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M10 Heat Transfer and Momentum Flux in Rarefied Gases

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VDI Heat Atlas

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1 Introduction

Footnote 1Within the kinetic theory of gases heat transfer and flow processes of rarefied gases are described by the Boltzmann equation [1−14]. To this nonlinear integro-differential equation belong two characteristic lengths, namely the mean free path l of the molecules and a macroscopic length L characteristic for the body dimensions. The ratio of these quantities gives the Knudsen number

$${\rm Kn} = l/L$$
((1))

as dimensionless parameter. At normal density, the mean free path is of the order of 10−7 m. In many technical applications, it can therefore be assumed that one has for the Knudsen number \({\rm Kn} \ll 1\). The term “rarefied gases” means that l is not negligibly small in comparison with L. This condition is often fulfilled at low density of the surrounding air, as for example in the higher layers of the earth's atmosphere. Similar conditions occur in vacuum or space technology. It should be mentioned that large values of the Knudsen number occur at normal...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    †Deceased

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  1. Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

    Arnold Frohn, Norbert Roth & Klaus Anders†

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    Frohn, A., Roth, N., Anders†, K. (2010). M10 Heat Transfer and Momentum Flux in Rarefied Gases. In: VDI Heat Atlas. VDI-Buch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77877-6_103

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