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Socio-environmental Risks and Conflicts in Colombia and Mexico

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Risks, Violence, Security and Peace in Latin America

Abstract

The existing economic development model in most of the Latin American and Caribbean countries – with the exception of Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Cuba – prioritised economic growth over some other notions of multidimensional development, such as environmental sustainability, social justice, pluralism and respect for human rights, among others.

Dr. Nathaly Burbano Muñoz, Ph.D. in Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, Master in Latin American Studies, Universidad Javeriana de Colombia, National University of Colombia, politician, with specialisation studies in negotiation and management of political conflicts, UNAM; Postdoctoral researcher at the Latin American and Caribbean Research Center of UNAM. Email: nburbanom@gmail.com.

Ms. Malely Linares Sánchez, Master in Latin American Studies, UNAM, specialist in negotiation and management of political and social conflicts, UNAM; Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences, District University of Colombia; Ph.D. student in Latin American Studies, UNAM. Email: betmalisa@gmail.com.

Ms. Fabiola Nava León, Bachelor’s degree in International Relations, UNAM, with a specialisation in negotiation and management of political and social conflicts, UNAM; Coordinator of Management and Linkage in Jiménez & Contreras Consultores. Email: fabiola.navaleon@hotmail.com.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Most of the big mining companies come from North America, in particular from Canada, as well as several oil and gas extraction companies currently operating in the region, which come from Europe. International financial institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the International Finance Corporation have provided export credits and investment guarantees to enable these companies to operate. European banks have also played a significant role in financing mining operations (CIDSE 2009).

  2. 2.

    In 2011 the multinational corporation changed its name to stay in the national territory, after the demand of social groups who managed to have the environmental licence removed because of environmental damage.

  3. 3.

    Information received from Javier Rojas, leader of the Shipia Wayuu Association.

  4. 4.

    These minerals are: silver, bismuth, fluorite, celestite, wollastonite, cadmium, molybdenum, lead, zinc, dynamite, salt, barite, graphite, gypsum, gold and copper.

  5. 5.

    The other sectors of Canadian investment are: manufacturing (24.4 per cent); accommodation services (5.9 per cent); trade (5.3 per cent); financial services (4.7 per cent); real estate services (4.4 per cent); professional, scientific and technological services (3.7 per cent); business support services (3.9 per cent) (SRE 2013).

  6. 6.

    This means, ‘74.6 per cent of silver extraction and profit was concentrated in these three states: Zacatecas with 47.4 per cent; Chihuahua with 14.4 per cent, and Durango with 12.8 per cent’ (Clausell 2010).

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Correspondence to Nathaly Burbano Muñoz .

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Burbano Muñoz, N., Linares Sánchez, M., Nava León, F. (2018). Socio-environmental Risks and Conflicts in Colombia and Mexico. In: Oswald Spring, Ú., Serrano Oswald, S. (eds) Risks, Violence, Security and Peace in Latin America. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73808-6_8

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