Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Gallbladder Cancer, and Cholangiocarcinoma

  • Chapter
Radiation Oncology

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

Abstract

Hepatobiliary carcinomas represent tumors that originate either from the gallbladder, the liver parenchyma, or bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma). Hepatocellular cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the world and most common in men aged 50–60 years. The strongest risk factor for hepatocellular cancer is cirrhosis (risk of hepatocellular cancer is at 1%–2% per year) (Fattovich et al. 1995). Cirrhosis can be caused by viral infections including hepatitis B or C. Alcohol and hemochromatosis are other causes of cirrhosis. Aflatoxins and hepatitis itself (independent of underlying cirrhosis) are also strong risk factors for hepatocellular cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S, Amadori D, Santoro A, Figer A, De Greve J, Douillard JY, Lathia C, Schwartz B, Taylor I, Moscovici M, Saltz LB (2006) Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:4293–4300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Aretxabala XA, Roa IS, Burgos LA et al. (1997) Curative resection in potentially resectable tumours of the gallbladder. Eur J Surg 163:419–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arii S, Yamaoka Y, Futagawa S, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Kojiro M, Makuuchi M, Nakamura Y, Okita K, Yamada R (2000) Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for smallsized hepatocellular carcinomas: a retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Hepatology 32:1224–1229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David MA, Griffith KA, Abu-Isa E et al. (2006) Externalbeam radiotherapy for localized extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:772–779

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Josef E, Normolle D, Ensminger WD et al. (2005) Phase II trial of high-dose conformal radiation therapy with concurrent hepatic artery floxuridine for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 23:8739–8747

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borgelt BB, Gelber R, Brady LW et al. (1981) The palliation of hepatic metastases: results of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7:587–591

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruix J, Llovet JM (2002) Prognostic prediction and treatment strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 35(3):519–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buskirk SJ, Gunderson LL, Schild SE, Bender CE, Williams HJ Jr, McIlrath DC, Robinow JS, Tremaine WJ, Martin JK Jr (1992) Analysis of failure after curative irradiation of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Ann Surg 215:125–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo FA, Meirino RM; Orecchia R (2006) Intraoperative radiation therapy first part: rationale and techniques. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 59:106–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators (2000) Prospective validation of the CLIP score: a new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 31:840–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casamassima F, Cavedon C, Francescon P, Stancanello J, Avanzo M, Cora S, Scalchi P (2006) Use of motion tracking in stereotactic body radiotherapy: Evaluation of uncertainty in off-target dose distribution and optimization strategies Acta Oncol 45:943–947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cubertafond P, Mathonnet M, Gainant A, Launois B (1999) Radical surgery for gallbladder cancer. Results of the French Surgical Association Survey. Hepatogastroenterology 46:1567–1571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cupp JS, Koong AC, Fisher GA, Norton JA, Goodman KA (2008) Tissue effects after stereotactic body radiotherapy using cyberknife for patients with abdominal malignancies. Clin Oncol 20:69–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czito BG, Hurwitz HI, Clough RW et al. (2005) Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy after resection of primary gallbladder carcinoma: a 23-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:1030–1034

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson LA, Normolle D, Balter JM et al. (2002) Analysis of radiation-induced liver disease using the Lyman NTCP model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53:810–821

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson LA, Ten Haken RK (2005) Partial volume tolerance of the liver to radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol 15:279–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A et al. (1991) Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21:109–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fattovich G, Giustina G, Schalm SW, Hadziyannis S, Sanchez-Tapias J, Almasio P, Christensen E, Krogsgaard K, Degos F, Carneiro de Moura M (1995) Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in western European patients with cirrhosis type B. The EUROHEP Study Group on Hepatitis B Virus and Cirrhosis. Hepatology 21:77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro V, Dredge K, Liu L et al. (2007) PI-88 and novel heparan sulfate mimetics inhibit angiogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 33:557–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fong Y, Brennan MF, Turnbull A, Colt DG, Blumgart LH (1993) Gallbladder cancer discovered during laparoscopic surgery. Potential for iatrogenic tumor dissemination. Arch Surg 128:1054–1056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz P, Brambs HJ, Schraube P, Freund U, Berns C, Wannenmacher M (1994) Combined external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy on bile duct carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncology Biol Phys 29:855–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuse J, Okusaka T, Boku N, Ohkawa S, Sawaki A, Masumoto T, Funakoshi A (2008) S-1 monotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a multicenter phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol Jan 23 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam AM, Wilson EA, Chen PJ et al. (2007) Proc AACR Ann Meet 232:2650

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhards MF, van Gulik TM, González González D et al. (2003) Results of postoperative radiotherapy for resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 27:173–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind JF, Salem R, Carr BI et al. (2004) Yttrium-90 microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127[5 Suppl 1]:S194–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez Gonzalez D, Gerard JP, Maners AW, De la Lande-Guyaux B, Van Dijk-Milatz A, Meerwaldt JH, Bosset JF, Van Dijk JD (1990) Results of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the proximal bile duct (Klatskin tumor). Semin Liver Dis 10:131–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene F, Page D, Fleming I et al. (2002) AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 6th edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson LL, Shipley WU, Suit HD, Epp ER, Nardi G, Wood W, Cohen A, Nelson J, Battit G, Biggs PJ, Russell A, Rockett A, Clark D (1982) Intraoperative irradiation: a pilot study combining external beam photons with „boost“ dose intraoperative electrons. Cancer 49:2259–2266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunven P, Blomgren H, Lax I (2003) Radiosurgery for recurring liver metastases after hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 50:1201–1204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herfarth KK, Debus J, Lohr F, Bahner ML, Rhein B, Fritz P, Hoss A, Schlegel W, Wannenmacher MF (2001) Stereotactic single-dose radiation therapy of liver tumors: results of a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol 19:164–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho CL, Yu SC, Yeung DW (2003) 11C-acetate PET imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver masses. J Nucl Med 44:213–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houry S, Schlienger M, Huguier M et al. (1989) Gallbladder carcinoma: role of radiation therapy. Br J Surg 76:448–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes MA, Frassica DA, Yeo CJ, Riall TS, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Donehower RC, Laheru DA, Hruban RH, Abrams RA (2007) Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68:178–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingold JA, Reed GB, Kaplan HS, Bagshaw MA (1965) Radiation hepatitis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 93:200–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito H, Matros E, Brooks DC et al. (2004) Treatment outcomes associated with surgery for gallbladder cancer: a 20-year experience. J Gastrointest Surg 8:183–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer RV, Gibbs J, Kuvshinoff B, Fakih M, Kepner J, Soehnlein N, Lawrence D, Javle MM (2007) A phase II study of gemcitabine and capecitabine in advanced cholangiocarcinoma and carcinoma of the gallbladder: a single-institution prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3202–3209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarnagin WR, Ruo L, Little SA, Klimstra D, D’Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, Wagman R, Blumgart LH, Fong Y (2003) Patterns of initial disease recurrence after resection of gallbladder carcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapeutic strategies. Cancer 98:1689–1700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ (2007)) Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 57:43–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas S, Bechstein WO, Steinmuller T, Herrmann M, Radke C, Berg T, Settmacher U, Neuhaus P (2001) Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore) 33:1080–1086

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassahun WT, Fangmann J, Harms J et al. (2006) Liver resection and transplantation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Exp Clin Transplant 4:549–558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayahara M, Nagakawa T (2007) Recent trends of gallbladder cancer in Japan: an analysis of 4,770 patients. Cancer 110:572–580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Kim MH, Lee TY et al. (2008) Clinical role of 18F-FDG PET-CT in suspected and potentially operable cholangiocarcinoma: a prospective study compared with conventional imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1145–1151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirilova A, Lockwood G, Choi P, Bana N, Haider MA, Brock KK, Eccles C, Dawson LA (2008) Three-dimensional motion of liver tumors using cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:1189–1195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knox JJ, Hedley D, Oza A, Feld R, Siu LL, Chen E, Nematollahi M, Pond GR, Zhang J, Moore MJ (2005) Combining gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced biliary cancer: a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 23:2332–2338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopelson G, Galdabini J, Warshaw AL et al. (1981) Patterns of failure after curative surgery for extra-hepatic biliary tract carcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7:413–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krempien R, Roeder F, Oertel S, Weitz J, Hensley FW, Timke C, Funk A, Lindel K, Harms W, Buchler MW, Debus J, Treiber M (2006) Intraoperative electron-beam therapy for primary and recurrent retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:773–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kresl JJ, Schild SE, Henning GT et al. (2002) Adjuvant external beam radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy in the management of gallbladder carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:167–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llovet JM, Bruix J (2003) Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 37:429–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantel HT, Rosen CB, Heimbach JK, Nyberg SL, Ishitani MB, Andrews JC, McKusick MA, Haddock MG, Alberts SR Gores GJ (2007) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation after neoadjuvant therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transpl 13:1372–1381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez Romero A, Wunderink W, Hussain SM, De Pooter JA, Heijmen BJ, Nowak PC, Nuyttens JJ, Brandwijk RP, Verhoef C, Ijzermans JN, Levendag PC (2006) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary and metastatic liver tumors: a single institution phase I/II study. Acta Oncol 45:831–837

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milano MT, Chmura SJ, Garofalo MC et al. (2004) Intensitymodulated radiotherapy in treatment of pancreatic and bile duct malignancies: toxicity and clinical outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59:445–453

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller G, Schwartz LH, D’Angelica M (2007) The use of imaging in the diagnosis and staging of hepatobiliary malignancies. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 16:343–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mojica P, Smith D, Ellenhorn J (2007) Adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with improved survival for gallbladder carcinoma with regional metastatic disease. J Surg Oncol 96:8–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulier S, Mulier P, Ni Y et al. (2002) Complications of radiofrequency coagulation of liver tumours. Br J Surg 89:1206–1222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagorney DM, Kendrick ML (2006) Hepatic resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Adv Surg 40:159–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Piantadosi S, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL (1996) Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg 224:463–473; discussion 473–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2008) Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatobiliary cancer. Version 2.2008. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/hepatobiliary.pdf. Accessed on March 30, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliva MR, Saini S (2004) Liver cancer imaging: role of CT, MRI, US and PET. Cancer Imaging 4 Spec No A:S42–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ono T, Yamanoi A, Nazmy El Assal O et al. (2001) Adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma causes deterioration of long-term prognosis in cirrhotic patients: metaanalysis of three randomized controlled trials. Cancer 91:2378–2385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang RW, Poon RT (2007) From molecular biology to targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: the future is now. Oncology 72[Suppl 1]:30–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik TM, Delman KA, Vauthey JN et al. (2005) Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade: implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 11:1086–1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Vigano L et al. (2007) Incidence of finding residual disease for incidental gallbladder carcinoma: implications for re-resection. J Gastrointest Surg 11:1478–1487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piehler JM, Crichlow RW (1978) Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gyn Obstet 147:929–942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM et al. (2000) Long-term prognosis after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. J Clin Oncol 18:1094–1101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB et al. (2005) Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 242:451–458; discussion 458–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid KM, Ramos-De la Medina A, Donohue JH (2007) Diagnosis and surgical management of gallbladder cancer: a review. J Gastrointest Surg 11:671–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruckert JC, Ruckert RI, Gellert K, Hecker K, Muller JM (1996) Surgery for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Hepatogastroenterology 43:527–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagawa N, Kondo S, Morikawa T, Okushiba S, Katoh H (2005) Effectiveness of radiation therapy after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Today 35:548–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salem R, Thurston KG (2006) Radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres: a state-of-the-art brachytherapy treatment for primary and secondary liver malignancies: part 3: comprehensive literature review and future direction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17:1571–1593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz JD, Schwartz M, Mandeli J et al. (2002) Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: review of the randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 3:593–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo DD, Lee HC, Jang MK et al. (2007) Preoperative portal vein embolization and surgical resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and small future liver remnant volume: comparison with transarterial chemoembolization. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3501–3509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serafini FM, Sachs D, Bloomston M, Carey LC, Karl RC, Murr MM Rosemurgy AS (2001) Location, not staging, of cholangiocarcinoma determines the role for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Am Surg 67:839–843; discussion 843–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyama Y, Makuuchi M (2007) Current surgical treatment for bile duct cancer. World J Gastroenterol 13:1505–1515

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada H, Endo I, Fujii Y et al. (2000) Appraisal of surgical resection of gallbladder cancer with special reference to lymph node dissection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 385:509–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada H, Endo I, Togo S et al. (1997) The role of lymph node dissection in the treatment of gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer 79:892–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland LM, Williams JA, Padbury RT, Gotley DC, Stokes B, Maddern GJ (2006) Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: a systematic review. Arch Surg 141:181–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takada T, Amano H, Yasuda H et al. (2002) Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma. Cancer 95:1685–1695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas MB (2007) Biological characteristics of cancers in the gallbladder and biliary tract and targeted therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 61:44–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todoroki T, Iwasaki Y, Orii K et al. (1991) Resection combined with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) for stage IV (TNM) gallbladder carcinoma. World J Surg 15:357–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todoroki T, Kawamoto T, Otsuka M et al. (1997) IORT combined with resection for stage IV gallbladder carcinoma. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 31:165–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todoroki T, Ohara K, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Otsuka M, Fukao K (2000) Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:581–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse RV, Hawkins M, Lockwood G, Kim JJ, Cummings B, Knox J, Sherman M; Dawson LA (2008) Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 26:657–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakai T, Shirai Y, Moroda T, Yokoyama N, Hatakeyama K (2005) Impact of ductal resection margin status on longterm survival in patients undergoing resection for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer 103:1210–1216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber SM, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y et al. (2002) Staging laparoscopy in patients with extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. Analysis of 100 patients. Ann Surg 235:392–399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber SM, Jarnagin WR, Klimstra D, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH (2001) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: resectability, recurrence pattern, and outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 193:384–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wulf J, Guckenberger M, Haedinger U, Oppitz U, Mueller G, Baier K, Flentje M (2006) Stereotactic radiotherapy of primary liver cancer and hepatic metastases. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) 45:838–847

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM et al. (2001) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 33:1394–1403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo CJ, Sohn TA, Cameron JL, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA (1998) Periampullary adenocarcinoma: analysis of 5-year survivors. Ann Surg 227:821–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo HY, Patt CH, Geschwind JF (2003) The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1988 and 2001: 5-year survival has improved significantly with time. J Clin Oncol 21:4329–4335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon KT, Kim JK, Kim do Y, Ahn SH, Lee JD, Yun M, Rha SY, Chon CY, Han KH (2007) Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in detecting extrahepatic metastasis in pretreatment staging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 72[Suppl 1]:104–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou ZH, Liu LM, Chen WW et al. (2007) Combined therapy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation and threedimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol 80:194–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman MA, Ghobrial RM, Tong MJ, Hiatt JR, Cameron AM, Hong J, Busuttil RW (2008) Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation: a review of preoperative and postoperative prognostic indicators. Arch Surg 143:182–188; discussion 188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 401 N. Broadway Suite Suite 1440, Baltimore, MD, 21231-2410, USA

    Joseph M. Herman MD, MSc

  2. Division of Surgical Oncology at Johns Hopkins, 600 N Wolfe Street, Halsted 614, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Timothy M. Pawlik MD, MPH

Authors
  1. Joseph M. Herman MD, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timothy M. Pawlik MD, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology National University Cancer Institute of Singapore National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore

    Jiade J. Lu MD, MBA (Associate Professor and Consultant and Distinguished Clinical Professor) (Associate Professor and Consultant and Distinguished Clinical Professor)

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200232, P.R. China

    Jiade J. Lu MD, MBA (Associate Professor and Consultant and Distinguished Clinical Professor) (Associate Professor and Consultant and Distinguished Clinical Professor)

  3. College of Medicine, Drexel University, Broad & Vine Sts., Mail Stop 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-1192, USA

    Luther W. Brady MD (Hylda Cohn/American Cancer Society Professor of Clinical Oncology, and Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Distinguished University Professor) (Hylda Cohn/American Cancer Society Professor of Clinical Oncology, and Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Distinguished University Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Herman, J.M., Pawlik, T.M. (2008). Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Gallbladder Cancer, and Cholangiocarcinoma. In: Lu, J.J., Brady, L.W. (eds) Radiation Oncology. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77385-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77385-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-77384-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-77385-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation