Abstract
Pal offers the first comprehensive analysis of Western-led governance reform projects in Muslim-majority states. Focusing on three key organizations—the OECD, the European Union, and the World Bank—the chapter traces the history of the reform efforts, their regional concentrations and overlaps, and priorities. Every region, from the Middle East and North Africa to Central and Southeast Asia, has been the target of one or another of these organizations, promoting democracy and good governance. At the same time, there has been a tension between governance reform and regime stability, particularly in the Middle East.
The research reported in this chapter was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. My thanks to Ismoil Khujamkulov for his research assistance and to Rainer Eisfeld and Christopher Walker for comments on earlier drafts.
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Notes
- 1.
Each of these organizations consists of member states, most notably the United States, which have bilateral relations with various MMS. These bilateral efforts have often informed the organizational ones, but we will not consider them in this chapter. As well, each of these member states has wider security and foreign policy objectives in regions that contain MMS, and once again we will have to set these aside for lack of space, though where sufficiently important (e.g., post 9/11) they will be mentioned.
- 2.
OECD members as of 2017: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- 3.
This section draws on Pal (2012: 145–52).
- 4.
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
- 5.
- 6.
African Development Bank, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Monetary Fund, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank, the International Finance Corporation, the IMF, the Islamic Development Bank, the OECD, the OPEC Fund for International Development, and the World Bank.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
The DAC has 30 members, none of which is a MMS or a member of the OIC. See http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacmembers.htm for a list of members. The MMS that report to the DAC are Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE. The DAC also receives statistical reports from the Islamic Development Bank. The DAC also publishes estimates of ODA by other countries, even if they do not report those data directly to the DAC, which explains the DAC reporting on Qatar.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
“OECD Bolsters Relationship with Kazakhstan – Signs Kazakhstan Country Programme Agreement.” http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-bolsters-relationship-with-kazakhstan-signs-kazakhstan-country-programme-agreement.htm
- 13.
These were not available at time of writing.
- 14.
- 15.
We have not included Turkey in these tables, since as a member of the OECD it falls into the category of “developed” and rich countries. It is in a unique category and deserves separate treatment, which unfortunately we cannot provide here. As well, there were no data for Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Qatar, Oman, Suriname, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Palestine. The Bank offers technical assistance programs based on reimbursable advisory services (RAS) to the following six governments of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, but there are no data on these projects on the Bank’s website. The Bank does not have a webpage on Brunei’s projects. As for Iran, out of 54 projects, 49 are closed, 5 are dropped, including the only project under the “Other Public Administration” sector. The same is true of Malaysia: projects on public administration are either closed or dropped. The Bank’s webpage cites only very limited projects in Libya: one active and one in other social services sectors, again, not in the sector of interest. The only Bank governance project on “Central Government” in Suriname is connected to pipeline development and hence was excluded since it is actually an economic development and not a governance reform project.
- 16.
The available data are for committed funds, not actual expenditures.
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Pal, L.A. (2019). Reforming Governance in Muslim-Majority States: Promoting Values or Protecting Stability?. In: Pal, L.A., Tok, M.E. (eds) Global Governance and Muslim Organizations. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92561-5_2
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