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Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease pp 21–44Cite as

Pathology of the Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arteries

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Abstract

In addition to clinical signs and symptomatology, laboratory studies and radiologic analysis, diagnosis of vascular disorders has historically relied upon pathologic evaluation. This chapter will summarize common vascular diseases which can affect the extracranial carotid arteries (ECCAs) and extracranial vertebral arteries (ECVAs) with emphasis on their histopathologic features and pathogenesis. The complex mechanisms driving tissue morphologic abnormalities in many vascular disorders have been elucidated by a combination of methodology including not only clinical and experimental studies but also gross and histologic examination of affected vessels. Some of the most common or significant pathologies of the ECCA and ECVA include atherosclerosis, dissection, aneurysm, fibromuscular dysplasia, and arteritis. These disorders are clinically important in that they can lead to cerebrovascular complications including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke and are often managed by surgical techniques. The pathologic features of the carotid body tumor which is also commonly managed surgically will also be discussed.

The original version of the chapter was revised. A correction to this chapter can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91533-3_25

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Change history

  • 02 October 2018

    Late corrections to chapters 3 and 10 have been corrected as listed below:

    1. 1.

      Chapter 3: Page 22, the last sentence in paragraph “Occlusive lesions of the.....” has been updated as below:

      “For example, the costocervical and thyrocervical branches of the Subclavian Artery can develop collateral circulation between the external carotid and subclavian arteries.”

Abbreviations

AIT:

Adaptive intimal thickening

ACA :

Anterior Cerebral Artery

BA:

Basilar artery

CCA:

Common carotid artery

CMD:

Cystic medial degeneration

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ECA:

External carotid artery

ECCA:

Extracranial carotid artery

ECVA:

Extracranial vertebral artery

EEL:

External elastic lamina

FMD:

Fibromuscular dysplasia

FS:

Fatty streak

GCA:

Giant cell arteritis

ICA:

Internal carotid artery

IEL:

Internal elastic lamina

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

PIT:

Pathologic intimal thickening

SDHL:

Succinate dehydrogenase

TA:

Takayasu’s arteritis

TIA:

Transient ischemic attack

VA:

Vertebral artery

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA

    Wendy N. Wiesend & Mitual Amin

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  1. Wendy N. Wiesend
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  2. Mitual Amin
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Correspondence to Wendy N. Wiesend .

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  1. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Sachinder Singh Hans

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Wiesend, W.N., Amin, M. (2018). Pathology of the Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arteries. In: Hans, S. (eds) Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91533-3_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91533-3_3

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