and to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the origin of agriculture and plant domestication in the Fertile Crescent.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aaronsohn A, Schweinfurth G (1906) Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum dicoccum) in Nordpalästina. Altneuland Monatsschrift für die Wirtschaft. Erschliessung Palästinas 7–8:213–220
Abbo S, Gopher A, Peleg Z, Saranga Y, Fahima T, Salamini F, Lev-Yadun S (2006) The ripples of “the big (agricultural) bang”: the spread of early wheat cultivation. Genome 49:861–863
Abdel-Ghani AH, Parzies HK, Omary A, Geiger HH (2004) Estimating the outcrossing rate of barley landraces and wild barley populations collected from ecologically different regions of Jordan. Theor Appl Genet 109:588–595
Åberg E (1940) The taxonomy and phylogeny of Hordeum L. sect. Critesion Ands. with special reference to Tibetian barleys. Symb Bot Upsaliensis 2:1–156
Allaby RG, Brown TA (2003) AFLP data and the origins of domesticated crops. Genome 46:448–453
Allaby RG, Brown TA (2004) Reply to the comment by Salamini et al. on “AFLP data and the origins of domesticated crops”. Genome 47:621–622
Allaby RG, Fuller DQ, Brown TA (2008) The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13982–13986
Ammerman AJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1984) The neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Azhaguvel P, Komatsuda T (2007) A phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence of a marker linked to the brittle rachis locus indicates a diphyletic origin of barley. Ann Bot 100:1009–1015
Badr A, Müller K, Schäfer-Pregl R, El Rabey H, Effgen S, Ibrahim HH, Pozzi C, Rohde W, Salamini F (2000) On the origin and domestication history of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Mol Biol Evol 17:499–510
Bar-Yosef O (2002) The Natufian culture and the early Neolithic – Social and economic trends. In: Bellwood P, Renfrew C (eds) Examining the farming/language dispersal hyphothesis. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 113–126
Bekele E (1983) A differential rate of regional distribution of barley flavonoid patterns in Ethiopia, and a view on the center of origin of barley. Hereditas 98:269–280
Blatter RHE, Jacomet S, Schlumbaum A (2004) About the origin of European spelt (Triticum spelta L.): allelic differentiation of the HMW Glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes. Theor Appl Genet 108:360–367
Braidwood RJ, Braidwood L (1950) Jarmo: a village of early farmers in Iraq. Antiquity 24:189–195
Braidwood RJ, Cambel H, Watson PJ (1969) Prehistoric investigations in southwestern Turkey. Science 164:1275–1276
Braidwood RJ (1972) Prehistoric investigations in southwestern Asia. Proc Am Philos Soc 116:310–320
Braidwood LS, Braidwood RJ, Howe B, Reed CA, Watson PJ (1983) Prehistoric archeology along the Zagros flanks. Oriental Institute Publication 105, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Brandolini A, Vaccino P, Boggini G, Ozkan H, Kilian B, Salamini F (2006) Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats. Genome 49:297–305
Breasted JH (1938) The conquest of civilization. Literary guild of America, New York
Caldwell KS, Russell J, Langridge P, Powell W (2006) Extreme population-dependent linkage disequilibrium detected in an inbreeding plant species, Hordeum vulgare. Genetics 172:557–567
Candolle de, A (1883) (en fait, octobre 1882) Origine des plantes cultivées. Germer Baillière, Paris
Casas AM, Yahiaoui S, Ciudad F, Igartua E (2005) Distribution of MWG699 polymorphism in Spanish European barleys. Genome 48:41–45
Childe VG (1928) The most ancient east: the oriental prelude to European prehistory. Kegan Paul, London
Childe VG (1936) Man makes himself. Watts, London
Damania AB (1998) Diversity of major cultivated plants domesticated in the Near East. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 51–64
Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London
Darwin C (1868) The variation of animals and plants under domestication. John Murray, London
Diamond J, Belwood P (2003) Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Science 300:597–603
Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Cell 127:1309–1321
Dorofeev VF, Filatenko AA, Migushova EF, Udaczin RA, Jakubziner MM (1979) Wheat. In: Dorofeev VF, Korovina ON (eds) Flora of cultivated plants, vol 1. Leningrad, Russia
Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science 316:1862–1866
Dvorak J, Zhang HB (1990) Variation in repeated nucleotide sequences sheds light on the phylogeny of the wheat B and G genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9640–9644
Dvorak J, Diterlizzi P, Zhang H-B, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploid wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Genome 36:21–31
Dvorak J, Luo MC (2001) Evolution of free-threshing and hulled forms of Triticum aestivum: old problems and new tools. In: Caligari PDS, Brandham PE (eds) The Linnean, Special issue No 3. Wheat taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival. Academic, London, pp 127–136
Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998a) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 235–251
Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Zhang HB (1998b) The structure of the Aegilops tauschii genepool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 67:657–670
Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus delations and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. Genetics 17:323–332
Feldman M (1966) Identification of unpaired chromosomes in F1 hybrids involving Triticum aestivum and T. timopheevii. Can J Genet Cytol 8:144–151
Fiedler H, Leitner U (2000) Alexander von Humboldts Schriften. Bibliographie der selbständig erschienenen Werke. (= Beiträge zur Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forschung; 20). Berlin
Gandilian PA (1972) On wild growing Triticum species of Armenian SSR. Bot Zhur 57:173–181
Gebel HG (2004) There was no centre: the polycentric evolution of the near Eastern Neolithic. Neo-lithics 1/04:28–32
Giles RJ, Brown TA (2006) GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats. Theor Appl Genet 112:1563–1572
Goldberg SM, Johnson J, Busam D, Feldblyum T, Ferriera S, Friedman R, Halpern A, Khouri H, Kravitz SA, Lauro FM, Li K, Rogers YH, Strausberg R, Sutton G, Tallon L, Thomas T, Venter E, Frazier M, Venter JC (2006) A Sanger/pyrosequencing hybrid approach for the generation of high-quality draft assemblies of marine microbial genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11240–11245
Hamblin MT, Casa AM, Sun H, Murray SC, Paterson AH, Aquadro CF, Kresovich S (2006) Challenges of detecting directional selection after a bottleneck: lessons from Sorghum bicolor. Genetics 173:953–964
Hammer K (1984) Das Domestikationssyndrom. Kulturpflanze 32:11–34
Harlan JR, Zohary D (1966) Distribution of wild wheats and barley. Science 153:1074–1080
Harlan JR (1971) Agricultural origins: centers and noncenters. Science 174:468–474
Harlan JR (1975) Our vanishing genetic resources. Science 188:618–621
Harlan JR (1995) The living fields: our agricultural heritage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Harris DR (1998) The spread of neolithic agriculture from the Levant to western central Asia. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 65–82
Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Glémin S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: a massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. Mol Biol Evol 24:1506–1517
Hawkes JG (1998) Back to Vavilov: why were plants domesticated in some areas and not in others? In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 5–8
Heun M, Schäfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science 278:1312–1314
Hillman GC (1978) On the origins of domestic rye – Secale cereale: the finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey. Anatolian Stud 28:157–174
Hillman GC, Colledge SM, Harris DR (1989) Plant-food economy during the Epipalaeolithic period at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria: dietary diversity, seasonality, and modes of exploitation. In: Harris DR, Hillman GC (eds) Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation. Unwin, London, pp 240–268
Hillman G, Davies S (1990) Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation, and their archaeological implications. J World Prehistory 4:157–222
Hillman G (2000) Plant food economy of Abu Hureyra. In: Moore A, Hillman G, Legge T (eds) Village on the Euphrates, from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 372–392
Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polyploidy wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8133–8138
Jaaska V (1981) Aspartate aminotransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: Intraspecific differentiation in Aegilops tauschii and the origin of the D genome polyploids in the wheat group. Plant Syst Evol 137:259–273
Jaaska V (1995) Isoenzymes in the evaluation of germplasm diversity in wild diploid relatives of cultivated wheat. In: Damania AB (ed) Biodiversity and wheat improvement. Wiley, Chichester, pp 247–257
Jaaska V (1998) On the origin and in statu nascendi domestication of rye and barley: A review. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 210–217
Johnson BL (1975) Identification of the apparent B-genome donor of wheat. Can J Genet Cytol 17:21–39
Johnson BL, Dahliwal HS (1976) Reproductive isolation of Triticum boeoticum and Triticum urartu and the origin of the tetraploid wheats. Am J Bot 63:1088–1094
Jones MK (2004) Between fertile crescents: Minor grain crops and agricultural origins. In: Jones MK (ed) Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 127–135
Kanazin V, Talbert H, See D, DeCamp P, Nevo E, Blake T (2002) Discovery and assay of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Plant Mol Biol 48:529–537
Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. Science 143:253–255
Kihara H (1924) Cytologische und genetische Studien bei wichtigen Getreidearten mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Verhalten der Chromosomen und die Sterilität in den Bastarden. Mem Coll Sci Univ Kyoto Ser B 1:1–200
Kihara H (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyser, one of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19:13–14
Kihara H, Yamashita H, Tanaka M (1965) Morphological, physiological, genetical, and cytological studies in Aegilops and Triticum collected in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran. Results of the Kyoto University scientific expedition to the Korakoram and Hindukush in 1955. In: Yamashita K (ed) Cultivated plants and their relatives. Kyoto. pp 4–41
Kilian B, Özkan H, Kohl J, von Haeseler A, Barale F, Deusch O, Brandolini A, Yucel C, Martin W, Salamini F (2006) Haplotype structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool bottlenecks, phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication. Mol Gen Genom 276:230–241
Kilian B, Özkan H, Deusch O, Effgen S, Brandolini A, Kohl J, Martin W, Salamini F (2007a) Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes. Mol Biol Evol 24:217–227
Kilian B, Özkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007b) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. Mol Biol Evol 24:2657–2668
Kilian B, Özkan H, Pozzi C, Salamini F (2009) Domestication of the Triticeae in the fertile crescent. In: Feuillet C, Mühlbauer J (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae. Plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Springer, New York, pp 81–119
Kimber G, Sears ER (1987) Evolution in the genus Triticum and the origin of cultivated wheat. In: Wheat and Wheat Improvement, 2nd Ed (Heyne EG, ed) Ameican Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 154–164
Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19, 000 BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee. Isr Rev Palaeobot Palynol 73:161–166
Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum sp. nov., the oldest naked wheat. Isr J Bot 28:95–107
Kislev ME (1984) Botanical evidence for ancient naked wheats in the Near East. In: von Zeist W, Casparie WA (eds) Plants and ancient man. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 141–152
Kislev M (2002) Origin of annual crops by agro-evolution. Isr J Plant Sci 50:85–88
Kolodinska Brantestam A, von Bothmer R, Dayteg C, Rashal I, Tuvesson S, Weibull J (2004) Inter simple sequence repeat analysis of genetic diversity and relationships in cultivated barley of Nordic and Baltic origin. Hereditas 141:186–192
Komatsuda T, Maxim P, Senthil N, Mano Y (2004) High-density AFLP map of nonbrittle rachis 1 (btr1) and 2 (btr2) genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor Appl Genet 109:986–995
Komatsuda T, Pourkheirandish M, He C, Azhaguvel P, Kanamori H, Perovic D, Stein N, Graner A, Wicker T, Tagiri A, Lundqvist U, Fujimura T, Matsuoka M, Matsumoto T, Yano M (2007) Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:1424–1429
Kuckuck H, Schiemann E (1957) Über das Vorkommen von Speltz und Emmer (Triticum spelta L. und T. dicoccum Schubl.) im Iran. Z Pflanzenzüchtg 38:383–396
Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Z Pflanzenzüchtg 41:205–226
Ladizinsky G (1985) Founder effect in crop-plant evolution. Econ Bot 39:191–199
Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A, Abbo S (2000) The cradle of agriculture. Science 288:1602–1603
Lichter C (ed) (2007) Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe. Theiss, Stuttgart
Londo JP, Chiang YC, Hung KH, Chiang TY, Schaal B (2006) Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, reveals multiple independent domestications of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9578–9583
Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM, Kawahara T, Waines JG, Dvorak J (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. Theor Appl Genet 114:947–959
Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Theor Appl Genet 109:1710–1717
McFadden ES, Sears ER (1946) The origin of Triticum spelta and its free-theshing hexaploid relatives. J Hered 37(81–89):107–116
Molina-Cano JL, Fra-Mon P, Salcedo G, Aragoncillo C, Roca de Togores F, Garcia-Olmedo F (1987) Morocco as a possible domestication center for barley: biochemical and agromorphological evidence. Theor Appl Genet 73:531–536
Molina-Cano JL, Russell JR, Moralejo MA, Escacena JL, Arias G, Powell W (2005) Chloroplast DNA microsatellite analysis supports a polyphyletic origin for barley. Theor Appl Genet 110:613–619
Mori N, Liu YG, Tsunewaki K (1995) Wheat phylogeny determined by RFLP analysis of nuclear DNA. 2. Wild tetraploid wheats. Theor Appl Genet 90:129–134
Mori N, Ishii T, Ishido T, Hirosawa S, Watatani H, Kawahara T, Nesbitt M, Belay G, Takumi S, Ogihara Y, Nakamura C (2003) Origin of domesticated emmer and common wheat inferred from chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. 10th international wheat genetics symposium. Paestum, pp 25–28
Morrell PL, Clegg MT (2007) Genetic evidence for a second domestication of barley (Hordeum vulgare) east of the Fertile Crescent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3289–3294
Nadel D (2002) Ohalo II: a 23, 000-Year-old Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer’s camp on the sea of galilee. University of Haifa, Haifa
Neef R (2003) Overlooking the steppe forest: preliminary report on the botanical remains from early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe (southern Turkey). Neolithics 2(03):13–15
Nei M (1987) Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York
Nesbitt M (1995) Plants and people in ancient Anatolia. Biblic Archaeol 58:68–81
Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From stable crop to extinction? The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 41–100
Nesbitt M (2002) When and where did domesticated cereals first occur in southwest Asia? In: Cappers R, Bottema S (eds) The dawn of farming in the Near East. Ex Oriente, Berlin, pp 113–132
Nishikawa K, Furuta Y, Wada T (1980) Genetic studies on alpha-amylase isozymes in wheat. III. Intraspecific variation in Aegilops squarrosa and birthplace of hexaploid wheat. Jpn J Genet 55:325–336
Orabi J, Backes G, Wolday A, Yahyaoui A, Jahoor A (2007) The horn of Africa as a centre of barley diversification and a potential domestication site. Theor Appl Genet 114:1117–1127
Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Schaefer-Pregl R, Salamini F (2002) AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey. Mol Biol Evol 19:1797–1801
Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. Theor Appl Genet 110:1052–1060
Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Torun A, Altintas S, Eker S, Kilian B, Braun H, Salamini F, Cakmak I (2007) Natural variation and identification of microelements content in seeds of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum). In: Buck HT, Nisi JE, Salomon N (eds) Wheat production in stressed environments. Springer, Berlin, pp 455–462
Özkan H, Willcox G, Graner A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2010) Geographic distribution and domestication of wild Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)
Pasternak R (1998) Investigations of botanical remains from Nevali Cori PPNB, Turkey: a short interim report. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium, pp 170–176
Perrino P, Laghetti G, D’Antuono LF, Al Ajlouni M, Kanbertay M, Szabo AT, Hammer K (1996) Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 102–118
Pluzhnikov A, Donnelly P (1996) Optimal sequencing strategies for surveying molecular genetic diversity. Genetics 144:1247–1262
Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T (2007) The importance of barley genetics and domestication in a global perspective. Ann Bot 100:999–1008
Renfrew C (2002) The emerging synthesis’: the archaeogenetics of farming/language dispersals and other spread zones. In: Bellwood P, Renfrew C (eds) Examining the farming language dispersal hypothesis. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 3–16
Rollefson G, Simmons A, Donaldson M, Gillespie W, Kafafi Z, Kohler-Rollefson I, McAdam E, Ralston S, Tubb K (1985) Excavations at the pre-pottery Neolithic B village of 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan), 1983. Mitt Dtsch Orient-Ges Berlin 117:69–116
Russell J, Booth A, Fuller F, Harrower B, Hedley P, Machray G, Powell W (2004) A comparison of sequence-based polymorphism and haplotype content in transcribed and anonymous regions of the barley genome. Genome 47:389–398
Saisho D, Purugganan MD (2007) Molecular phylogeny of domesticated barley traces expansion of agriculture in the Old World. Genetics 177:1765–1776
Sakamura T (1918) Kurze Mitteilung über die Chromosomenzahlen und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Triticum Arten. Bot Mag Tokyo 32:151–154
Salamini F, Özkan H, Brandolini A, Schäfer-Pregl R, Martin W (2002) Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the Near East. Nat Rev Genet 3:429–441
Salamini F, Heun M, Brandolini A, Ozkan H, Wunder J (2004) Comment on “AFLP data and the origins of domesticated crops”. Genome 47:615–620
Sax K, Sax MJ (1924) Chromosome behaviour in a genus cross. Genetics 9:454–464
Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. Res Bull Missouri Agric Exp Stn 572:1–57
Schiemann E (1939) Gedanken zur Genzentrentheorie Vavilovs. Naturwissenschaften 27:377–401
Schmidt K (2001) Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary report on the 1995–1999 excavations. Paleorient 26:45–54
Schmidt K (2006) Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. Beck, München
Shao Q, Li C, Basang C (1983) Semi-wild wheat from Xizang (Tibet). In: Sakamoto S (ed) Proceedings of the 6th international wheat genetics symposium, Kyoto, 1983. Plant Germ-Plasm Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, pp 111–114
Slageren van MW (1994) Wild wheats: a monograph of Aegilops L. and Amblyopyrum (Jaub. and Spach) Eig (Poaceae). Agriculture University Papers, Wageningen
Takahashi R (1955) The origin of cultivated barley. In: Demerec M (ed) Advances in genetics. Academic, New York, pp 227–266
Taketa S, Kikuchi S, Awayama T, Yamamoto S, Ichii M, Kawasaki S (2004) Monophyletic origin of naked barley inferred from molecular analyses of a marker closely linked to the naked caryopsis gene (nud). Theor Appl Genet 108:1236–1242
Talbert LE, Smith LY, Blake NK (1998) More than one origin of hexaploid wheat is indicated by sequence comparison of low-copy DNA. Genome 41:402–407
Tanno K, Takeda K (2004) On the origin of six-rowed barley with brittle rachis, agriocrithon [Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare f. agriocrithon (Åberg) Bowd.], based on a DNA marker closely linked to the vrs1 (six-row gene) locus. Theor Appl Genet 110:145–150
Tanno K, Willcox G (2006) How fast was wild wheat domesticated? Science 311:1886
Thuillet A-C, Bru D, David J, Roumet P, Santoni S, Sourdille P, Bataillon T (2002) Direct estimation of mutation rate for 10 microsatellite loci in durum wheat, Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. Ssp durum desf. Mol Biol Evol 19:122–125
Thuillet A-C, Bataillon T, Poirier S, Santoni S, David JL (2005) Estimation of long-term effective population sizes through the history of durum wheat using microsatellite data. Genetics 169:1589–1599
Vaccino P, Becker H-A, Brandolini A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2009) A catalogue of T. monococcum genes encoding toxic and immunogenic peptides for celiac disease patients. Mol Genet Genom 281:289–300
Vader WL, Stepniak DT, Bunnik EM, Kooy YMC, De Haan W, Drijfhout JW, Van Veelen P, Koning F (2003) Characterization of cereal toxicity for celiac disease patients based on protein homology in grains. Gastroenterology 125:1105–1113
van Zeist W (1970) The oriental institute excavations at Mureybit, Syria: preliminary report on the 1965 campaign. Part III. Palaeobotany. J Near East Stud 29:167–176
van Zeist W, de Roller GJ (1991–1992) The plant husbandry of aceramic Cayönü, S.E. Turkey. Palaeohistorica 33/34:65–96
Vavilov NI (1926) Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Institut Botanique Appliqué et d'Amelioration des Plantes, Leningrad
Vavilov NI (1992) Origin and geography of cultivated plants. (D. Love, transl.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 316–366
von Bothmer R, van Hintum T, Knüpffer H, Sato K (eds) (2003) Diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Elsevier, Amsterdam
von Humboldt A (1806) Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer. Cotta’sche Buchhandlung, Tübingen
Weiss E, Kislev ME, Hartmann A (2006) Autonomous cultivation before domestication. Science 312:1608–1610
Wicker T, Schlagenhauf E, Graner A, Close TJ, Keller B, Stein N (2006) 454 sequencing put to the test using the complex genome of barley. BMC Genomics 7:275
Wieser H, Koehler P (2008) The biochemical basis of celiac disease. Cereal Chem 85:1–13
Willcox G (1996) Evidence for plant exploitation and vegetation history from three early Neolithic pre-pottery sites on the Euphrates (Syria). Veget Hist Archaeobot 5:143–152
Willcox G (1998) Archaeobotanical evidence for the beginnings of agriculture in southwest Asia. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 25–38
Willcox G (2005) The distribution, natural habitats and availability of wild cereals in relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:534–541
Willcox G, Fornite S, Herveux L (2008) Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in northern Syria. Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:313–325
Wright SI, Vroh I, Schroeder SG, Yamasaki M, Doebley JF, McMullen MD, Gaut BS (2005) The effects of artificial selection on the maize genome. Science 308:1310–1314
Zhang W, Qu LJ, Gu H, Gao W, Liu M, Chen J, Chen Z (2002) Studies on the origin and evolution of tetraploid wheats based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Theor Appl Genet 104:1099–1106
Zohary D (1999) Monophyletic vs. polyphyletic origin of the crops on which agriculture was founded in the Near East. Genet Res Crop Evol 46:133–142
Zohary D, Hopf M (2000) Domestication of plants in the old world. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Acknowledgments
We thank Sigi Effgen, Isabell Fuchs, Jutta Schütze, Charlotte Bulich, and Marianne Haberscheid for excellent technical assistance and Margit Pasemann, Birgit Thron, Marianne Limpert, Elke Bohlscheid, and Katiuscia Ceron for administrative support during the last years. We are grateful to the MPIZ sequence facilities (ADIS) headed by Bernd Weisshaar. We thank Maarten Koornneef, George Coupland, Moshe Feldman, Andrea Brandolini, Klaus Schmidt (DAI), and Andreas Graner for valuable suggestions. This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SPP 1127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendices
List of our publications resulting from the SPP 1127
-
Vaccino P, Becker H-A, Brandolini A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2009) A catalogue of T. monococcum genes encoding toxic and immunogenic peptides for celiac disease patients. Mol Genet Genom 281:289–300
-
Kilian B, Özkan H, Pozzi C, Salamini F (2009) Domestication of the Triticeae in the Fertile Crescent. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer G (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae. Plant genetics and genomics: crops and Models 7, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, pp 81–119
-
Goncharov NP, Golovnina KA, Kilian B, Glushkov S, Blinov A, Shumny VK (2008) Evolutionary history of wheats - the main cereal of mankind. In: Dobretsov N, Kolchanov N, Rozanov A, Zavarzin G (eds) Biosphere origin and evolution. Springer, Berlin, pp 407–419
-
Altintas S, Toklu F, Kafkas S, Kilian B, Brandolini A, Özkan H (2008) Estimating genetic diversity in durum and bread wheat cultivars from Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL markers. Plant Breeding 127:9–14
-
Kilian B, Özkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. Mol Biol Evol 24:2657–2668.
-
Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Torun A, Altintas S, Eker S, Kilian B, Braun H, Salamini F, Cakmak I (2007) Natural variation and identification of microelements content in seeds of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum). In: Buck HT, Nisi JE, Salomon N, (eds) Wheat production in stressed environments. Springer, Berlin, pp 455–462.
-
Kilian B, Özkan H, Deusch O, Effgen S, Brandolini A, Kohl J, Martin W, Salamini F (2007) Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes. Mol Biol Evol 24:217–227
-
Kilian B, Ozkan H, Kohl J, von Haeseler A, Barale F, Deusch O, Brandolini A, Yucel C, Martin W, Salamini F (2006) Haplotype structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool bottlenecks, phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication. Mol Genet Genom 276:230–241
-
Brandolini A, Vaccino P, Boggini G, Ozkan H, Kilian B, Salamini F. 2006. Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats. Genome 49:297–305
Invited Lectures and Data Presented from the SPP 1127
05/2003 | Bad Honnef, DFG SPP1127 “Radiations: origins of biological diversity” |
09/2003 | Wernigerode, DFG SPP1127 “Radiations: origins of biological diversity” |
05/2004 | Bad Honnef, DFG SPP1127 “Radiations: origins of biological diversity” |
07/2005 | University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey |
08/2005 | Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russia |
09/2005 | Bad Honnef, DFG SPP1127 “Radiations: origins of biological diversity” |
09/2005 | MPIZ Cologne |
10/2006 | 5. Plant Genomics European Meetings, Venice, Italy |
08/2007 | MPIZ Cologne |
11/2007 | IPK Gatersleben |
01/2008 | University Kassel |
04/2008 | Systematics 2008, Göttingen, two talks |
06/2008 | Bad Honnef, DFG SPP1127 “Radiations: origins of biological diversity” |
06/2008 | EPSO Conference 2008, Toulon, France |
09/2008 | Harlan II (Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, & Sustainability) University of California, Davis, USA |
10/2008 | GPZ Göttingen (German Society of Plant Breeding), Kurt-von-Rümker Symposium |
10/2008 | University Halle, Department of Botany |
Conferences Attended and Data Presented from the SPP 1127
10/2006 | 5. Plant GEMs Venice, Italy |
04/2007 | Aaronsohn-ITMI Conference, Tiberias, Israel |
04/2008 | Systematics 2008, Göttingen, Germany |
06/2008 | EPSO Conference 2008, Toulon, France |
09/2008 | Harlan II, US Davis, California, USA |
10/2008 | GPZ Symposium “Biodiversity in Plant Production” (German Society of Plant Breeding), Göttingen, Germany |
Collaborations Resulted from the SPP 1127
-
Özkan H, Department of Field Crops, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
-
Coupland G and von Korff M, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
-
Pillen K, Department of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
-
Brandolini A and Vaccino P, CRA-Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, S. Angelo Lodigiano, Italy
-
David J, DIAPC Montpellier Supagro, France
-
Badaeva E and Konovalov F, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
-
Blattner F and Jakob S, IPK Gatersleben
-
Walther A, Regional Climate Group, Earth Sciences Centre, Göteborg University, Sweden
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kilian, B., Martin, W., Salamini, F. (2010). Genetic Diversity, Evolution and Domestication of Wheat and Barley in the Fertile Crescent. In: Glaubrecht, M. (eds) Evolution in Action. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12424-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12425-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)