Abstract
There are good numbers of success stories of social enterprises in India such as Arvind Eye Centre, Barefoot, Farm2Food Foundation, AYZH, Jaipur rugs and Selco Solar. There is a need to the number of such social enterprises in India. This chapter discusses the various factors that affect an individual’s intention to become a social entrepreneur. This study, conducted among students of India’s leading technical institutions, indicates that self-efficacy was found to be the strongest predictor of entrepreneurial intention.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 438–459). London, UK: Sage.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy, the locus of control, and the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1970). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(70)90057-0
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
Ajzen, I., & Thomas, M. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Appolloni, A., & Gaddam, S. (2009). Identifying the effect of psychological variables on entrepreneurial intentions. DSM Business Review, 1(2), 61–86.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. In I. T. Spence, R. C. Carson, & J. W. Thibaut (Eds.), Behavioral approaches to therapy (pp. 1–46). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Evaluation and Program Planning, 13(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(90)90004-G
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed., pp. 154–196). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Bandura, A., & Bandura, A. (1997). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bird, B. (1998). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442–453.
Boren, A. E. (2010). Emotional intelligence: The secret of successful entrepreneurship? Leadership in Agriculture, 2, 54–61.
Boschee, J. (1995). Social entrepreneurship: Some nonprofits are not only thinking about the unthinkable, they’re doing it—Running a profit. Across the Board, The Conference Board Meeting, 32(3), 1–25.
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 63.
Bryant, P. (2009). Self-regulation and moral awareness among entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.005
Carsuard, A., & Brannback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 9–26.
Cheung, W. G., & Rensvold, B. R. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902
Chowdhury, I., & Santos, F. M. (2010). Scaling social innovations: The case of Gram Vikas. Director, 0–35. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1553070
Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don’t need a new theory and how we move forward from here. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 37–57.
Datta, P. B., & Gailey, R. (2012). Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Case study of a women’s cooperative in India. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(3), 569–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00505.x
Engle, R. L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J. V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., … Wolff, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen’s model of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 16(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011020063
Ernst, K. K. (2011). Heart over mind—An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour. Doctoral thesis, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal—Bergische Universität Wuppertal.
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701–720.
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, 10(6), 269–314.
Fishbein, M. E. (Ed.). (1967). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981, August). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII, 382–388.
Forster, F., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Social entrepreneurial intention formation of corporate volunteers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2013.777358
Ganly, K., & Mair, J. (2009). Small steps toward institutional change: Social entrepreneurship in rural India. Social entrepreneurship (Vol. 2, English ed., pp. 5–10). Originally Published in German in Okologisches Wirtschaften (Munchen, Okom Verlag).
Gardner, H. (2007). A multiplicity of intelligences: In tribute to Professor Luigi Vignolo. In P. Marien & J. Abutalebi (Eds.), Neuropsychological research: A review. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Germak, A. J., & Robinson, J. A. (2014). Exploring the motivation of nascent social entrepreneurs. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 5–21.
Haines, R., Street, M. D., & Haines, D. (2008). The influence of perceived importance of an ethical issue on moral judgment, moral obligation, and moral intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 387–399.
Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Harding, R., & Cowling, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship monitor. London: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Hemingway, C. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(3), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0132-5
Hendry, J. (2004). Between enterprise and ethics: Business and management in a bimoral society. Oxford University Press.
Heuer, A., & Liñán, F. (2013). Testing alternative measures of subjective norms in entrepreneurial intention models. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.054310
Hockerts, K. (2015a). Antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions: A validation study. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2013.16805abstract
Hockerts, K. (2015b). The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): A validation study. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-05-2014-0026
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105–130.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
Iakovleva, T., & Kolvereid, L. (2009). An integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 3(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2009.021632
Intellecap. (2012, April). On the path to sustainability and scale: A study of India’s social enterprise landscape. Intellecap Report, 66.
Kautonen, T., Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2013, July). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 39, 1.
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., & Watson, B. (2003). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In Proceedings of SEAANZ 2003 Conference. University of Ballarat (Online).
Khanapuri, V. B., & Khandelwal, M. R. (2011). Scope for fair trade and social entrepreneurship in India. Business Strategy Series, 12(4), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/17515631111155179
Kirby, D. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2011). The case for (social) entrepreneurship education in Egyptian universities. Education + Training, 53(5), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147712
Koçoğlu, M., & Hassan, M. U. (2013). Assessing entrepreneurial intentions of university students: A comparative study of two different cultures: Turkey and Pakistani. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(13), 243–252.
Koe, J., Nga, H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259–282.
Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.008
Krueger, N. (1993). Title: The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 18(1), 315–330.
Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 18, 91–104.
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5, 315–330.
Krueger, N., & Dickson, P. R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385–400.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Lans, T., Blok, V., & Wesselink, R. (2014). Learning apart and together: Towards an integrated competence framework for sustainable entrepreneurship in higher education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 62, 37–47.
Lee, S. M., Chang, D., & Lim, S. B. (2005). Impact of entrepreneurship education: A comparative study of the US and Korea. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 27–43.
Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3, 11–35. Retrieved from http://congreso.us.es/gpyde/DOWNLOAD/a9.pdf
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2006). Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample (Working Paper No. 200607). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: Citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: A role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218.
Liñán, F., & Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443–453.
Lorz, M. (2011). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. Dissertation of the University of St. Gallen, School of Management, Economics, Law, Social Sciences and International Affairs.
Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social enterprise get formed (Working Paper No. 521). IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Barcelona.
Mair, J., Robinson, J., & Hockerts, K. (2006). Social entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matlay, H. (2008). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 382–396.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., Inquiry, S. P., Taylor, P., Erlbaum, L., … Caruso, D. R. (2014). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197–215.
Mueller, S. (2011). Increasing entrepreneurial intention: Effective entrepreneurship course characteristics. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 13(1), 55–74.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behaviour: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392.
Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129–144.
Razali, N. M., & Wah, Y. B. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 2(1), 21–33.
Roberts, B. D., & Woods, C. (2000). Changing the world on a shoestring: The concept of social entrepreneurship. University of Auckland Business Review, 7, 45–51.
Rossmann, C. (2010). Theory of reasoned action-theory of planned behavior. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
Rueda, S., Moriano, J. A., & Liñán, F. (2015). Validating a theory of planned behavior questionnaire to measure entrepreneurial intentions. In A. Fayolle, P. Kyrö, & F. Liñán (Eds.), Developing, shaping and growing entrepreneurship (pp. 60–78). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185–211.
Sánchez, J. C. (2010). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0156-x
Seth, S., & Kumar, S. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A growing trend in Indian business. Entrepreneurial Practice Review, 1(3), 4–16. Retrieved from http://www.entryerson.com/epr/index.php/jep/article/viewFile/66/49
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 72–90). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Shepherd, D. A. (2004). Educating entrepreneurship students about emotion and learning from failure. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 274–287.
Shepherd, D. A. (2015). Party on! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity-based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 489–507.
Shepherd, D. A., & Krueger, N. F. (2002). An intentions‐based model of entrepreneurial teams’ social cognition. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 167–185.
Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379–399.
Short, J. C., Moss, T. W., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3, 161–194. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej
Shukla, M. (2012). Introduction to social entrepreneurship. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2071186
Shumate, M., Atouba, Y., Cooper, K. R., & Pilny, A. (2014). Two paths diverged: Examining the antecedents to social entrepreneurship. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(3), 404–421.
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2002). Health, performance and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study of retail managers. Stress and Health, 18(2), 63–68.
Sonne, L. (2012). Innovative initiatives supporting inclusive innovation in India: Social business incubation and micro venture capital. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(4), 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.06.008
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591.
Thompson, J. L. (2008). Social enterprise and social entrepreneurship: Where have we reached? Social Enterprise Journal, 4(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508610810902039
Thorndike. (1920). What is the Thorndike’s intelligence theory for in practice?
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine.
Thorndike, R. L., & Stein, S. (1937). An evaluation of the attempts to measure social intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 34(5), 275.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017a). Predictors of social entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 53–79.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017b). The role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on social entrepreneurial attitudes and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 165–185.
Tran, A. T., Tran, A. T., Von Korflesch, H., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17–38.
Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with physical and psychological health functioning. Stress and Health, 21(2), 77–86.
Vansandt, C. V., Sud, M., Marmé, C., Vansandt, C. V., & Marme, C. (2009). Catalysts for social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(Suppl. 3), 419–428.
Vinogradov, E., Kolvereid, L., & Timoshenko, K. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial intentions when satisfactory employment opportunities are scarce. Education + Training, 55(7), 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2012-0067
Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008). The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752–774. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843
Zampetakis, L. A. (2011). The measurement of trait emotional intelligence with TEIQue-SF: An analysis based on unfolding item response theory models. In C. E. J. Härtel, N. M. Ashkanasy, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.), Research on emotion in organizations (pp. 289–315). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1746-9791(2011)0000007016
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995452
Zeyen, A., Beckmann, M., Mueller, S., Dees, J. G., Khanin, D., Krueger, N., … Zacharakis, A. (2012). Social entrepreneurship and broader theories: Shedding new light on the ‘bigger picture’. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship (August 2015), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2012.725422
Ziegler, R. (2009). An introduction to social entrepreneurship: Voices, preconditions, contexts. In R. Ziegler (Ed.), An introduction to social entrepreneurship—Voices, preconditions, contexts (pp. 1–18). Cheltenham; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd..
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A.K., Tikoria, J. (2018). Factors Affecting Individual’s Intention to Become a Social Entrepreneur. In: Agrawal, A., Kumar, P. (eds) Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Business Models. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74488-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74488-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74487-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74488-9
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)