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Clinical Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus

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Book cover Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Liver Diseases

Abstract

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health challenge with over 75 million people affected globally. The widespread transmission of the virus in the past century has created a large infectious reservoir, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There remain 1–2 million new HCV infections worldwide every year.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Aparna Goel & Aijaz Ahmed

  2. National Liver Institute, Shebin El Kom, Egypt

    Imam Waked

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  1. Aparna Goel
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  2. Aijaz Ahmed
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  3. Imam Waked
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Correspondence to Aijaz Ahmed .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alameda Health System Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA

    Robert J. Wong

  2. Robert G. Gish Consultants LLC, Hepatitis B Foundation, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert G. Gish

Summary Table of Landmark Literature—HCV

Summary Table of Landmark Literature—HCV

Study title and authors

Study design

Summary results

Main limitations

Mohd Hanafiah K, Groeger J, Flaxman AD, Wiersma ST. Hepatology. 2013;57:1333–42

Systematic review of Medline, Embase, and Cinahl from 1980–2007 to update the global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV), which included pooled estimates from 232 articles

• Global prevalence and number of people with anti-HCV has increased from 2.3% to 2.8% and from >122 to >185 million between 1990 and 2005

• Central and East Asia and North Africa/Middle East are estimated to have high prevalence (>3.5%); South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Andean, Central, and Southern Latin America, Caribbean, Oceania, Australasia, and Central, Eastern, and Western Europe have moderate prevalence (1.5–3.5%); whereas Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, and North America have low prevalence (<1.5%)

• Estimates are limited to available literature and some regions without robust HCV epidemiology data may have inaccurate estimates

• Prevalence data included studies through 2007, which precedes major efforts to improve HCV screening, linkage to care, and treatment

Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, The Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Lancet Gastroenterology Hepatology. 2017;2(3):161–176

Systematic review followed by a country-level disease burden models using data from manuscripts published after 2013

• Study provided updated prevalence data in the more recent era

• The global prevalence of chronic HCV is estimated to be 1.0% (95% uncertainty interval 0.8–1.1) in 2015, corresponding to 71.1 million (62.5–79.4) individuals

• Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively)

• Estimates are limited to available literature and some regions without robust HCV epidemiology (especially in sub-Saharan Africa), data may have been less accurate

• Inherent limitations of assumptions made by the model design may have affected the estimates that were generated

Riou J, Aït Ahmed M, Blake A, Vozlinsky S, Brichler S, Eholié S, Boëlle PY, Fontanet A, HCV Epidemiology in Africa Group. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2016;23:244–55

Systematic review with meta-analysis of HCV seroprevalence data among adults in African countries via 2000–2014 structured search of MEDLINE, AJOL, and grey literature, which included 262 studies

• Among North Africa region, HCV seroprevalence was high in Egypt at 14.7% and lowest in Libya at 1.2%

• In West Africa region, highest HCV seroprevalence was in Burkina Faso at 6.1% and lowest in Senegal at 1.0%

• In Middle Africa region, highest HCV seroprevalence was seen in Cameroon and Gabon at 4.9% and lowest in the Democratic Republic of Congo at 2.1%

• In East Africa region, highest HCV seroprevalence was seen in Ethiopia at 2.7% and lowest in Mozambique at 1.3%

• In South Africa region, overall prevalence was low overall ranging from 1.1% to 1.6%

• Estimates are limited to available literature and some regions without robust HCV epidemiology data may have inaccurate estimates

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Goel, A., Ahmed, A., Waked, I. (2019). Clinical Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus. In: Wong, R., Gish, R. (eds) Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Liver Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94355-8_12

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