Abstract
Major opportunities for climate change mitigation and adaptation exist in marginalized and drought-prone environments. However, the opportunity and public responsibility to critically analyze potential benefits and trade-offs at the water-energy nexus still tends to get overlooked in the rush to design and implement adaptation projects. This causes unnecessary expenditures, hinders climate change and drought mitigation, and reduces the scope for tracking progress toward the intended end of drought emergencies – including learning about what works and what doesn’t.
In this chapter, we explore processes, methods, and tools which may help countries and communities in the region to identify the benefits and trade-offs of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) at the water-energy nexus. We achieve a preliminary quantification of impacts on both water resource availability for vulnerable people in a drought-prone region and also present future emissions contributing to future climate change.
Next steps involving possible use of water and energy accounting through a cross-scale participatory approach are outlined. This should help to rethink poorly conceived strategies, better assess successful local community and ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation, feed into planning for further such interventions, and increase value for money in responses to climate change and drought threats across the region.
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Acknowledgment
Aspects of the preparation of this manuscript involved collaboration with the ADA Consortium, which is funded by DFID, SIDA, and others. ADA is hosted in Kenya by the National Drought Management Authority.
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Appendices
Annex 1 List of Prioritized Public Goods Investments
County | Ward | Project name |
---|---|---|
Wajir | Bananey | 1. Rehabilitation of Buruka water pan |
Arbajahan | 2. Rehabilitation Adan Awale water pan | |
Laghboghol South | 3. Rehabilitation Laghboghol water pan | |
Eldas | 4. Rehabilitation Dadhantalai water pan | |
Gurar | 5. Rehabilitation Bamba water pan | |
Sarman | 6. Rehabilitation Basanicha water pan | |
Khorof Harar | 7. Rehabilitation Wajir Bor water pan | |
Wargadud | 8. Rehabilitation Wargadud water pan | |
Elben | 9. Rehabilitation Elben water pan | |
Lakoley | 10. Rehabilitation Lakoley water pan | |
Korondille | 11. Installation of solar panels at Nyata borehole | |
Ademasajida | 12. Installation of solar panels at LMD borehole | |
Kitui | Kauwi | 13. Mikuyuni Earth dam |
Kiomo/Kyethani | 14. Iiani Kwa Ndungu – distribution of borehole water | |
Voo/Kyamatu | 15. Kaumbu/Mwinga | |
Voo/Kyamatu | 16. Kyandeve Earth dam | |
Ngomeni | 17. Makithuri Earth dam | |
Ngomeni | 18. Mutethya Nzaini Earth dam | |
Migwani | 19. Kamuyuni Rock catchment | |
Kwa Vonza/Yatta | 20. Kwa Mboo Earth dam | |
Ikutha | 21. Itukisya Earth dam | |
Ikutha | 22. Ngomano sand dam | |
Mutha | 23. Kalikuvu Earth dam | |
Mutito/Kaliku | 24. Kaayo Earth dam | |
Makueni | Kiima Kiu-Kalanzoni | 25. Kaseve borehole distribution |
Kiima Kiu-Kalanzoni | 26. Kwa Atumia Earth dam | |
Mbitini | 27. Masue Rock catchment | |
Nguu-Masumba | 28. Kwa Mutuku Earth dam | |
Kilungu | 29. Kwa Lai sand dam | |
Nguu-Masumba | 30. Kwa Kilii sand dam | |
Kithungo-Kitundu | 31. Ngutioni sand dam | |
Kithungo-Kitundu | 32. Kya Aka sand dam | |
Mtito Andei | 33. Ngai Ndethya mega sand dam | |
Garissa | Nanighi | 34. Rehabilitation of Abaqdera borehole |
Nanighi | 35. Construction of water piping system in Nanighi | |
Goreale | 36. Rehabilitation of Goreale borehole | |
Sankuri | 37. Rehabilitation of Shimbirey borehole | |
Sankuri | 38. Rehabilitation of Nunow borehole | |
Isiolo | tbc | 39. |
40. | ||
41. | ||
42. | ||
43. |
Isiolo | Chari | Kobe borehole |
---|---|---|
Cherab | Blocking of Yamicha water pan | |
Blocking of Urura water pan | ||
Yamicha borehole | ||
Duma borehole | ||
Urura borehole | ||
Halango borehole | ||
Bambot borehole | ||
Garbatulla | Kurofta Mola shallow well | |
Blocking of Dambala Dedha water pan | ||
Boji livestock facility | ||
Garbatulla livestock facility | ||
Garb Qalla shallow well | ||
Garbatulla community radio | ||
Her Buyo water pan | ||
Belgesh 1 water pan | ||
Belgesh 2 water pan | ||
Kinna | Barambate livestock facility | |
Yagabarsathi livestock facility | ||
Kula Mawe livestock facility | ||
Bibi water pan | ||
Kinna vet lab | ||
Oldonyiro | Nantudu water pan | |
Raap sand dam | ||
Ntumodet sand dam | ||
Losseketef sand dam | ||
Rumate sand dam | ||
Siangawn rock catchment | ||
Mokori rock catchment | ||
Lagaaman sand dam | ||
Legiteng sand dam | ||
Mlima-Chui sand dam | ||
Noontomia sand dam | ||
Lemeshemi sand dam | ||
Elbaa-orok sand dam | ||
Nooloroi sand dam | ||
Nempejeto rock catchment | ||
Nooloroi new sand dam | ||
Lbaaibor sand dam | ||
Sericho | Fororsa water pan | |
Qote Kora water pan | ||
Hawaye 2 shallow well | ||
Komor Bula water pan | ||
Manyangab water pan |
Annex 2 National and County Frameworks for Adaptation to Changing Climate
Document | Relevance to climate risk management |
---|---|
National Drought Management Authority Act, 2016 | The NDMA is a statutory body established under the NDMA Act, 2016. The Act gives the NDMA the mandate to coordinate all matters relating to drought management, including the implementation of policies and programs and drought response initiatives undertaken by other actors. The NDMA is also tasked with promoting the integration of drought management in development policies, plans, and programs (GoK 2016b) |
Draft National Policy for Disaster Risk Management, 2013 | The vision of the draft policy is a safe and disaster-resilient nation. It aims to reduce disaster risk and loss through an integrated multi-hazard approach that contributes to and protects the achievements of Kenya Vision 2030. The policy embraces the paradigm shift from managing response to managing risk and aims to integrate DRM in planning and budgeting. A number of institutions related to the policy are already in place, including the NDOC, the National DRR Platform, and the National Disaster Management Unit (NDMU). Some line ministries also have units that address disaster and climate risk management (GOK 2013b) |
National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), 2010 | The strategy represents the government’s formal recognition of the climate change challenge. Its primary focus is to ensure that adaption and mitigation measures are integrated in all government planning, budgeting, and development objectives. It advocates collaboration and joint action in tackling the impacts of climate change, as well as stronger planning and institutional capacity development, including at community level (GoK 2010) |
National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), 2013–2017 | This operationalizes the NCCRS and provides guidelines for mainstreaming climate change across all sectors of the Medium Term Plan (MTP). It has nine sub-components which are now being implemented (GoK 2013a) |
Climate Change Act, 2016 | The purpose of the Act is to develop, manage, implement, and regulate mechanisms that enhance climate change resilience and low-carbon development. It will anchor all actions relating to climate change across all sectors. It also creates a climate change governance structure at national and county level. Some institutions are already in place, such as the Climate Change Directorate (GoK 2016c) |
National Adaptation Plan, 2016 | This guides the implementation of priority adaptation issues at national and local levels. It advocates for mainstreaming climate change adaptation in planning and budgeting |
Common Programme Framework (CPF) for Ending Drought Emergencies (EDE), 2015 | The Common Programme Framework was launched in November 2015 and provides a framework for collaborative action to reduce drought risks, strengthen drought resilience, and end drought emergencies. The NDMA is the focal point for EDE and tasked with overseeing implementation of the framework (GoK 2015c) |
National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands, 2012 | This was the foundation for both the creation of the NDMA and the Ending Drought Emergencies framework. It also calls for the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into planning and the strengthening of strategies used by communities to manage risk and adapt to climate variability and change (GoK 2012) |
Integrated Climate Risk Management Framework for Kenya (2016) | Aims at bringing together disaster risk management, climate change, and sustainable development response/activities to improve quality of actions and building a climate-resilient economy |
County-level legislation and action plans
Document | Relevance to climate risk management |
---|---|
County Drought Contingency Plan | Drought contingency plans have been developed in 23 ASAL counties to address drought-related challenges across various sectors. The plans encompass a variety of interventions based on different drought scenarios and are intended to facilitate timely and coordinated response. For a sample of County Drought Contingency Plan, see https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/system/files/documents/files/GARISSA%20CP%20FINAL.pdf |
County Climate Change Fund (CCCF) legislation | CCCF legislation aims to help counties mobilize finance from a variety of sources (public and private, local and international) in order to implement priority climate change interventions (ADA Consortium 2014a, b). For an account of the legislation in Makueni, see http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/Makueni-climate-change-law/-/1107872/3223706/-/lyrfj9/-/index.html |
Natural resource/rangeland management bills (Isiolo and Wajir) | The legislation aims to achieve sustainable natural resource management that draws from both conventional and customary practices. It is designed to ensure that natural resources are adequately conserved, protected, and sustainably used |
County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) | CIDPs are 5-year development blueprints that aim to improve livelihoods through citizen engagement and the creation of an enabling environment for mobilizing and sustainably using resources in the counties |
County Environment Action Plans | These plans address environmental issues across various sectors in an integrated manner and discuss their significance in development planning. They propose a strategy for achieving sustainable development in line with the SDGs and the Kenya Vision 2030 Medium Term Plan |
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King-Okumu, C., Harou, J., Orindi, V.A., Tepo, M. (2020). Mitigating and Adapting to “Arid” Climate Extremes: Impacts of Locally Prioritized Ecosystem-Based Adaptations at the Water-Energy Nexus. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93336-8_83
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