Impact of Endocrine Disorders on the Liver

Di Ciaula, Agostino; Christidis, Grigorios; Krawczyk, Marcin; Lammert, Frank; Portincasa, Piero

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68729-2_6

Agostino Di Ciaula^6,7,8,
Grigorios Christidis⁹,
Marcin Krawczyk^9,10,
Frank Lammert⁹ &
…
Piero Portincasa¹¹

Part of the book series: Endocrinology ((ENDOCR))

923 Accesses

Abstract

The key role of the liver in systemic homeostatic processes and metabolic functions make unavoidable that this vital organ is a privileged target for a number of endocrine disorders. This is true also considering the wide panel of functional relationships with multiple endocrine organs. Impaired liver functions, on the other hand, pave the way to disrupted hormonal activity. This possibility depends on the central role of the liver in regulating the metabolism of several hormones and on the liver’s capability to interact with key signaling pathways. Thyroid hormones have a role in regulating metabolic processes in the liver, and, on the other hand, thyroxine and triiodothyronine undergo liver metabolization, and the liver has a key role in regulating the systemic effects of these hormones. Similarly, complex pathways regulate the relationships between the adrenal gland and the liver, and dysfunctions in these two organs are frequently strongly interrelated. Hypopituitarism generates a phenotype similar to metabolic syndrome, with an increased risk of fatty liver. On the other hand, a compromised liver function (as that observed in liver cirrhosis) can stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Finally, strong correlations exist between metabolic function in the liver and sex hormones in males and females, and both estrogens and androgens, if unbalanced, are able to alter liver function and to generate liver damage. In turn, chronic liver diseases strongly affect the correct function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

A better knowledge of molecular mechanisms linking liver function and multiple hormonal axes could provide, in the next future, useful therapeutic tools to prevent or limit liver damage secondary to hormonal dysfunction or, conversely, to manage the altered hormonal homeostasis in patients with chronic liver diseases.

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Abbreviations

ACC1:: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
APRI:: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index
AST:: Aspartate aminotransferase
BAAT:: Body mass index (BMI)-age-alanine aminotransferase (ALT)-triglycerides
BARD:: BMI AST/ALT Ratio Diabetes
BMI:: Body mass index
BMR:: Basal metabolic rate
BSEP:: Bile acid export pump
ESR1:: Estrogen receptor 1
ESR2:: Estrogen receptor 2
FA:: Fatty acids
FASN:: Fatty acid synthase
FAT:: Fatty acid translocase
FATP:: Fatty acid transporter proteins
FFA:: Free fatty acids
G6Pase:: Glucose-6-phosphatase
GPR30:: G protein-coupled receptor 30
IRS1:: Insulin receptor substrate 1
IRS2:: Insulin receptor substrate 2
L-FABP:: Liver fatty acid binding proteins
ME:: Malic enzyme
MRP2:: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
NAFLD:: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
PCOS:: Polycystic ovary syndrome
RAI:: Relative adrenal insufficiency
SHBG:: Sex hormone binding globulin
T3:: 3,5,3′-L-tri-iodothyronine
T4:: 3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronin
THR:: Thyroid receptor
THRAβ:: Thyroid receptor isoform β
THRSP:: Thyroid hormone responsive
THRα:: Thyroid receptor isoform α
TRE:: Thyroid response elements
TSE:: Thyroid-stimulating hormone
VLDL:: Very low density lipoproteins

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Authors and Affiliations

Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
Agostino Di Ciaula
Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie (BAT), ASL BAT, Bisceglie, Italy
Agostino Di Ciaula
International Society of Doctors for Environment – ISDE, Basel, Switzerland
Agostino Di Ciaula
Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
Grigorios Christidis, Marcin Krawczyk & Frank Lammert
Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Center for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Marcin Krawczyk
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Bari, Italy
Piero Portincasa

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Agostino Di Ciaula
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Grigorios Christidis
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Marcin Krawczyk
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Frank Lammert
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Piero Portincasa
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Correspondence to Piero Portincasa .

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Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Bari, Italy
Piero Portincasa
Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIBEROBN, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Gema Frühbeck
Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Hendrik M. Nathoe

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Di Ciaula, A., Christidis, G., Krawczyk, M., Lammert, F., Portincasa, P. (2021). Impact of Endocrine Disorders on the Liver. In: Portincasa, P., Frühbeck, G., Nathoe, H.M. (eds) Endocrinology and Systemic Diseases. Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68729-2_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68729-2_6
Published: 04 November 2020
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68728-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68729-2
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

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