Skip to main content

Peer Relations and the Behaviorally Inhibited Child

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Inhibition

Abstract

In this chapter, we describe the peer relations of socially wary and withdrawn children. Nomenclature, in this regard, is of significance. This compendium is focused on the construct of behavioral inhibition (BI). The vast majority of published work on the peer relations of behaviorally inhibited children has focused on laboratory-based paradigms in which the focal children have been observed in the company of unfamiliar peers. However, if one is to describe the most meaningful experiences that children have with their peers, one must review the extant work that pertains to their social lives when they are in familiar, everyday settings. Consequently, in this chapter, we focus not only on the construct of behavioral inhibition as it was originally defined but also on the extant literature pertaining to the study of the peer interactions, friendships, peer reputations, and social groups of socially wary, shy, and anxiously withdrawn children in their school settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Avant, T. S., Gazelle, H., & Faldowski, R. (2011). Classroom emotional climate as a moderator of anxious solitary children’s longitudinal risk for peer exclusion: A child x environment model. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1711–1727. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barstead, M. G., Danko, C. M., O’Brien, K. O., Coplan, R. J., Chronis-Tuscano, A., & Rubin, K. H. (2018). Generalization of an Early Intervention for Inhibited Preschoolers to the Classroom Setting, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2943–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1142-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C., & Rodkin, P. C. (2012). Group influences on individual aggression and prosociality: Early adolescents who change peer affiliations. Social Development, 21(2), 396–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin, G., Hagekull, B., & Andersson, K. (2005). Behavioral inhibition as a precursor of peer social competence in early school age: The interplay with attachment and nonparental care. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 51, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin, M., & Hymel, S. (1997). Peer experiences and social self-perceptions: A sequential model. Developmental Psychology, 33, 135–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765–785. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth-Laforce, C., Oh, W., Kennedy, A. E., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2012). Parent and peer links to trajectories of anxious withdrawal from grades 5 to 8. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 138–149.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, J. C., & Spencer, S. (2010). Friendship and adjustment: A focus on mixed-grade friendships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1318–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9474-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker, R. J., Kiel, E. J., & Buss, K. A. (2016). Early social fear predicts kindergarteners’ socially anxious behaviors: direct associations, moderation by inhibitory control, and differences from nonsocial fear. Emotion, 16, 997–1010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., & Hoza, B. (2010). The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 749–757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bukowski, W., Laursen, B., & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, K. B., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Booth-LaForce, C. (2006). Social information processing and coping strategies of shy/withdrawn and aggressive children: Does friendship matter? Child Development, 77(2), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00876.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H. (1986). A theory of shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 39–46). New York, NY: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A.H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Colorado childhood temperament inventory. (Available from the Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0447).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, K. A., Davis, E. L., Kiel, E. J., Brooker, R. J., Beekman, C., & Early, M. C. (2013). Dysregulated fear predicts social wariness and social anxiety symptoms during kindergarten. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 603–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. New York, NY: Broadway Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. (2010). Shyness-inhibition in childhood and adolescence: A cross-cultural perspective. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 213–235). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Chang, L., Liu, H., & He, Y. (2008). Effects of the peer group on the development of social functioning and academic achievement: A longitudinal study in Chinese children. Child Development, 79, 235–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., DeSouza, A., Chen, H., & Wang, L. (2006). Reticent behavior and experiences in peer interactions in Canadian and Chinese children. Developmental Psychology, 42, 656–665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 855–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Li, J., & Chen, L. (2018). Culture and peer relationships. In W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Sun, Y. (1992). Social reputation and peer relationships in Chinese and Canadian children: A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 63, 1336–1343. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. (2009). Shyness-sensitivity and social, school and psychological adjustment in rural migrant and urban children in China. Child Development, 80, 1499–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01347.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K., Pine, D., Pérez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H., Diaz, Y., … Fox, N. A. (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predicts lifetime social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 928–935. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181ae09df

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., O’Brien, K. A., Coplan, R. J., Thomas, S. R., Dougherty, L. R., … Wimsatt, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a multimodal early intervention program for behaviorally inhibited preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 534–540.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Girardi, A., Findlay, L. C., & Frohlick, S. L. (2007). Understanding solitude: Young children’s attitudes and responses toward hypothetical socially withdrawn peers. Social Development, 16(3), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00390.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Hughes, K., & Roswell, H. C. (2010). Once upon a time there were a blushful hippo and a meek mouse: A content analysis of shy characters in young children’s storybooks. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 262–274). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: Social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, 861–875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., & Rubin, K. H. (1998). Exploring and assessing nonsocial play in the preschool: The development and validation of the Preschool Play Behavior Scale. Social Development, 7, 72–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: History, definitions, theories, and assessments. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 1–20). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Rubin, K. H., Fox, N. A., Calkins, S. D., & Stewart, S. L. (1994). Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: Distinguishing among reticence, and passive-, and active-solitude in young children. Child Development, 65, 129–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., & Nichols, K. (2008). Predicting social wariness in middle childhood: The moderating roles of childcare history, maternal personality and maternal behavior. Social Development, 17, 471–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00437.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Andrews, D. W., & Crosby, L. (1995). Antisocial boys and their friends in early adolescence: Relationship characteristics, quality, and interactional process. Child Development, 66, 139–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doey, L., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, M. (2014). Bashful boys and coy girls: A review of gender differences in childhood shyness. Sex Roles, 70, 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0317-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollar, J. M., Stifter, C. A., & Buss, K. A. (2017). Exuberant and inhibited children: Person-centered profiles and links to social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1222–1229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., & Bierman, K. L. (2007). Social anxiety and peer relations in early adolescence: Behavioral and cognitive factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 405–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, K., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1999). Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 757–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Nichols, K. E., & Ghera, M. M. (2005). Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Calkins, S. D., & Schmidt, L. (2001). Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., Rubin, K. H., Calkins, S. D., Marshall, T. R., Coplan, R. J., Porges, S. W., … Stewart, S. L. (1995). Frontal activation asymmetry and social competence at four years of age: Left frontal hyper- and hypo-activation as correlates of social behavior in preschool children. Child Development, 66, 1770–1784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredstrom, B. K., Rose-Krasnor, L., Campbell, K., Rubin, K. H., Booth-LaForce, C., & Burgess, K. B. (2012). Brief report: How anxiously withdrawn preadolescents think about friendship. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 451–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Coll, C., Kagan, J., & Reznick, J. S. (1984). Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development, 55, 1005–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavinski-Molina, M. H., Coplan, R. J., & Younger, A. (2003). A closer look at children’s knowledge about social isolation. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 18, 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H. (2006). Class climate moderates peer relations and emotional adjustment in children with an early history of anxious solitude: A child X environment model. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1179–1192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1179

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H. (2008). Behavioral profiles of anxious solitary children and heterogeneity in peer relations. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1604–1624.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H., & Druhen, M. J. (2009). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion predict social helplessness, upset affect, and vagal regulation in response to behavioral rejection by a friend. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1077–1096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016165

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74, 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2004). Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development, 75, 829–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazelle, H., & Spangler, T. (2007). Early childhood anxious solitude and subsequent peer relationships: Maternal and cognitive moderators. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 515–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, H. H. (1988). The Toddler behavior assessment questionnaire (Tech. Rep. No. 88–04). Eugene: University of Oregon, Oregon Center for the Study of Emotion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guimond, F. A., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Forget-Dubois, N., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2014). Gene–environment interplay in the link of friends’ and nonfriends’ behaviors with children’s social reticence in a competitive situation. Developmental Psychology, 50, 956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hane, A. A., Cheah, C. S. L., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social withdrawal in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 795–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2004). Aggressive victims, passive victims, and bullies: Developmental continuity or developmental change? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 17–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Nelson, L. J., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, J. A., Nelson, D. A., … Wu, P. (2000). Peer acceptance in early childhood and subtypes of socially withdrawn behaviour in China, Russia and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 73–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haselager, G. J., Hartup, W. W., Lieshout, C. F., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. A. (1998). Similarities between friends and nonfriends in middle childhood. Child Development, 69, 1198–1208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, P. D., Kahle, S., & Nuselovici, J. M. (2014). How well socially wary preschoolers fare over time depends on their parasympathetic regulation and socialization. Child Development, 85, 1586–1600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2004). Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behaviors in preschoolers. Child Development, 75(1), 251–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A. (1987). Individuals, relationships and culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A. (1995). A suggested structure for a science of relationships. Personal Relationships, 2, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00074.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (2014). Framing our analysis: A dialectical perspective. In L. F. Leckman, C. Panter-Brick, & R. Salah (Eds.), Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families (pp. 19–26). Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1999). The concept of behavioral inhibition. In L. A. Schmidt & J. Schulkin (Eds.), Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes (pp. 3–13). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Clarke, C., Snidman, N., & García-Coll, C. (1984). Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 55, 2212–2225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459–1473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B. (1978). Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 427–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., & Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who are the victims? Journal of Media Psychology, 21(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiel, E. J., & Buss, K. A. (2011). Prospective relations among fearful temperament, protective parenting, and social withdrawal: The role of maternal accuracy in a moderated mediation framework. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 953–966.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kindermann, T. A. (2007). Effects of naturally existing peer groups on changes in academic engagement in a cohort of sixth graders. Child Development, 78, 1186–1203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindermann, T., & Gest, S. D. (2009). Assessment of the peer group: Identifying naturally occurring social networks and capturing their effects. In K. Rubin, W. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and groups. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G. (1991). Patterns of inhibition to the unfamiliar in children of normal and affectively ill mothers. Child Development, 62, 250–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1992). Inhibition in toddlerhood and the dynamics of the child’s interaction with an unfamiliar peer at age five. Child Development, 63, 325–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W. (2006). Peer rejection, aggressive or withdrawn behavior, and psychological maladjustment from ages 5 to 12: An examination of four predictive models. Child Development, 77(4), 822–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00905.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., & Burgess, K. B. (1999). Charting the relationship trajectories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children during early grade school. Child Development, 70, 910–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., Eggum, N. D., Kochel, K. P., & McConnell, E. M. (2011). Characterizing and comparing the friendships of anxious-solitary and unsociable preadolescents. Child Development, 82, 1434–1453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01632.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, B. (2017). Making and keeping friends: The importance of being similar. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 282–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeMare, L. J., & Rubin, K. H. (1987). Perspective taking and peer interaction: Structural and developmental analyses. Child Development, 58, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis-Morrarty, E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2015). Infant attachment security and early childhood behavioral inhibition interact to predict adolescent social anxiety symptoms. Child Development, 86, 598–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis-Morrarty, E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. L., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2012). Maternal over-control moderates the association between early childhood behavioral inhibition and adolescent social anxiety symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 1363–1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9663-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • London, B., Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Paltin, I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markovic, A., & Bowker, J. C. (2017). Friends also matter: Examining friendship adjustment indices as moderators of anxious-withdrawal and trajectories of change in psychological maladjustment. Developmental Psychology, 53(8), 1462–1473.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzer, M. M., McDonald, K. L., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Schulz, A. (2012). Observed gossip moderates the link between anxious withdrawal and friendship quality in early adolescence. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6, 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. R., Tserakhava, V., & Miller, C. J. (2011). My child is shy and has no friends: What does parenting have to do with it? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9550-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, W., Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Booth-LaForce, C., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2008). Trajectories of social withdrawal from middle childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9199-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penela, E. C., Walker, O. L., Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., & Henderson, H. A. (2015). Early behavioral inhibition and emotion regulation: Pathways toward social competence in middle childhood. Child Development, 86, 1227–1240.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Edgar, K., Bar-Haim, Y., McDermott, J. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Attention biases to threat and behavioral inhibition in early childhood shape adolescent social withdrawal. Emotion, 10, 349–357.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Edgar, K., McDermott, J. M., Korelitz, K., Degnan, K. A., Curby, T. W., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Patterns of sustained attention in infancy shape the developmental trajectory of social behavior from toddlerhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1723–1730.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2015). Shyness and psychological adjustment: The moderating role of friendship relationships. Journal of Psychopathology, 21, 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Chan, A. (2010). Friendship stability and change in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Review, 30, 257–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43, 564–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reznick, J. S., Gibbons, J. L., Johnson, M. O., & McDonough, P. M. (1989). Behavioral inhibition in a normative sample. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral inhibition. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development (pp. 25–49). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. J., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. M. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: Considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H. (1982a). Social and social-cognitive developmental characteristics of young isolate, normal and sociable children. In K. H. Rubin & H. S. Ross (Eds.), Peer relationships and social skills in childhood (pp. 353–374). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H. (1982b). Non-social play in preschoolers: Necessary evil? Child Development, 53, 651–657. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H. (1985). Socially withdrawn children: An “at risk” population? In B. Schneider, K. H. Rubin, & J. Ledingham (Eds.), Children’s peer relations: Issues in assessment and intervention (pp. 125–139). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R. J., & Barstead, M. G. (2018). Withdrawing from the peer group. In W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., & Borwick, D. (1984). The communication skills of children who vary with regard to sociability. In H. Sypher & J. Applegates (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 152–170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Bowker, J. C. (2015). Children in peer groups. In M. H. Bornstein & T. Leventhal (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Ecological settings and processes in developmental systems (Vol. 4, 7th ed., pp. 175–222). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, 5th ed., pp. 619–700). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability and social–behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73, 483–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K., Kennedy, A. E., & Stewart, S. (2003). Social withdrawal and inhibition in childhood. In E. Mash & R. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 372–406). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., & Menzer, M. (2009). Peer relationships. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science (pp. 223–238). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., & Hymel, S. (1993). The socio-emotional characteristics of extremely aggressive and extremely withdrawn children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39, 518–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., McDougall, P., Bowker, A., & McKinnon, J. (1995). The Waterloo Longitudinal Project: Predicting adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems from early and mid-childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 751–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Hastings, P. D., Stewart, S. L., Henderson, H. A., & Chen, X. (1997). The consistency and concomitants of inhibition: Some of the children, all of the time. Child Development, 68, 467–483. https://doi.org/10.2307/113167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Hymel, S., Mills, R., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1991). Conceptualizing different pathways to and from social isolation in childhood. In D. Cicchetti & S. Toth (Eds.), The Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology. Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., & Krasnor, L. R. (1986). Social-cognitive and social behavioral perspectives on problem solving. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Cognitive perspectives on children’s social and behavioral development. The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 1–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1992). Interpersonal problem solving and social competence in children. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of social development (pp. 283–323). New York, NY: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., LeMare, L. J., & Lollis, S. (1990). Social withdrawal in childhood: Developmental pathways to rejection. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 217–249). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Nelson, L. J., Hastings, P. D., & Asendorpf, J. (1999). The transaction between parents' perceptions of their children’s shyness and their parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502599383612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Burgess, K. B. (2006). The best friendships of shy/withdrawn children: prevalence, stability, and relationship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-9017-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2018). Bullying and victimization. In W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, A. J., Vaughn, B. E., & Bost, K. K. (2008). Specifying social structures in preschool classrooms: Descriptive and functional distinctions between affiliative subgroups. Acta Ethologica, 11, 101–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, L. A., & Buss, A. H. (2010). Understanding shyness: Four questions and four decades of research. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 23–41). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, L. A., Fox, N. A., Rubin, K. H., Sternberg, E. M., Gold, P. W., Smith, C., & Schulkin, J. (1997). Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children. Developmental Psychobiology, 30, 127–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. H. (2009). An observational study of the interactions of socially withdrawn/anxious early adolescents and their friends. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 799–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. H., Richard, J. F., Younger, A. J., & Freeman, P. (2000). A longitudinal exploration of the continuity of children’s social participation and social withdrawal across socioeconomic status levels and social settings. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 497–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. H., & Tessier, N. G. (2007). Close friendship as understood by socially withdrawn, anxious early adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38, 339–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Rose, A. J. (2009). Conversational self-focus in adolescent friendships: observational assessment of an interpersonal process and relations with internalizing symptoms and friendship quality. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 1263–1297. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.10.1263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (1995). The social problem-solving skills of anxious-withdrawn children. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York, NY: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, S., Pokhrel, P., Ashmore, R. D., & Brown, B. B. (2007). Adolescent peer group identification and characteristics: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1602–1627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suway, J. G., Degnan, K. A., Sussman, A. L., & Fox, N. A. (2012). The relations among theory of mind, behavioral inhibition, and peer interactions in early childhood. Social Development, 21, 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarullo, A. R., Mliner, S., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011). Inhibition and exuberance in preschool classrooms: Associations with peer social experiences and changes in cortisol across the preschool year. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1374–1388.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2014). Experiencing loneliness in adolescence: A matter of individual characteristics, negative peer experiences, or both? Social Development, 23, 100–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, O. L., Henderson, H. A., Degnan, K. A., Penela, E. C., & Fox, N. A. (2014). Associations between behavioral inhibition and children’s social problem-solving behavior during social exclusion. Social Development, 23, 487–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., McDonald, K. L., Rubin, K. H., & Laursen, B. (2012). Peer rejection as a social antecedent to rejection sensitivity in youth: The role of relational valuation. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 939–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann, C., Coplan, R. J., & Daniels, T. (2004). The social cognitions of socially withdrawn children. Social Development, 13, 377–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, F., Chen, X., & Wang, L. (2015). Shyness-sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment in urban Chinese children: A four-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 86, 1848–1864. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12414

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Younger, A. J., & Daniels, T. (1992). Children’s reasons for nominating their peers as withdrawn: Passive withdrawal versus active isolation. Developmental Psychology, 28, 955–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kenneth H. Rubin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rubin, K.H., Barstead, M.G., Smith, K.A., Bowker, J.C. (2018). Peer Relations and the Behaviorally Inhibited Child. In: Pérez-Edgar, K., Fox, N. (eds) Behavioral Inhibition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98077-5_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics