Abstract
The fight against the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports has been in effect for nearly 90 years. The formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 was a major event because an independent agency was entrusted with harmonization of the antidoping program. In addition to sports governing bodies, governments have endorsed WADA and its programs by signing a United Nations Education, Science, and Cultural Organization Convention on Doping. The first step in the harmonization process was the development of the World Anti-Doping Program. This program consisted of five documents – the Code, the International Standard for Testing, the International Standard for Laboratories, the Prohibited List, and the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions – which unified the approach of the international federations and national antidoping agencies in applying antidoping rules. For laboratory testing, the International Standard for Laboratories establishes the performance expectations for and competence of laboratories recognized by WADA, including accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025. The antidoping rules are adjudicated by arbitration using the internationally recognized Court of Arbitration for Sport.
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Acknowledgements
In the preparation of this article I benefited from many conversations and comments from colleagues in the legal profession. I particularly would like to acknowledge the thoughtful input of my daughter, Kimberly Bowers, M.A., J.D.
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Bowers, L.D. (2010). Science and the Rules Governing Anti-Doping Violations. In: Thieme, D., Hemmersbach, P. (eds) Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 195. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_21
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