Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mesenchymal Tumors and Other Rare Neoplasms

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diagnosis of Endometrial Biopsies and Curettings

  • 1381 Accesses

Abstract

Uterine tumors other than benign polyps or carcinoma are rarely encountered in endometrial biopsies and curettings. Even submucosal leiomyomas rarely are sampled by an endometrial biopsy or curettage. The classification in Table 11.1 lists most of these other neoplasms. It has been reported that prior to a hysterectomy, the diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma is missed in 20% of cases [1]. Similarly for leiomyosarcoma, inaccurate or inconclusive diagnosis on curettings ranges from 20% to 80% [1,2,3,4]. Although these tumors have morphologic features that readily assist in their recognition, it is often impossible to classify them accurately from biopsy material alone.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Goff BA, Rice LW, Fleischhacker D, Muntz HG, Falkenberry SS, Nikrui N, Fuller AF. Uterine leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma: lymph node metastases and sites of recurrence. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;50:105–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Leibsohn S, d’Ablaing G, Mishell DR, Schlaerth JB. Leiomyosarcoma in a series of hysterectomies performed for presumed uterine leiomyomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:968–74. discussion 974–976

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kahanpää KV, Wahlström T, Gröhn P, Heinonen E, Nieminen U, Widholm O. Sarcomas of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 119 patients. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67:417–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hinchcliff EM, Esselen KM, Watkins JC, Oduyebo T, Rauh-Hain JA, Del Carmen MG, Quade BJ, Muto MG. The role of endometrial biopsy in the preoperative detection of uterine leiomyosarcoma. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2016;23:567–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Deligdish L, Loewenthal M. Endometrial changes associated with myomata of the uterus. J Clin Pathol. 1970;23:676–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Lethaby A, Puscasiu L, Vollenhoven B. Preoperative medical therapy before surgery for uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11:CD000547.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverberg S, Kurman R. Tumors of the uterine corpus and gestational trophoblastic disease, Atlas of tumor pathology 3rd series. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Zaloudek CJ, Hendrickson MR, Soslow RA. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. In: Kurman RJ, Hedrick Ellenson L, Ronnett BM, editors. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 453–527.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Clement P, Young R, editors. Pure mesenchymal tumors. Tumor and tumorlike lesions of the uterine corpus and cervix. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 265–328.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR. Pure mesenchymal neoplasms of the uterine corpus: selected problems. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1988;5:172–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Clement PB. Pathology of the uterine corpus. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:776–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Evans HL, Chawla SP, Simpson C, Finn KP. Smooth muscle neoplasms of the uterus other than ordinary leiomyoma. A study of 46 cases, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors. Cancer. 1988;62:2239–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Prayson RA, Hart WR. Mitotically active leiomyomas of the uterus. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992;97:14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. O’Connor DM, Norris HJ. Mitotically active leiomyomas of the uterus. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:223–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. VI. Epithelioid smooth muscle tumors including leiomyoblastoma and clear-cell leiomyoma: a clinical and pathologic analysis of 26 cases. Cancer. 1976;37:1853–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mazur MT, Kraus FT. Histogenesis of morphologic variations in tumors of the uterine wall. Am J Surg Pathol. 1980;4:59–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hendrickson M, Longacre T, Kempson R. The uterine corpus. Sternberg SS, diagnostic surgical pathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins’; 1999. p. 2203–305.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Perrone T, Dehner LP. Prognostically favorable “mitotically active” smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of ten cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12:1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Downes KA, Hart WR. Bizarre leiomyomas of the uterus: a comprehensive pathologic study of 24 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:1261–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ly A, Mills AM, McKenney JK, Balzer BL, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR, Longacre TA. Atypical leiomyomas of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 51 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37:643–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bell SW, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR. Problematic uterine smooth muscle neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 213 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994;18:535–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE. Diffuse, perinodular, and other patterns of hydropic degeneration within and adjacent to uterine leiomyomas. Problems in differential diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:26–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Boyd C, McCluggage WG. Unusual morphological features of uterine leiomyomas treated with progestogens. J Clin Pathol. 2011;64:485–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ferry JA, Harris NL, Scully RE. Uterine leiomyomas with lymphoid infiltration simulating lymphoma. A report of seven cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1989;8:263–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Prayson RA, Goldblum JR, Hart WR. Epithelioid smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 18 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:383–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Roth LM, Reed RJ. Cotyledonoid leiomyoma of the uterus: report of a case. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2000;19:272–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanz-Ortega J, Vocke C, Stratton P, Linehan WM, Merino MJ. Morphologic and molecular characteristics of uterine leiomyomas in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cancer (HLRCC) syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37:74–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Alsolami S, El-Bahrawy M, Kalloger SE, AlDaoud N, Pathak TB, Chung CT, Cheung CT, Mulligan AM, Tomlinson IP, Pollard PJ, Gilks CB, McCluggage WG, Clarke BA. Current morphologic criteria perform poorly in identifying hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome-associated uterine leiomyomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2014;33:560–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Siegler L, Erber R, Burghaus S, Brodkorb T, Wachter D, Wilkinson N, Bolton J, Stringfellow H, Haller F, Beckmann MW, Hartmann A, Agaimy A. Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency in uterine leiomyomas: recognition by histological features versus blind immunoscreening. Virchows Arch. 2018;472(5):789–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mäkinen N, Kämpjärvi K, Frizzell N, Bützow R, Vahteristo P. Characterization of MED12, HMGA2, and FH alterations reveals molecular variability in uterine smooth muscle tumors. Mol Cancer. 2017;16:101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Miettinen M, Felisiak-Golabek A, Wasag B, Chmara M, Wang Z, Butzow R, Lasota J. Fumarase-deficient uterine leiomyomas: an immunohistochemical, molecular genetic, and clinicopathologic study of 86 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40:1661–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kurman RJ, Carcangiu ML, Herrington CS, Young RH. WHO classification of tumors of female reproductive organs. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Croce S, Chibon F. MED12 and uterine smooth muscle oncogenesis: state of the art and perspectives. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:1603–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Abeler VM, Røyne O, Thoresen S, Danielsen HE, Nesland JM, Kristensen GB. Uterine sarcomas in Norway. A histopathological and prognostic survey of a total population from 1970 to 2000 including 419 patients. Histopathology. 2009;54:355–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Skorstad M, Kent A, Lieng M. Preoperative evaluation in women with uterine leiomyosarcoma. A nationwide cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95:1228–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yuk J-S, Shin J-Y, Moon H-S, Lee JH. The incidence of unexpected uterine malignancy in women undergoing hysteroscopic myomectomy or polypectomy: a national population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;224:12–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Taylor HB, Norris HJ. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. IV. Diagnosis and prognosis of leiomyosarcomas. Arch Pathol. 1966;82:40–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Peacock G, Archer S. Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: case report and review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:1515–8. discussion 1518–1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Burch DM, Tavassoli FA. Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Histopathology. 2011;59:1144–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Oliva E, Young RH, Amin MB, Clement PB. An immunohistochemical analysis of endometrial stromal and smooth muscle tumors of the uterus: a study of 54 cases emphasizing the importance of using a panel because of overlap in immunoreactivity for individual antibodies. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:403–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zaloudek CJ, Norris HJ. Adenofibroma and adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Cancer. 1981;48:354–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kaminski PF, Tavassoli FA. Plexiform tumorlet: a clinical and pathologic study of 15 cases with ultrastructural observations. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1984;3:124–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Seidman JD, Thomas RM. Multiple plexiform tumorlets of the uterus. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993;117:1255–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Conlon N, Soslow RA, Murali R. Perivascular epithelioid tumours (PEComas) of the gynaecological tract. J Clin Pathol. 2015;68:418–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, Gobbo S, Zamboni G, Chilosi M, Bonetti F. Molecular pathology of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and other perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lim GSD, Oliva E. The morphologic spectrum of uterine PEC-cell associated tumors in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2011;30:121–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Longacre TA, Hendrickson MR, Kapp DS, Teng NN. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the uterus simulating high-stage endometrial stromal sarcoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;63:404–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Vang R, Kempson RL. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (‘PEComa’) of the uterus: a subset of HMB-45-positive epithelioid mesenchymal neoplasms with an uncertain relationship to pure smooth muscle tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Folpe AL, Mentzel T, Lehr H-A, Fisher C, Balzer BL, Weiss SW. Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms of soft tissue and gynecologic origin: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1558–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Schoolmeester JK, Howitt BE, Hirsch MS, Dal Cin P, Quade BJ, Nucci MR. Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa) of the gynecologic tract: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of 16 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:176–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chang KL, Crabtree GS, Lim-Tan SK, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR. Primary uterine endometrial stromal neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 117 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1990;14:415–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. VII. A clinicopathological study of 60 endometrial stromal nodules. Histopathology. 1981;5:1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hart WR, Yoonessi M. Endometrial stromatosis of the uterus. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;49:393–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Norris HJ, Taylor HB. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. I. A clinical and pathological study of 53 endometrial stromal tumors. Cancer. 1966;19:755–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Yoonessi M, Hart WR. Endometrial stromal sarcomas. Cancer. 1977;40:898–906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Fekete PS, Vellios F. The clinical and histologic spectrum of endometrial stromal neoplasms: a report of 41 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1984;3:198–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Evans HL. Endometrial stromal sarcoma and poorly differentiated endometrial sarcoma. Cancer. 1982;50:2170–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nucci MR. Practical issues related to uterine pathology: endometrial stromal tumors. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(Suppl 1):S92–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Conklin CMJ, Longacre TA. Endometrial stromal tumors: the new WHO classification. Adv Anat Pathol. 2014;21:383–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Piver MS, Rutledge FN, Copeland L, Webster K, Blumenson L, Suh O. Uterine endolymphatic stromal myosis: a collaborative study. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;64:173–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mansi JL, Ramachandra S, Wiltshaw E, Fisher C. Endometrial stromal sarcomas. Gynecol Oncol. 1990;36:113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Larson B, Silfverswärd C, Nilsson B, Pettersson F. Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. A clinical and histopathological study. The Radiumhemmet series 1936–1981. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1990;35:239–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gloor E, Schnyder P, Cikes M, Hofstetter J, Cordey R, Burnier F, Knobel P. Endolymphatic stromal myosis. Surgical and hormonal treatment of extensive abdominal recurrence 20 years after hysterectomy. Cancer. 1982;50:1888–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Thatcher SS, Woodruff JD. Uterine stromatosis: a report of 33 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;59:428–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE. Mixed endometrial stromal and smooth muscle tumors of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:997–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lloreta J, Prat J. Endometrial stromal nodule with smooth and skeletal muscle components simulating stromal sarcoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1992;11:293–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Baker PM, Moch H, Oliva E. Unusual morphologic features of endometrial stromal tumors: a report of 2 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1394–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH. Endometrial stromal tumors: an update on a group of tumors with a protean phenotype. Adv Anat Pathol. 2000;7:257–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dionigi A, Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH. Endometrial stromal nodules and endometrial stromal tumors with limited infiltration: a clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:567–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Oliva E, Young RH, Clement PB, Bhan AK, Scully RE. Cellular benign mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. A comparative morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 33 highly cellular leiomyomas and six endometrial stromal nodules, two frequently confused tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:757–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. McCluggage WG, Sumathi VP, Maxwell P. CD10 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker of normal endometrial stroma and of endometrial stromal neoplasms. Histopathology. 2001;39:273–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Agoff SN, Grieco VS, Garcia R, Gown AM. Immunohistochemical distinction of endometrial stromal sarcoma and cellular leiomyoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2001;9:164–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chu PG, Arber DA, Weiss LM, Chang KL. Utility of CD10 in distinguishing between endometrial stromal sarcoma and uterine smooth muscle tumors: an immunohistochemical comparison of 34 cases. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:465–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bartosch C, Exposito MI, Lopes JM. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma: a comparative analysis emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between these two groups. Int J Surg Pathol. 2010;18:286–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Oliva E, Young RH, Clement PB, Scully RE. Myxoid and fibrous endometrial stromal tumors of the uterus: a report of 10 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1999;18:310–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Devaney K, Tavassoli FA. Immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic aid in the interpretation of unusual mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. Mod Pathol. 1991;4:225–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Farhood AI, Abrams J. Immunohistochemistry of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:224–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Franquemont DW, Frierson HF, Mills SE. An immunohistochemical study of normal endometrial stroma and endometrial stromal neoplasms. Evidence for smooth muscle differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15:861–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lillemoe TJ, Perrone T, Norris HJ, Dehner LP. Myogenous phenotype of epithelial-like areas in endometrial stromal sarcomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115:215–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Binder SW, Nieberg RK, Cheng L, al- Jitawi S. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of nine endometrial stromal tumors: an unexpected high frequency of keratin protein positivity. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1991;10:191–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. McCluggage WG, Date A, Bharucha H, Toner PG. Endometrial stromal sarcoma with sex cord-like areas and focal rhabdoid differentiation. Histopathology. 1996;29:369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Baker RJ, Hildebrandt RH, Rouse RV, Hendrickson MR, Longacre TA. Inhibin and CD99 (MIC2) expression in uterine stromal neoplasms with sex-cord-like elements. Hum Pathol. 1999;30:671–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Irving JA, Carinelli S, Prat J. Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors are polyphenotypic neoplasms with true sex cord differentiation. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:17–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fukunaga M, Miyazawa Y, Ushigome S. Endometrial low-grade stromal sarcoma with ovarian sex cord-like differentiation: report of two cases with an immunohistochemical and flow cytometric study. Pathol Int. 1997;47:412–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ohta Y, Suzuki T, Kojima M, Shiokawa A, Mitsuya T. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with an extensive epithelial-like element. Pathol Int. 2003;53:246–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sumathi VP, Al-Hussaini M, Connolly LE, Fullerton L, McCluggage WG. Endometrial stromal neoplasms are immunoreactive with WT-1 antibody. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2004;23:241–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Zámecník M, Michal M. Endometrial stromal nodule with retiform sex-cord-like differentiation. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;194:449–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Jung C-K, Jung J-H, Lee A, Lee Y-S, Choi Y-J, Yoon S-K, Lee K-Y. Diagnostic use of nuclear beta-catenin expression for the assessment of endometrial stromal tumors. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:756–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Clement PB, Scully RE. Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors. A clinicopathologic analysis of fourteen cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976;66:512–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. McCluggage WG, Shah V, Walsh MY, Toner PG. Uterine tumour resembling ovarian sex cord tumour: evidence for smooth muscle differentiation. Histopathology. 1993;23:83–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH. Epithelioid endometrial and endometrioid stromal tumors: a report of four cases emphasizing their distinction from epithelioid smooth muscle tumors and other oxyphilic uterine and extrauterine tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2002;21:48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Clement PB, Scully RE. Endometrial stromal sarcomas of the uterus with extensive endometrioid glandular differentiation: a report of three cases that caused problems in differential diagnosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1992;11:163–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Huang H-Y, Ladanyi M, Soslow RA. Molecular detection of JAZF1-JJAZ1 gene fusion in endometrial stromal neoplasms with classic and variant histology: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:224–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Koontz JI, Soreng AL, Nucci M, Kuo FC, Pauwels P, van Den Berghe H, Dal Cin P, Fletcher JA, Sklar J. Frequent fusion of the JAZF1 and JJAZ1 genes in endometrial stromal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:6348–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Nucci MR, Harburger D, Koontz J, Dal Cin P, Sklar J. Molecular analysis of the JAZF1-JJAZ1 gene fusion by RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization in endometrial stromal neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Oliva E, de Leval L, Soslow RA, Herens C. High frequency of JAZF1-JJAZ1 gene fusion in endometrial stromal tumors with smooth muscle differentiation by interphase FISH detection. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:1277–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dal Cin P, Aly MS, De Wever I, Moerman P, Van Den Berghe H. Endometrial stromal sarcoma t(7;17)(p15–21;q12–21) is a nonrandom chromosome change. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1992;63:43–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Micci F, Walter CU, Teixeira MR, Panagopoulos I, Bjerkehagen B, Saeter G, Heim S. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses of endometrial stromal sarcoma: nonrandom involvement of chromosome arms 6p and 7p and confirmation of JAZF1/JJAZ1 gene fusion in t(7;17). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2003;144:119–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kurihara S, Oda Y, Ohishi Y, Iwasa A, Takahira T, Kaneki E, Kobayashi H, Wake N, Tsuneyoshi M. Endometrial stromal sarcomas and related high-grade sarcomas: immunohistochemical and molecular genetic study of 31 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:1228–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Micci F, Panagopoulos I, Bjerkehagen B, Heim S. Consistent rearrangement of chromosomal band 6p21 with generation of fusion genes JAZF1/PHF1 and EPC1/PHF1 in endometrial stromal sarcoma. Cancer Res. 2006;66:107–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Stemme S, Ghaderi M, Carlson JW. Diagnosis of endometrial stromal tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 25 biopsy specimens with identification of problematic areas. Am J Clin Pathol. 2014;141:133–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lee C-H, Mariño-Enriquez A, Ou W, Zhu M, Ali RH, Chiang S, Amant F, Gilks CB, van de Rijn M, Oliva E, Debiec-Rychter M, Dal Cin P, Fletcher JA, Nucci MR. The clinicopathologic features of YWHAE-FAM22 endometrial stromal sarcomas: a histologically high-grade and clinically aggressive tumor. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:641–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Lee C-H, Ali RH, Rouzbahman M, Marino-Enriquez A, Zhu M, Guo X, Brunner AL, Chiang S, Leung S, Nelnyk N, Huntsman DG, Blake Gilks C, Nielsen TO, Dal Cin P, van de Rijn M, Oliva E, Fletcher JA, Nucci MR. Cyclin D1 as a diagnostic immunomarker for endometrial stromal sarcoma with YWHAE-FAM22 rearrangement. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1562–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Lee C-H, Hoang LN, Yip S, Reyes C, Marino-Enriquez A, Eilers G, Tao D, Chiang S, Fletcher JA, Soslow RA, Nucci MR, Oliva E. Frequent expression of KIT in endometrial stromal sarcoma with YWHAE genetic rearrangement. Mod Pathol. 2014;27:751–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Chiang S, Lee C-H, Stewart CJR, Oliva E, Hoang LN, Ali RH, Hensley ML, Arias-Stella JA, Frosina D, Jungbluth AA, Benayed R, Ladanyi M, Hameed M, Wang L, Kao Y-C, Antonescu CR, Soslow RA. BCOR is a robust diagnostic immunohistochemical marker of genetically diverse high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, including tumors exhibiting variant morphology. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:1251–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Lee C-H, Nucci MR. Endometrial stromal sarcoma – the new genetic paradigm. Histopathology. 2015;67:1–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lee C-H, Ou W-B, Mariño-Enriquez A, Zhu M, Mayeda M, Wang Y, Guo X, Brunner AL, Amant F, French CA, West RB, McAlpine JN, Gilks CB, Yaffe MB, Prentice LM, McPherson A, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Shah SP, van de Rijn M, Huntsman DG, Dal Cin P, Debiec-Rychter M, Nucci MR, Fletcher JA. 14-3-3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:929–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Sciallis AP, Bedroske PP, Schoolmeester JK, Sukov WR, Keeney GL, Hodge JC, Bell DA. High-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of a group of tumors with heterogenous morphologic and genetic features. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:1161–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Croce S, Hostein I, Ribeiro A, Garbay D, Velasco V, Stoeckle E, Guyon F, Floquet A, Neuville A, Coindre J-M, MacGrogan G, Chibon F. YWHAE rearrangement identified by FISH and RT-PCR in endometrial stromal sarcomas: genetic and pathological correlations. Mod Pathol. 2013;26:1390–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hoang LN, Aneja A, Conlon N, Delair DF, Middha S, Benayed R, Hensley ML, Park KJ, Hollmann TJ, Hameed MR, Antonescu CR, Soslow RA, Chiang S. Novel high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: a morphologic mimicker of myxoid leiomyosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:12–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Mariño-Enriquez A, Lauria A, Przybyl J, Ng TL, Kowalewska M, Debiec-Rychter M, Ganesan R, Sumathi V, George S, McCluggage WG, Nucci MR, Lee C-H, Fletcher JA. BCOR internal tandem duplication in high-grade uterine sarcomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018;42:335–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lewis N, Soslow RA, Delair DF, Park KJ, Murali R, Hollmann TJ, Davidson B, Micci F, Panagopoulos I, Hoang LN, Arias-Stella JA, Oliva E, Young RH, Hensley ML, Leitao MM, Hameed M, Benayed R, Ladanyi M, Frosina D, Jungbluth AA, Antonescu CR, Chiang S. ZC3H7B-BCOR high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas: a report of 17 cases of a newly defined entity. Mod Pathol. 2018;31:674–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Gremel G, Liew M, Hamzei F, Hardell E, Selling J, Ghaderi M, Stemme S, Pontén F, Carlson JW. A prognosis based classification of undifferentiated uterine sarcomas: identification of mitotic index, hormone receptors and YWHAE-FAM22 translocation status as predictors of survival. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:1608–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Nucci MR, O’Connell JT, Huettner PC, Cviko A, Sun D. Quade BJ: h-Caldesmon expression effectively distinguishes endometrial stromal tumors from uterine smooth muscle tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:455–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Blake EA, Sheridan TB, Wang KL, Takiuchi T, Kodama M, Sawada K, Matsuo K. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors (UTROSCT): a systematic review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. de Leval L, Lim GSD, Waltregny D, Oliva E. Diverse phenotypic profile of uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:1749–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Hurrell DP, McCluggage WG. Uterine tumour resembling ovarian sex cord tumour is an immunohistochemically polyphenotypic neoplasm which exhibits coexpression of epithelial, myoid and sex cord markers. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60:1148–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Croce S, de Kock L, Boshari T, Hostein I, Velasco V, Foulkes WD, McCluggage WG. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT) commonly exhibits positivity with sex cord markers FOXL2 and SF-1 but lacks FOXL2 and DICER1 mutations. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2016;35:301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Stewart CJR, Crook M, Tan A. SF1 immunohistochemistry is useful in differentiating uterine tumours resembling sex cord-stromal tumours from potential histological mimics. Pathology. 2016;48:434–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Clement P, Young R, editors. Tumors with mixed epithelial and mesenchymal elements. Tumor and tumorlike lesions of the uterine corpus and cervix. 1st ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 329–70.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Clement PB, Scully RE. Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases with a review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:363–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Clement PB, Scully RE. Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus. A clinicopathologic analysis of ten cases of a distinctive type of müllerian mixed tumor. Cancer. 1974;34:1138–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Kaku T, Silverberg SG, Major FJ, Miller A, Fetter B, Brady MF. Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a gynecologic oncology group clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1992;11:75–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Vellios F, Ng AB, Reagen JW. Papillary adenofibroma of the uterus: a benign mesodermal mixed tumor of Müllerian origin. Am J Clin Pathol. 1973;60:543–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Shinnick JK, Kumar N, Beffa L, Miller K, Friedman MA, Kalife E, DiSilvestro P, Mathews C. Management of low-grade Cervical Müllerian Adenosarcoma in a 14-year-old girl. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2017;30:652–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Clement PB, Oliva E, Young RH. Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterine corpus associated with tamoxifen therapy: a report of six cases and a review of tamoxifen-associated endometrial lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15:222–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Bocklage T, Lee KR, Belinson JL. Uterine mullerian adenosarcoma following adenomyoma in a woman on tamoxifen therapy. Gynecol Oncol. 1992;44:104–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kerner H, Lichtig C. Müllerian adenosarcoma presenting as cervical polyps: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:655–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Seagle B-LL, Kanis M, Strohl AE, Shahabi S. Survival of women with Mullerian adenosarcoma: a national cancer data base study. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;143:636–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Abell MR. Papillary adenofibroma of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;110:990–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Clement PB. Müllerian adenosarcomas of the uterus with sarcomatous overgrowth. A clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:28–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Clement PB, Scully RE. Müllerian adenosarcomas of the uterus with sex cord-like elements. A clinicopathologic analysis of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989;91:664–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Soslow RA, Ali A, Oliva E. Mullerian adenosarcomas: an immunophenotypic analysis of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:1013–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Hodgson A, Amemiya Y, Seth A, Djordjevic B, Parra-Herran C. High-grade Müllerian Adenosarcoma: genomic and clinicopathologic characterization of a distinct neoplasm with prevalent TP53 pathway alterations and aggressive behavior. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:1513–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Gallardo A, Prat J. Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 55 cases challenging the existence of adenofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:278–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Howitt BE, Sholl LM, Dal Cin P, Jia Y, Yuan L, MacConaill L, Lindeman N, Kuo F, Garcia E, Nucci MR, Quade BJ. Targeted genomic analysis of Müllerian adenosarcoma. J Pathol. 2015;235:37–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Blom R, Guerrieri C. Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53 and mdm-2 analysis of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1999;9:37–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Swisher EM, Gown AM, Skelly M, Ek M, Tamimi HK, Cain JM, Greer BE, Muntz HG, Goff BA. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2/Neu, p53, and Ki-67 antigen in uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumors and adenosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;60:81–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Howitt BE, Dal Cin P, Nucci MR, Quade BJ. Involvement of chromosome 8 in Müllerian Adenosarcoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2017;36:24–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Daya DA, Scully RE. Sarcoma botryoides of the uterine cervix in young women: a clinicopathological study of 13 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1988;29:290–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Houghton JP, McCluggage WG. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix with focal pleomorphic areas. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60:88–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. McClean GE, Kurian S, Walter N, Kekre A, McCluggage WG. Cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour: a more than coincidental association of two rare neoplasms? J Clin Pathol. 2007;60:326–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Bennett JA, Nardi V, Rouzbahman M, Morales-Oyarvide V, Nielsen GP, Oliva E. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of 13 cases highlighting their broad morphologic spectrum. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:1489–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1348–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Haimes JD, Stewart CJR, Kudlow BA, Culver BP, Meng B, Koay E, Whitehouse A, Cope N, Lee J-C, Ng T, McCluggage WG, Lee C-H. Uterine inflammatory Myofibroblastic tumors frequently harbor ALK fusions with IGFBP5 and THBS1. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:773–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Harris NL, Scully RE. Malignant lymphoma and granulocytic sarcoma of the uterus and vagina. A clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases. Cancer. 1984;53:2530–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Ferry JA, Young RH. Malignant lymphoma, pseudolymphoma, and hematopoietic disorders of the female genital tract. Pathol Annu. 1991;26(Pt 1):227–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Nasioudis D, Kampaktsis PN, Frey M, Witkin SS, Holcomb K. Primary lymphoma of the female genital tract: an analysis of 697 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;145:305–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Vang R, Medeiros LJ, Ha CS, Deavers M. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas involving the uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases. Mod Pathol. 2000;13:19–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Masunaga A, Abe M, Tsujii E, Suzuki Y, Ohgida T, Toyama M, Nakamura H, Mori S, Sugawara I, Itoyama S. Primary uterine T-cell lymphoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:376–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. van de Rijn M, Kamel OW, Chang PP, Lee A, Warnke RA, Salhany KE. Primary low-grade endometrial B-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:187–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Clement P. Miscellaneous primary neoplasms and metastatic neoplasms. In: Clement P, Young RH, editors. Tumors and tumorlike lesions of the uterine corpus and cervix. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 371–418.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Young RH, Harris NL, Scully RE. Lymphoma-like lesions of the lower female genital tract: a report of 16 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1985;4:289–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Vakiani M, Mawad J, Talerman A. Heterologous sarcomas of the uterus. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1982;1:211–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. De Young B, Bitterman P, Lack EE. Primary osteosarcoma of the uterus: report of a case with immunohistochemical study. Mod Pathol. 1992;5:212–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Clement PB. Chondrosarcoma of the uterus: report of a case and review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 1978;9:726–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Chiarle R, Godio L, Fusi D, Soldati T, Palestro G. Pure alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the corpus uteri: description of a case with increased serum level of CA-125. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;66:320–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Holcomb K, Francis M, Ruiz J, Abulafia O, Matthews RP, Lee YC. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus in a postmenopausal woman with elevated serum CA125. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;74:499–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. McCluggage WG, Lioe TF, McClelland HR, Lamki H. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus: report of two cases, including one of the spindle cell variant. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002;12:128–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Ordi J, Stamatakos MD, Tavassoli FA. Pure pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1997;16:369–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Schammel DP, Tavassoli FA. Uterine angiosarcomas: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:246–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Zheng G, Richmond A, Liu C, Berrebi A, Pallavajjala A, Haley L, Stone RL, McCarthy E, Vang R, Xing D. Clinicopathologic features and genetic alterations of a primary osteosarcoma of the uterine corpus. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2018 Apr 6. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0000000000000511. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  163. Abraham C, O’Cearbhaill R, Soslow R. Primary osteosarcoma of the uterus with cardiac and pulmonary metastases. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2015;11:4–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Liu Y, Guo S, Wang L, Suzuki S, Sugimura H, Li Y. Uterine Angiosarcoma: a case report and literature review. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2016;35:264–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Pinto A, Kahn RM, Rosenberg AE, Slomovitz B, Quick CM, Whisman MK, Huang M. Uterine rhabdomyosarcoma in adults. Hum Pathol. 2018.; (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  166. Guillou L, Lamoureux E, Masse S, Costa J. Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the uterine corpus: histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;418:467–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Cho KR, Rosenshein NB, Epstein JI. Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the uterus. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1989;8:381–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Gray GF, Glick AD, Kurtin PJ, Jones HW. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the uterus. Hum Pathol. 1986;17:297–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Nolan NP, Gaffney EF. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the uterus. Histopathology. 1990;16:97–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Radig K, Buhtz P, Roessner A. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the uterine corpus. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;194:59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Gaertner EM, Farley JH, Taylor RR, Silver SA. Collision of uterine rhabdoid tumor and endometrioid adenocarcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1999;18:396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Schoolmeester JK, Carlson J, Keeney GL, Fritchie KJ, Oliva E, Young RH, Nucci MR. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the female genital tract: a morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and molecular cytogenetic study of 10 cases with emphasis on its distinction from morphologic mimics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:622–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Joseph MG, Fellows FG, Hearn SA. Primary endodermal sinus tumor of the endometrium. A clinicopathologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study. Cancer. 1990;65:297–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Ohta M, Sakakibara K, Mizuno K, Kano T, Matsuzawa K, Tomoda Y, Nakashima N, Ogawa T. Successful treatment of primary endodermal sinus tumor of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1988;31:357–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. McNamee T, Damato S, McCluggage WG. Yolk sac tumours of the female genital tract in older adults derive commonly from somatic epithelial neoplasms: somatically derived yolk sac tumours. Histopathology. 2016;69:739–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ravishankar S, Malpica A, Ramalingam P, Euscher ED. Yolk sac tumor in extragonadal pelvic sites: still a diagnostic challenge. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Martin E, Scholes J, Richart RM, Fenoglio CM. Benign cystic teratoma of the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135:429–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Wang W-C, Lee M-S, Ko J-L, Lai Y-C. Origin of uterine teratoma differs from that of ovarian teratoma: a case of uterine mature cystic teratoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2011;30:544–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Euscher ED, Deavers MT, Lopez-Terrada D, Lazar AJ, Silva EG, Malpica A. Uterine tumors with neuroectodermal differentiation: a series of 17 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:219–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Daya D, Lukka H, Clement PB. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the uterus: a report of four cases. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:1120–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Hendrickson MR, Scheithauer BW. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the endometrium: report of two cases, one with electron microscopic observations. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1986;5:249–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Chiang S, Snuderl M, Kojiro-Sanada S, Quer Pi-Sunyer A, Daya D, Hayashi T, Bosincu L, Ogawa F, Rosenberg AE, Horn L-C, Wang L, Iafrate AJ, Oliva E. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the female genital tract: a morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and molecular study of 19 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:761–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Murdock T, Orr B, Allen S, Ibrahim J, Sharma R, Ronnett B, Rodriguez F. Central nervous system-type neuroepithelial tumors and tumor-like proliferations developing in the gynecologic tract and pelvis: clinicopathologic analysis of 23 cases. Am J Surg Path. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  184. Beham A, Schmid C, Fletcher CD, Auböck L, Pickel H. Malignant paraganglioma of the uterus. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992;420:453–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Tavassoli FA. Melanotic paraganglioma of the uterus. Cancer. 1986;58:942–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Young TW, Thrasher TV. Nonchromaffin paraganglioma of the uterus. A case report. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982;106:608–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. van Leeuwen J, van der Putten HWHM, Demeyere TBJ, Creemers G-J, JMA P. Paraganglioma of the uterus. A case report and review of literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;121:418–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Young RH, Kleinman GM, Scully RE. Glioma of the uterus. Report of a case with comments on histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1981;5:695–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Bittencourt AL, Britto JF, Fonseca LE. Wilms’ tumor of the uterus: the first report of the literature. Cancer. 1981;47:2496–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Muc RS, Grayson W, Grobbelaar JJ. Adult extrarenal Wilms tumor occurring in the uterus. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:1081–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. McAlpine J, Azodi M, O’Malley D, Kelly M, Golenewsky G, Martel M, Rutherford T, Tavassoli F. Extrarenal Wilms’ tumor of the uterine corpus. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96:892–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Carlier MT, Dardick I, Lagace AF, Sreeram V. Adenomatoid tumor of uterus: presentation in endometrial curettings. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1986;5:69–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. McCluggage GW. Benign diseases of the endometrium. In: Kurman RJ, editor. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 305–58.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  194. Garg D, Bekker G, Akselrod F, Narasimhulu DM. Endometrial osseous metaplasia: an unusual cause of infertility. BMJ Case Rep. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Cayuela E, Perez-Medina T, Vilanova J, Alejo M, Cañadas P. True osseous metaplasia of the endometrium: the bone is not from a fetus. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:1293.e1-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Alpert LC, Haufrect EJ, Schwartz MR. Uterine lithiasis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1990;14:1071–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Herbold DR, Magrane DM. Calcifications of the benign endometrium. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986;110:666–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Untawale VG, Gabriel JB, Chauhan PM. Calcific endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144:482–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Ceccacci L, Clancy G. Endometrial ossification: report of an additional case. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:103–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Bhatia NN, Hoshiko MG. Uterine osseous metaplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:256–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Waxman M, Moussouris HF. Endometrial ossification following an abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;130:587–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Valicenti JF, Priester SK. Psammoma bodies of benign endometrial origin in cervicovaginal cytology. Acta Cytol. 1977;21:550–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Fausett MB, Zahn CM, Kendall BS, Barth WH. The significance of psammoma bodies that are found incidentally during endometrial biopsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:180–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Cameron RI, McCluggage WG. Extensive psammomatous calcification of the uterus and cervix associated with a uterine serous carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57:888–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Tricia A. Murdock, Emanuela F. T. Veras & Robert J. Kurman

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Michael T. Mazur

Authors
  1. Tricia A. Murdock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emanuela F. T. Veras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert J. Kurman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michael T. Mazur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Murdock, T.A., Veras, E.F.T., Kurman, R.J., Mazur, M.T. (2019). Mesenchymal Tumors and Other Rare Neoplasms. In: Diagnosis of Endometrial Biopsies and Curettings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98608-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98608-1_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98607-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98608-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation