Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Brewer Spectrophotometer

  • Chapter
UV Radiation in Global Climate Change

Abstract

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, concerns were raised regarding the vulnerability of stratospheric ozone to anthropogenic activities and the consequential increase of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at the earth’s surface. These concerns prompted the development of new scientific instrumentation for monitoring the state of the ozone layer and levels of surface UV radiation. Included in the list of instrumentation is the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer. The Brewer spectrophotometer has now been in operation at some sites for more than 25 years and has participated in numerous specialized field campaigns. Site instruments have been stable over long periods of time and function reliably in unattended operation for periods of several days under a wide range of operating conditions. The Brewer spectrophotometer has proven to be a valuable scientific tool that has made significant contributions to our understanding of the ozone layer and the dependence of surface UV radiation on stratospheric ozone and other atmospheric variables. This chapter discusses the history of the development of the Brewer spectrophotometer, describes the design and operation of the instrument, outlines the methods and algorithms used to measure the geophysical variables, and reviews some scientific results of operational and specialized measurements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arola A, and Koskela T (2004) On the sources of bias in aerosol optical depth retrieval in the UV range. J. Geophys. Res. 109:D08209, DOI:10.1029/2003JD004375

    Google Scholar 

  • Bais AF (1997) Absolute spectral measurements of direct solar ultraviolet irradiance with a Brewer spectrophotometer. Appl. Opt. 36(21): 5199–5204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bais AF, Zerefos CS, Meleti C, and Ziomas IC (1994) Comparison of UV-B measurements performed with a Brewer spectrophotometer and a new UVB-1 broadband detector. In: Hudson RD (ed) Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Charlottesville, VA, 1992. NASA Conference Publication 3266: 786–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Bais AF, Zerefos CS, and McElroy CT (1996) Solar UVB measurements with the double-and single-monochromator Brewer ozone spectrophotometers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23: 833–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basi AF, Kazadzis S, Balis D, Zerefos CS, and Blumthaler M (1998) Correcting global solar ultraviolet spectra recorded by a Brewer spectroradiometer for its angular response error. Appl. Opt. 37: 6339–6344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bais AF, Gardiner BG, Slaper H, Blumthaler M, Bernhard G, McKenzie R, Webb AR, Seckmeyer G, Kjeldstad B, Koskela T, Kirsch PJ, Gröbner J, Kerr JB, Kazadzis S, Leszcznski K, Wardle D, Josefsson W, Brogniez C, Gillotay D, Reinen H, Weihs P, Svenøe T, Eriksen P, Kuik F, and Redondas A (2001) SUSPEN intercomparison of ultraviolet spectroradiometers. J. Geophys. Res. (106): 12509–12525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bais AF, Kazadtzis S, Garane K, Kouremeti N, Gröbner J, Blumthaler M, Seckmeyer G, Webb AR, Koskela T, Görtz P, and Schreder J (2005) Portable device for characterizing the angular response of UV spectroradiometers. Appl. Opt. 44: 7136–7143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass AM, and Paur RJ (1985) The ultraviolet cross-sections of ozone, I, The measurements, in atmospheric ozone. In: Zerefos CS, Ghazi A, Reidel D (eds) Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Halkidiki, Greece, 1984. Dordrecht, Holland, pp.606–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates DR (1984) Rayleigh scattering by air. Planet. Space Sci. 32: 785–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer AW (1973) A replacement for the Dobson spectrophotometer? PAGEOPH 106–108: 919–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer AW, and Kerr JB (1973) Total ozone measurements in cloudy weather. PAGEOPH 106–108: 928–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer AW, McElroy CT, and Kerr JB (1973) Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Nature 246: 129–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brion J, Chakir A, Daumont D, Malicet J, and Parisse C (1993) High-resolution laboratory absorption cross section of O3: Temperature effect. Chem. Phys. Lett. 213: 610–612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho F, anb Henriques D (2000) Use of the Brewer spectrophotometer for aerosol optical depth measurements in the UV region. Adv. Space Res. 25: 997–1006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cede A, Labow G, Kowalewski M, Krotkov N, and Dubovik O (2003) Deriving aerosol parameters from absolute UV sky radiance measurements using a Brewer double spectrometer. In: Slusser JR, Herman JR, Gao W (eds) Ultraviolet Ground-and Space-based measurements, Models, and Effects III. San Diego, CA. Proc. SPIE 5156: 323–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Cede A, Labow G, Kowalewski M, and Herman J (2004) The effect of polarization sensitivity of Brewer spectrometers on direct sun measurements. In: Slusser JR, Herman JR, Gao W (eds) Ultraviolet Ground-and Space-Based Measurements, Models, and Effects III. Denver, CO. Proc. SPIE 5545: 131–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Cede A, Kowalewski M, Kazadzis S, Bais A, Kouremeti N, Blumthaler M, and Herman J (2006a) Correction of direct irradiance measurements of Brewer spectrophotometers due to the effect of internal polarization. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33:L02806, DOI:10.1029/2005GL024860

    Google Scholar 

  • Cede A, Herman J, Richter A, Krotkov N, and Burrows J (2006b) Measurements of nitrogen dioxide total column amounts using a Brewer double spectrophotometer in direct sun mode. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D05304, DOI:10.1029/2005JD006585

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheymol A, and De Backer H (2003) Retrieval of the aerosol optical depth in the UVB at Uccle from Brewer ozone measurements over a long time period-1984–2002. J. Geophys. Res. 108:4800, DOI:10.1029/2003JD003758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson GMB (1957) Observers’ handbook for the ozone spectrophotometer. Ann. Int. Geophys. Year 5, 1: 46–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Fastie WG (1952) A small plane grating monochromator. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 42: 641–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fioletov VE, Kerr JB, and Wardle DI (1997) The relationship between total ozone and spectral UV irradiance and its use for deriving total ozone from UV measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 2977–3000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fioletov VE, Kerr JB, Wardle DI, Krotkov N, and Herman JR (2002) Comparison of Brewer ultraviolet irradiance measurements with total ozone mapping satellite retrievals Opt. Eng. 41(12): 3051–3161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fioletov VE, Kerr JB, McElroy CT, Wardle DI, Savastiouk V, and Grajnar TS (2005) The Brewer reference triad. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32:L20805, DOI:10.1029/ 2005GL024244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garane K, Bais AF, Kazadzis S, Kazantzidis A, and Meleti C (2006) Monitoring of UV spectral irradiance at Thessaloniki (1990–2005): Data re-evaluation and quality control. Ann. Geophys. 24: 3215–3228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gotz FWP, Meetham AR, and Dobson GMB (1934) The vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. Proc. R. Soc. London A 145: 416–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gröbner J (2003) Improved entrance optic for global irradiance measurements with a Brewer spectrophotometer. Appl. Opt. 42: 3516–3521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröbner J, and Kerr JB (2001) Ground-based determinations of the spectral ultraviolet extraterrestrial solar irradiance: Providing a link between space-based and ground-based solar UV measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 7211–7217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröbner J, and Meleti C (2004) Aerosol optical depth in the UVB and visible wavelength range from Brewer spectrophotometer direct irradiance measurements: 1991–2002. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D09202, 10.1029/2003JD004409

    Google Scholar 

  • Gröbner J, Wardle DI, McElroy CT, and Kerr JB (1998) Investigation of the wavelength accuracy of Brewer spectrophotometers. Appl. Opt. 37(36): 8352–8360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröbner J, Vergaz R, Cachorro VE, Henriques DV, Lamb K, Redondas A, Vilaplana JM, and Rembges D (2001) Intercomparison of aerosol optical depth measurements in the UVB using Brewer spectrophotometers and a Li-Cor spectrophotometer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28: 1691–1694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustin GP, Sokolenko SA, Dudko BG, and Lagutina VV (1985) Ozonometer M-124, (in Russian) Tr. Glav. Geofiz. Obs. im. A. I. Voeikova 499: 60–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann D, Bonasoni P, De Maziere M, Evangelisti F, Giovanelli G, Goldman A, Goutail F, Harder J, Jakoubek R, Johnston P, Kerr J, Matthews WA, McElroy T, Mckenzie R, Mount G, Platt U, Pommereau JP, Sarkissian A, Simon P, Solomon S, Stutz J, Thomas A, Van Roozendael M, and Wu E (1995) Intercomparison of UV/visible spectrometers for measurements of stratospheric NO2 for the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 16765–16791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito T, Sakoda Y, Matsubara K, Kajihara R, Uekubo T, Kobayashi M, Shitamichi M, Euno T, and Ito M (1994) UV-B radiation amplication factor determined based on the simultaneous observation of total ozone and global spectral irradiance In: Hudson RD (ed) Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlottesville, VA, 1992. NASA Conference Publication 3266: 657–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaroslawski J, and Krzyscin JW (2000) Aerosol optical depth in the UV range derived from direct sun ozone observations performed by the Brewer spectrophotometer Mark II. No 064, Belsk, Poland. Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Natl. Space Dev. Agency of Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaroslawski JP, and Krzyscin JW (2005) Importance of aerosol variations for surface UV-B level: Analysis of ground-based data taken at Belsk, Poland, 1992–2004. J. Geophys. Res. 110:D16201, 10.1029/2005JD005951

    Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson WAP (1992) Focused sun observations using a Brewer ozone spectrophotometer. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 15813–15819

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazadzis S, Bais A, Kouremeti N, Gerasopoulos E, Garane K, Blumthaler M, Schallhart B, and Cede A (2005) Direct spectral measurements with a Brewer spectroradiometer: absolute calibration and aerosol optical depth retrieval. Appl. Opt. 44: 1681–1690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazadzis S, Bais AF, Amiridis V, Balis D, Meleti C, Kouremeti B, Zerefos CS, Rapsomanikis S, Petrakakis N, Kelesis A, Tzoumaka P, and Kelektsoglou K (2007) Nine years of UV aerosol optical depth measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 2091–2101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (1973) Short-time period fluctuations in the total ozone PAGEOPH 106–108: 977–980

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (1989a) Observations of Arctic total ozone with the Brewer spectrophotometer during the polar winter using the moon as a light source. In: Bojkov RD, Fabian P, Deepak A (eds) Ozone in the Atmosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial International Ozone Symposium, Hampton, VA, pp. 728–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (1989b) Ground-based measurements of nitrogen dioxide using the Brewer spectrophotometer. In: Bojkov RD, Fabian P, Deepak A (eds) Ozone in the Atmosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial International Ozone Symposium, Hampton, VA, pp.340–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (1994) Decreasing ozone causes health concern. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 514A–518A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (1997) Observed dependencies of atmospheric UV radiation and trends. In: Zerefos CS, Bais AF (eds) Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Modeling, Measurements, and Effects. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, 52: 259–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB (2002) New methodology for deriving total ozone and other atmospheric variables from Brewer spectrophotometer direct sun spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 107: D23, 4731, DOI:10.1029/2001JD001227

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, JB, and McElroy CT (1993) Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion. Science 272: 1032–1034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, and Davis JM (2007) New methodology applied to deriving total ozone and other atmospheric variables from global irradiance spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D21301, DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, McElroy CT, and Olafson RA (1981) Measurements of ozone with the Brewer spectrophotometer. In: London J (ed) Proceedings of the Quadrennial International Ozone Symposium. Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, pp.74–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, Evans WFJ, and Mateer CL (1982) Measurements of SO2 in the Mount St. Helens debris. In: Deepak A (ed) Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens. NASA Conference Publication 2240, Hampton, VA, pp.219–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, Evans WFJ, and Asbridge IA (1985) Recalibration of Dobson field spectrophotometers with a traveling Brewer spectrophotometer standard. In: Zerefos CS, Ghazi A, Reidel D (eds) Atmospheric Ozone. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Halkidiki, Greece, 1984. Dordrecht, Holland, pp.381–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, Asbridge IA, and Evans WFJ (1988) Intercomparison of total ozone measured by the Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers at Toronto. J. Geophys. Res. 93: 11129–11140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JB, Fast H, McElroy CT, Oltmans SJ, Lathrop JA, Kyro E, Paukkunen A, Claude H, Köhler U, Sreedharan CR, Takao T, and Tsukagosji Y (1994) The 1991 WMO international ozonesonde intercomparison at Vanscoy, Canada. Atmos. Ocean 32: 685–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff VWJH, Silva AA, Costa CA, Paes Leme N, Pavão HG, and Zaratti F (2001) UV-B optical thickness observations of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 2963–2973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komhyr WD, Grass RD, Evans RD, and Leonard RK (1989) Results of international Dobson and Brewer spectrometer calibrations, Arosa, Switzerland. In: Bojkov RD, Fabian P, Deepak A (eds) Ozone in the Atmosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial International Ozone Symposium. Hampton, VA, pp.776–779

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger AJ (1983) Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Science 220: 1377–1378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger AJ, Walter LS, Bhartia PK, Schnetzler CC, Krotkov NA, Sprod I, and Bluth GJS (1995) Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the total ozone mapping spectrometer instruments, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 14057–14076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margitan JJ, Barnes RA, Brothers GB, Butler J, Burris J, Connor BJ, Ferrare RA, Kerr JB, Komhyr WD, McCormick MP, McDermid IS, McElroy CT, McGee TJ, Miller AJ, Owens M, Parrish AD, Parsons CL, Torres AL, Tsou JJ, Walsh TD, and Whiteman D (1995) Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (STOIC) 1989: Overview. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 9193–9207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mateer CL, Kerr JB, and Evans WFJ (1984) Ozone profiles derived from Umkehr observations obtained with the Brewer ozone spectrophotometer. In: Zerefos CS, Ghazi A, Reidel D (eds) Atmospheric Ozone. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Halkidiki, Greece, 1984. Dordrecht, Holland, pp.407–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer B, Kylling A, Madronich S, and Seckmeyer G (1998) Enhanced absorption of UV radiation due to multiple scattering in clouds: Experimental evidence and theoretical explanation. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 31241–31254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy CT, and Kerr JB (1995) Table Mountain ozone intercomparison: Brewer ozone spectrophotometer Umkehr observations. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 9293–9300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGee TJ, and Burris Jr J (1987) SO2 absorption cross sections in the near UV. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 37: 165–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meleti C, and Cappellani F (2000) Measurements of aerosol optical depth at Ispra: Analysis of the correlation with UV-B, UV-A, and total solar irradiance. J. Geophys. Res. 105: 4971–4978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina LT, and Molina MJ (1986) Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185 to 350 nm wavelength range. J. Geophys. Res. 91: 14501–14508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons CL, Gerlach JC, Williams ME, and Kerr JB (1981) Preliminary results of an intercomparison of total ozone spectrophotometers. In: London J (ed) Proceedings of the Quadrennial International Ozone Symposium. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, pp. 80–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer SJ, Kerr JB, Millan MM, Realmuto VJ, Krueger AJ, Krotkov NA, Seftor C, and Sprod IE (1997) Geophysicists unite to validate volcanic SO2 measurements. EOS Trans. AGU 78(21): 217–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siani AM, Benevento G, and Casale GR (2003) Temperature dependence of Brewer UV measurements at Rome station. In: Slusser JR, Herman JR, Gao W (eds) Ultraviolet Ground-and Space-Based Measurements, Models, and Effects III, August 2003, San Diego, CA. Proc. SPIE 5156: 355–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanskanen A, Lindfors A, Määttä A, Krotkov N, Herman J, Kaurola J, Koskela T, Lakkala K, Fioletov V, Bernhard G, McKenzie R, Kondo Y, O’Neill M, Slaper H, den Outer P, Bais AF, and Tamminen J. (2007) Validation of daily erythemal doses from Ozone Monitoring Instrument with ground-based UV measurement data. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D24S44, DOI:10.1029/2007/ 2007JD008830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson A, Early EA, DeLuisi J, Disterhoft P, Wardle D, Kerr J, Rives J, Sun Y, Lucas T, Mestechkina T, and Neale P (1997) The 1994 North American interagency intercomparison of ultraviolet monitoring spectroradiometers. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 102: 279–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzortziou M, Krotkov NA, Cede A, Herman JR, Vassilkov A. A new technique for retrieval of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone profiles using sky radiance measurements at multiple view angles — Application to a Brewer spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandersee W, and Köhler U (1994) UV observations with a Brewer spectrophotometer at Hohenpeissenberg. In: Hudson RD (ed) Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Charlottesville, VA, June 1992. NASA Conference Publication 3266: 742–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardle DI (1965) The measurement of atmospheric ozone at night. PhD Thesis, Cambridge University, Trinity College, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardle DI, McElroy CT, Kerr JB, Wu E, and Lamb K (1997) Laboratory tests on the double Brewer spectrophotometer. In: Bojkov RD, Visconti G (eds) Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, L’Aquila, Italy, 1996, pp. 997–1000

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead E, Theisen D, Stevermer A, Enagonio J, Rabinovitch B, Disterhoft P, Lantz K, Meltzer R, Sabburg J, DeLuisi J, Rives J, and Shreffler J (2001) Temperature dependence of the Brewer ultraviolet data. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 34121–34129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb AR, Bais AF, Blumthaler M, Gobbi GP, Kylling A, Schmitt R, Thiel S, Barnaba F, Danielsen T, Junkermann W, Kazantzidis A, Kelly P, Kift R, Liberti GL, Misslbeck M, Schallhart B, Schreder J, and Topaloglou C (2002) Measuring spectral actinic flux and irradiance: Experimental results from the Actinic Flux Determination from Measurements of Irradiance (ADMIRA) project. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech. 19: 1049–1062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1994) Second WMO consultation on measurements by Brewer spectrophotometer, Charlottesville, VA, June, 1992. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 30, p.56

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO (2006) The Ninth Biennial WMO Consultation on Brewer Spectrophotometer Operation, Calibration, and Data Reporting, Delft, The Netherlands, May–June, 2005. Global Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 175, p.69

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO (2007) Scientific assessment of ozone depletion, 2006. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 50, p.572

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scientist Emeritus of Environment Canada, 4396 Kingscote Road, V0R 1N2, Cowichan Bay, British Columbia

    James B. Kerr

Authors
  1. James B. Kerr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, USA

    Wei Gao  & James R. Slusser  & 

  2. Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service, Waterfront Centre, Ste.3422 800 9th Street SW, Washington DC, 20024, USA

    Daniel L. Schmoldt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kerr, J.B. (2010). The Brewer Spectrophotometer. In: Gao, W., Slusser, J.R., Schmoldt, D.L. (eds) UV Radiation in Global Climate Change. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03313-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation