Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops produced by genetic engineering continue to increase in production worldwide. In 2007, 23 countries produced 282.3 million acres of GM crops, up 30.3 million acres since 2006 [International Service of AgriBiotech Applications (ISAAA)]. The US ranks first in GM crop production, followed by Argentina, Brazil and Canada, in that order. The potential for economic and social gain from the production of GM crops is generally greater in developing countries/economies, since there is usually a higher incidence of disease/pests and larger potential for yield increase (Abdalla et al. 2003; Qaim 2005). According to Nossal et al. (2008), GM crop production in 2007 increased by 20% in countries with emerging economies versus 6% in developed countries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AAFC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (1994) Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits, regulatory directive 94-08. AAFC, Ottawa
Abdalla A, Berry P, Connell P, Tran Q, Buetre B (2003) Agricultural biotechnology: potential for use in developing countries. ABARE eReport, vol 03.17. Canberra, Australia
APHIS (2000) Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/pdf/AgRiskProtAct2000.pdf
Barrett K, Abergel E (2000) Genetically engineered crops. Breeding familiarity: environmental risk assessment for genetically engineered crops in Canada. Sci Public Policy 27:2–12
Belson N (2000) US regulation of agricultural biotechnology: an overview. AgBioForum 3:268–280
Berg P, Baltimore D, Brenner S, Roblin RO, Singer MF (1981) Summary statement of the Asilomar Conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1981–1984
Dale PJ (2002) The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops: a review. J Agr Sci 138:245–248
Department of Justice Canada (1983) Feeds Act. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/F-9///en
Department of Justice Canada (1985a) Food and Drugs Act. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFul-lDoc/cs/F-27///en
Department of Justice Canada (1985b) Seeds Act. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/S-8///en
Department of Justice Canada (1999) Canadian Environmental Protection Act. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-15.31/text.html
Haniotis T (2000) Regulating agri-food production in the US and the EU. AgBioForum 3:84–86
Herrera-Estrella L, Depicker A, van Montagu M, Shell J (1983) Expression of chimaeric genes transferred into plant cells using a Ti-plasmid-derived vector. Nature 303:209–213
ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications). http://www.isaaa.org
Kalaitzandonakes N (2000) Why does biotech regulation differ so much between the EU and the US? AgBioForum 3:75–76
McHughen A, Smyth S (2008) US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars. Plant Biotechnol J 6:2–12
Morris S (2006) EU biotech crop regulations and environmental risk: a case of the emperor's new clothes? Trends Biotechnol 25(1):2–6, Jan 2007
NIH (US National Institute of Health) (1983) Risk assessment in the federal government. Managing the process. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
NIH (National Institutes of Health) (1976) Recombinant DNA research. Guidelines. Federal Register 41, 27902, 27911–27943
NIH (1978) Guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA molecules. Fed Regist 43 (60):108
Nossal K, Abdalla A, Curtotti R, Tran QT, Brown A (2008) GM crops in emerging economies. Research Report 08.3. www.abare.gov.au
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (1982) Biotechnology, international trends and perspectives. OECD, Paris, France
Official Journal of the European Communities (2001) Directive 2001/18/ec of the European Parliament and of the Council. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:106:0001:0038:EN:PDF
Official Journal of the European Communities (2003) Directive 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council. http://www.gmo-compass.org/pdf/law/1829-2003.pdf
Qaim M (2005) Agricultural biotechnology adoption in developing countries. Am J Agr Econ 87:1317–1324
Ramjouè C (2007) The transatlantic rift in genetically modified food policy. J Agr Environ Ethics 20:419–436
Schell J, van Montagu M, Holsters M, Zambryski P, Joos H, Inze D, Herrera-Estrella L, Depicker A, de Block M, Caplan A, Dhaese P, Van Haute E, Hernalsteens JP, de Greve H, Leemans J, Deblaere R, Willmitzer L, Schroder J, Otten L (1983) Ti plasmids as experimental gene vectors for plants. Advances in gene technology: molecular genetics of plants and animals. Miami Winter Symp 20:191–209
Smyth S, McHughen A (2008) Regulating innovative crop technologies in Canada: the case of regulating genetically modified crops. Plant Biotechnol J 6:213–225
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chamberlin, K.D.C. (2010). Deployment: Regulations and Steps for Commercialization. In: Kole, C., Michler, C.H., Abbott, A.G., Hall, T.C. (eds) Transgenic Crop Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04812-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04812-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04811-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04812-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)