Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Studies of Social Neuroscience: A Lesion Model Approach

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neuroscience and Social Science

Abstract

Understanding the neurobiological basis of complex human behaviors is a key aim for social neuroscience. Examining clinical populations with relatively circumscribed brain damage and related behavioral deficits can provide insights into brain regions which are necessary for abilities such as face processing, emotion recognition, theory of mind, and empathy. In this review, we reflect on the emerging body of evidence which combines experimental behavioral studies and neuroimaging analysis techniques in clinical groups, with a focus on four progressive neurodegenerative disorders: behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. These clinical syndromes are characterized by divergent patterns of neurodegeneration and variable degrees of impairment in social cognition and social behavior. Here, we review the paradigms which have been employed and the current patterns of findings in these syndromes and discuss how this line of research informs our understanding of the “social brain.” In addition, we consider how our conception of these clinical phenotypes has changed, as aspects of social cognition have been incorporated into diagnostic and prognostic frameworks. Finally, we propose potential avenues for future research in these syndromes to address outstanding social neuroscience questions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Darwin CR. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. 1st ed. London: John Murray; 1872.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Adolphs R. The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:693–716.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Dunbar R. The social brain hypothesis. Brain. 1998;9(10):178–90.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Preston SD, de Waal FB. Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav Brain Sci. 2002;25(1):1–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dolan RJ. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science. 2002;298(5596):1191–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron. 2005;48(2):175–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002;12(2):169–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pievani M, de Haan W, Wu T, Seeley WW, Frisoni GB. Functional network disruption in the degenerative dementias. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(9):829–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Kumfor F, Dermody N, Irish M. Considering the impact of large-scale network interactions on cognitive control. J Neurosci. 2015;35(1):1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Haxby JV, Gobbini MI. Distributed neural systems for face perception. In: Calder AJ, Rhodes G, Johnson M, editors. The Oxford handbook of face perception. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 93–110.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hutchings R, Palermo R, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Disrupted face processing in frontotemporal dementia: a review of the clinical and neuroanatomical evidence. Neuropsychol Rev. 2017;27(1):18–30.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Benton AL. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Warrington EK. Recognition memory test. 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Duchaine BC, Weidenfeld A. An evaluation of two commonly used tests of unfamiliar face recognition. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(6):713–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Duchaine B, Nakayama K. The Cambridge face memory test: results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(4):576–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bowles DC, McKone E, Dawel A, Duchaine B, Palermo R, Schmalzl L, et al. Diagnosing prosopagnosia: effects of ageing, sex, and participant–stimulus ethnic match on the Cambridge face memory test and Cambridge face perception test. Cogn Neuropsychol. 2009;26(5):423–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gefen T, Wieneke C, Martersteck A, Whitney K, Weintraub S, Mesulam M-M, et al. Naming vs knowing faces in primary progressive aphasia a tale of 2 hemispheres. Neurology. 2013;81(7):658–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. de Gelder B, Huis in ‘t Veld EM, Van den Stock J. The Facial Expressive Action Stimulus Test. A test battery for the assessment of face memory, face and object perception, configuration processing, and facial expression recognition. Front Psychol. 2015;6(1609):1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  19. De Winter FL, Timmers D, de Gelder B, Van Orshoven M, Vieren M, Bouckaert M, et al. Face shape and face identity processing in behavioral variant fronto-temporal dementia: a specific deficit for familiarity and name recognition of famous faces. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;11:368–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. De Winter FL, Van den Stock J, de Gelder B, Peeters R, Jastorff J, Sunaert S, et al. Amygdala atrophy affects emotion-related activity in face-responsive regions in frontotemporal degeneration. Cortex. 2016;82:179–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Van den Stock J, De Winter FL, de Gelder B, Rangarajan JR, Cypers G, Maes F, et al. Impaired recognition of body expressions in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2015;75:496–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gendron M, Roberson D, van der Vyver JM, Barrett LF. Perceptions of emotion from facial expressions are not culturally universal: evidence from a remote culture. Emotion. 2014;14(2):251–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Young A, Perrett D, Calder A, Sprengelmeyer R, Ekman P. Facial Expressions of Emotion – Stimuli and Tests (FEEST). Bury St Edmunds, England: Thames Valley Test Company; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lundqvist D, Flykt A, Öhman A. The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF). Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ebner NC, Riediger M, Lindenberger U. FACES—A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: development and validation. Behav Res Methods. 2010;42(1):351–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Langner O, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus DHJ, Hawk ST, van Knippenberg A. Presentation and validation of the Radboud faces database. Cognit Emot. 2010;24(8):1377–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Res. 2009;168(3):242–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Argyle M. Bodily communication. London: Methuen; 1988. 363 p

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sprengelmeyer R, Young AW, Schroeder U, Grossenbacher PG, Federlein J, Buttner T, et al. Knowing no fear. Proc Biol Sci. 1999;266(1437):2451–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. de Gelder B, Van den Stock J. The Bodily Expressive Action Stimulus Test (BEAST). Construction and validation of a stimulus basis for measuring perception of whole body expression of emotions. Front Psychol. 2011;2(181):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  32. McDonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J, Kinch J. TASIT: a new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18(3):219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Honan CA, McDonald S, Sufani C, Hine DW, Kumfor F. The Awareness of Social Inference Test: development of a shortened version for use in adults with acquired brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol. 2016;30(2):243–64.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kumfor F, Honan CA, McDonald S, Hazelton JL, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Assessing the “social brain” in dementia: applying TASIT-S. Cortex. 2017;93:166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Premack DG, Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci. 1978;1(4):515–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wimmer H, Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition. 1983;13(1):103–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Frith C, Frith U. Theory of mind. Curr Biol. 2005;15(17):R644–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Aboulafia-Brakha T, Christe B, Martory MD, Annoni JM. Theory of mind tasks and executive functions: a systematic review of group studies in neurology. J Neuropsychol. 2011;5(1):39–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I. The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(2):241–51.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Baron-Cohen S, O’Riordan M, Stone V, Jones R, Plaisted K. Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999;29(5):407–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Torralva T, Roca M, Gleichgerrcht E, Bekinschtein T, Manes F. A neuropsychological battery to detect specific executive and social cognitive impairments in early frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2009;132(5):1299–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bertoux M, Delavest M, De Souza LC, Funkiewiez A, Lépine J-P, Fossati P, et al. Social cognition and emotional assessment differentiates frontotemporal dementia from depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(4):411–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Decety J, Jackson PL. A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2006;15(2):54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Eslinger PJ. Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. Eur Neurol. 1998;39(4):193–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Davis MH. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Cat Sel Doc Psychol. 1980;10:85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Shamay-Tsoory S, Tomer R, Goldsher D, Berger B, Aharon-Peretz J. Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: anatomical and cognitive correlates. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;26(8):1113–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44(1):113–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hazelton JL, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Cognitive and affective empathy disruption in non-fluent primary progressive aphasia syndromes. Brain Impair. 2017;18(1):117–29.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rankin KP, Kramer JH, Miller BL. Patterns of cognitive and emotional empathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2005;18(1):28–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D. Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain. 2009;132(3):617–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Adjeroud N, Besnard J, El Massioui N, Verny C, Prudean A, Scherer C, et al. Theory of mind and empathy in preclinical and clinical Huntington’s disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2015;11(1):89–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Sparks A, McDonald S, Lino B, O’Donnell M, Green MJ. Social cognition, empathy and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2010;122(1-3):172–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dermody N, Wong S, Ahmed R, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M. Uncovering the neural bases of cognitive and affective empathy deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and the behavioral-variant of frontotemporal dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;53(3):1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Eslinger PJ, Moore P, Anderson C, Grossman M. Social cognition, executive functioning, and neuroimaging correlates of empathic deficits in frontotemporal dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(1):74–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Rankin KP, Gorno-Tempini ML, Allison S, Stanley CM, Glenn S, Weiner MW, et al. Structural anatomy of empathy in neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2006;129(11):2945–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The Empathy Quotient - an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(2):163–75.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. J Adolesc. 2006;29(4):589–611.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mehrabian A. Manual for the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES). 1996. Available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA, USA 93940.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hsieh S, Irish M, Daveson N, Hodges JR, Piguet O. When one loses empathy: its effect on carers of patients with dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2013;26(3):174–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hutchings R, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Why should I care? Dimensions of socio-emotional cognition in younger-onset dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;48(1):135–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dziobek I, Rogers K, Fleck S, Bahnemann M, Heekeren HR, Wolf OT, et al. Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(3):464–73.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Decety J, Michalska KJ, Kinzler KD. The contribution of emotion and cognition to moral sensitivity: a neurodevelopmental study. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22(1):209–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bernhardt BC, Singer T. The neural basis of empathy. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. NeuroImage. 2011;54(3):2492–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Baez S, Manes F, Huepe D, Torralva T, Fiorentino N, Richter F, et al. Primary empathy deficits in frontotemporal dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6(262):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ratnavalli E, Brayne C, Dawson K, Hodges JR. The prevalence of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2002;58(11):1615–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Coyle-Gilchrist ITS, Dick KM, Patterson K, Rodríquez PV, Wehmann E, Wilcox A, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and survival of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Neurology. 2016;86(18):1736–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Piguet O, Hornberger M, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, clinical staging, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(2):162–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(9):2456–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Hornberger M, Piguet O, Graham AJ, Nestor PJ, Hodges JR. How preserved is episodic memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2010;74(6):473–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Seeley WW, Crawford R, Rascovsky K, Kramer JH, Weiner M, Miller BL, et al. Frontal paralimbic network atrophy in very mild behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(2):249–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Whitwell JL, Przybelski SA, Weigand SD, Ivnik RJ, Vemuri P, Gunter JL, et al. Distinct anatomical subtypes of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: a cluster analysis study. Brain. 2009;132(11):2932–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Rosen HJ, Pace-Savitsky K, Perry RJ, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Levenson RL. Recognition of emotion in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(4):277–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Keane J, Calder AJ, Hodges JR, Young AW. Face and emotion processing in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(6):655–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Snowden JS, Austin NA, Sembi S, Thompson JC, Craufurd D, Neary D. Emotion recognition in Huntington’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(11):2638–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fernandez-Duque D, Black S. Impaired recognition of negative facial emotions in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43(11):1673–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Miller L, Hsieh S, Lah S, Savage S, Hodges JR, Piguet O. One size does not fit all: face emotion processing impairments in semantic dementia, behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are mediated by distinct cognitive deficits. Behav Neurol. 2012;25(1):53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kumfor F, Hutchings R, Irish M, Hodges JR, Rhodes G, Palermo R, et al. Do I know you? Examining face and object memory in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2015;71:101–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000;4(6):223–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kumfor F, Piguet O. Disturbance of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementia: a synthesis of cognitive and neuroimaging findings. Neuropsychol Rev. 2012;22(3):280–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lavenu I, Pasquier F, Lebert F, Petit H, Van der Linden M. Perception of emotion in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999;13(2):96–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Diehl-Schmid J, Pohl C, Ruprecht C, Wagenpfeil S, Foerstl H, Kurz A. The Ekman 60 faces test as a diagnostic instrument in frontotemporal dementia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(4):459–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bediou B, Ryff I, Mercier B, Milliery M, Henaff M-A, D’Amato T, et al. Impaired social cognition in mild Alzheimer disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2009;22(2):130–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Omar R, Rohrer JD, Hailstone JC, Warren J. Structural neuroanatomy of face processing in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(12):1341–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hsieh S, Hornberger M, Piguet O, Hodges JR. Brain correlates of musical and facial emotion recognition: evidence from the dementias. Neuropsychologia. 2012;50(8):1814–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Omar R, Henley S, Bartlett JW, Hailstone JC, Gordon E, Sauter DA, et al. The structural neuroanatomy of music emotion recognition: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. NeuroImage. 2011;56(3):1814–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Discrete neural correlates for the recognition of negative emotions: insights from frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Jastorff J, De Winter FL, Van den Stock J, Vandenberghe R, Giese MA, Vandenbulcke M. Functional dissociation between anterior temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus in the processing of dynamic body expressions: insights from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(12):4472–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Virani K, Jesso S, Kertesz A, Mitchell D, Finger E. Functional neural correlates of emotional expression processing deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(3):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Lough S, Kipps CM, Treise C, Watson P, Blair JR, Hodges JR. Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(6):950–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Torralva T, Kipps CM, Hodges JR, Clark L, Bekinschtein T, Roca M, et al. The relationship between affective decision-making and theory of mind in the frontal variant of fronto-temporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(2):342–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Shany-Ur T, Poorzand P, Grossman S, Growden ME, Jang J, Ketelle RS, et al. Comprehension of insincere communication in neurodegenerative disease: lies, sarcasm and theory of mind. Cortex. 2012;48(10):1329–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Henry JD, Phillips LH, von Hippel C. A meta-analytic review of theory of mind difficulties in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2014;56:53–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bora E, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D. Theory of mind in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(7):714–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Snowden JS, Gibbons ZC, Blackshaw A, Doubleday E, Thompson J, Craufurd D, et al. Social cognition in frontotemporal dementia and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(6):688–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bertoux M, O’Callaghan C, Dubois B, Hornberger M. In two minds: executive functioning versus theory of mind in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(3):231–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Le Bouc R, Lenfant P, Delbeuck X, Ravasi L, Lebert F, Semah F, et al. My belief or yours? Differential theory of mind deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2012;135(10):3026–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lough S, Gregory C, Hodges JR. Dissociation of social cognition and executive dysfunction in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase. 2001;7(2):123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lough S, Hodges JR. Measuring and modifying abnormal social cognition in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(2):639–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Eslinger PJ, Moore P, Troiani V, Antani S, Cross K, Kwok S, et al. Oops! Resolving social dilemmas in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(5):457–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Right anterior temporal lobe dysfunction underlies theory of mind impairments in semantic dementia. Brain. 2014;137(4):1241–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Baez S, Morales JP, Slachevsky A, Torralva T, Matus C, Manes F, et al. Orbitofrontal and limbic signatures of empathic concern and intentional harm in the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Cortex. 2016;75:20–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Oliver LD, Mitchell DG, Dziobek I, MacKinley J, Coleman K, Rankin KP, et al. Parsing cognitive and emotional empathy deficits for negative and positive stimuli in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2015;67:14–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Landin-Romero R, Tan R, Hodges JR, Kumfor F. An update on semanic dementia: genetics, imaging and pathology. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2016;8(1):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Hodges JR, Mitchell J, Dawson K, Spillantini MG, Xuereb JH, McMonagle P, et al. Semantic dementia: demography, familial factors and survival in a consecutive series of 100 cases. Brain. 2009;133(1):300–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Thompson SA, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Left/right asymmetry of atrophy in semantic dementia: behavioral-cognitive implications. Neurology. 2003;61(9):1196–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Rosen HJ, Wilson MR, Schauer GF, Allison S, Gorno-Tempini ML, Pace-Savitsky C, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired recognition of emotion in dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(3):365–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Chan D, Anderson V, Pijnenburg Y, Whitwell J, Barnes J, Scahill R, et al. The clinical profile of right temporal lobe atrophy. Brain. 2009;132(5):1287–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Brambati SM, Amici S, Racine CA, Neuhaus J, Miller Z, Ogar J, et al. Longitudinal gray matter contraction in three variants of primary progressive aphasia: a tenser-based morphometry study. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;8:345–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Lam BY, Halliday GM, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Longitudinal white matter changes in frontotemporal dementia subtypes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(7):3547–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Kumfor F, Landin-Romero R, Devenney E, Hutchings R, Grasso R, Hodges JR, et al. On the right side? A longitudinal study of left- versus right-lateralized semantic dementia. Brain. 2016;139(3):986–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Binney RJ, Henry ML, Babiak M, Pressman PS, Santos-Santos MA, Narvid J, et al. Reading words and other people: a comparison of exception word, familiar face and affect processing in the left and right temporal variants of primary progressive aphasia. Cortex. 2016;82:147–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Snowden J, Thompson J, Neary D. Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia. Brain. 2004;127(4):860–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Josephs KA, Whitwell JL, Vemuri P, Senjem ML, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, et al. The anatomic correlate of prosopagnosia in semantic dementia. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1628–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. de Gelder B, Van den Stock J. Prosopagnosia. In: Wright JD, editor. International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 2015. p. 250–5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  117. Simons JS, Graham KS, Galton CJ, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Semantic knowledge and episodic memory for faces in semantic dementia. Neuropsychology. 2001;15(1):101–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Péron JA, Piolino P, Moal-Boursiquot SL, Biseul I, Leray E, Bon L, et al. Preservation of person-specific semantic knowledge in semantic dementia: does direct personal experience have a specific role? Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9(625):1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Rosen HJ, Perry RJ, Murphy J, Kramer JH, Mychack P, Schuff N, et al. Emotion comprehension in the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2002;125(10):2286–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kumfor F, Miller L, Lah S, Hsieh S, Savage S, Hodges JR, et al. Are you really angry? The effect of intensity on emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia. Soc Neurosci. 2011;6(5-6):502–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hsieh S, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Recognition of positive vocalizations is impaired in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19(4):483–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hsieh S, Foxe D, Leslie F, Savage S, Piguet O, Hodges JR. Grief and joy: emotion word comprehension in the dementias. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(5):624–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Cohen MH, Carton AM, Hardy CJ, Golden HL, Clark CN, Fletcher PD, et al. Processing emotion from abstract art in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropsychologia. 2016;81:245–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in emotional enhancement of memory: evidence from the dementias. Brain. 2013;136:2992–3003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Rankin KP, Salazar A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sollberger M, Wilson SM, Pavlic D, et al. Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. NeuroImage. 2009;47(4):2005–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Irish M, Kumfor F, Hodges JR, Piguet O. A tale of two hemispheres: contrasting patterns of socioemotional dysfunction in left- versus right-lateralised semantic dementia. Dement Neuropsychol. 2013;7(1):88–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Duval C, Bejanin A, Piolino P, Laisney M, de La Sayette V, Belliard S, et al. Theory of mind impairments in patients with semantic dementia. Brain. 2012;135(1):228–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Bejanin A, Chételat G, Laisney M, Pélerin A, Landeau B, Merck C, et al. Distinct neural substrates of affective and cognitive theory of mind impairment in semantic dementia. Soc Neurosci. 2017;12:287–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Roos RA. Huntington’s disease: a clinical review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5(1):40–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Lee JM, Galkina EI, Levantovsky RM, Fossale E, Anne Anderson M, Gillis T, et al. Dominant effects of the Huntington’s disease HTT CAG repeat length are captured in gene-expression data sets by a continuous analysis mathematical modeling strategy. Hum Mol Genet. 2013;22(16):3227–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Snowden JS, Craufurd D, Thompson J, Neary D. Psychomotor, executive, and memory function in preclinical Huntington’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24(2):133–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Dumas EM, van den Bogaard SJ, Middelkoop HA, Roos RA. A review of cognition in Huntington’s disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2013;5:1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Tabrizi SJ, Reilmann R, Roos RA, Durr A, Leavitt B, Owen G, et al. Potential endpoints for clinical trials in premanifest and early Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 24 month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(1):42–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Dogan I, Eickhoff SB, Schulz JB, Shah NJ, Laird AR, Fox PT, et al. Consistent neurodegeneration and its association with clinical progression in Huntington’s disease: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;12(1):23–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Thieben MJ, Duggins AJ, Good CD, Gomes L, Mahant N, Richards F, et al. The distribution of structural neuropathology in pre-clinical Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2002;125(8):1815–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Dogan I, Sass C, Mirzazade S, Kleiman A, Werner CJ, Pohl A, et al. Neural correlates of impaired emotion processing in manifest Huntington’s disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(5):671–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Gray JM, Young AW, Barker WA, Curtis A, Gibson D. Impaired recognition of disgust in Huntington’s disease gene carriers. Brain. 1997;120(11):2029–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Henley SM, Novak MJ, Frost C, King J, Tabrizi SJ, Warren JD. Emotion recognition in Huntington’s disease: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;36(1):237–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Johnson SA, Stout JC, Solomon AC, Langbehn DR, Aylward EH, Cruce CB, et al. Beyond disgust: impaired recognition of negative emotions prior to diagnosis in Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2007;130(7):1732–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sprengelmeyer R, Young AW, Calder AJ, Karnat A, Lange H, Homberg V, et al. Loss of disgust. Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington’s disease. Brain. 1996;119(5):1647–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Hayes CJ, Stevenson RJ, Coltheart M. The processing of emotion in patients with Huntington’s disease: variability and differential deficits in disgust. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2009;22(4):249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Wang K, Hoosain R, Yang RM, Meng Y, Wang CQ. Impairment of recognition of disgust in Chinese with Huntington’s or Wilson’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(5):527–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Aviezer H, Bentin S, Hassin RR, Meschino WS, Kennedy J, Grewal S, et al. Not on the face alone: perception of contextualized face expressions in Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2009;132(6):1633–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Croft RJ, McKernan F, Gray M, Churchyard A, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Emotion perception and electrophysiological correlates in Huntington’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(8):1618–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Lawrence AD, Watkins LH, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Robbins TW. Visual object and visuospatial cognition in Huntington’s disease: implications for information processing in corticostriatal circuits. Brain. 2000;123(7):1349–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Tabrizi SJ, Scahill RI, Owen G, Durr A, Leavitt BR, Roos RA, et al. Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 36-month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(7):637–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Labuschagne I, Jones R, Callaghan J, Whitehead D, Dumas EM, Say MJ, et al. Emotional face recognition deficits and medication effects in pre-manifest through stage-II Huntington’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 2013;207(1-2):118–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Trinkler I, Cleret de Langavant L, Bachoud-Levi AC. Joint recognition-expression impairment of facial emotions in Huntington’s disease despite intact understanding of feelings. Cortex. 2013;49(2):549–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Bora E, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M. Social cognition in Huntington’s disease: a meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res. 2016;297:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Larsen IU, Vinther-Jensen T, Gade A, Nielsen JE, Vogel A. Do I misconstrue? Sarcasm detection, emotion recognition, and theory of mind in Huntington disease. Neuropsychology. 2016;30(2):181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Baez S, Herrera E, Gershanik O, Garcia AM, Bocanegra Y, Kargieman L, et al. Impairments in negative emotion recognition and empathy for pain in Huntington’s disease families. Neuropsychologia. 2015;68:158–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Robotham L, Sauter DA, Bachoud-Lévi A-C, Trinkler I. The impairment of emotion recognition in Huntington’s disease extends to positive emotions. Cortex. 2011;47(7):880–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. de Gelder B, Van den Stock J, Balaguer Rde D, Bachoud-Levi AC. Huntington’s Disease impairs recognition of angry and instrumental body language. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(1):369–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Novak MJ, Warren JD, Henley SM, Draganski B, Frackowiak RS, Tabrizi SJ. Altered brain mechanisms of emotion processing in pre-manifest Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2012;135(4):1165–79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Allain P, Havet-Thomassin V, Verny C, Gohier B, Lancelot C, Besnard J, et al. Evidence for deficits on different components of theory of mind in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(6):741–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Brüne M, Blank K, Witthaus H, Saft C. “Theory of mind” is impaired in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(4):671–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Eddy CM, Sira Mahalingappa S, Rickards HE. Putting things into perspective: the nature and impact of theory of mind impairment in Huntington’s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(8):697–705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Eddy CM, Rickards HE. Theory of mind can be impaired prior to motor onset in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(5):792–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Mason SL, Zhang J, Begeti F, Guzman NV, Lazar AS, Rowe JB, et al. The role of the amygdala during emotional processing in Huntington’s disease: from pre-manifest to late stage disease. Neuropsychologia. 2015;70:80–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Maurage P, Lahaye M, Grynberg D, Jeanjean A, Guettat L, Verellen-Dumoulin C, et al. Dissociating emotional and cognitive empathy in pre-clinical and clinical Huntington’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 2016;237:103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Alzheimer’s Assosiation. 2015 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:332–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010–2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology. 2013;80(19):1778–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Tu S, Wong S, Hodges JR, Irish M, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Lost in spatial translation–a novel tool to objectively assess spatial disorientation in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Cortex. 2015;67:83–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Galton CJ, Patterson K, Xuereb JH, Hodges JR. Atypical and typical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease: a clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and pathological study of 13 cases. Brain. 2000;123(3):484–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Mega MS, Cummings JL, Fiorello T, Gornbein J. The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1996;46(1):130–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Pengas G, Hodges JR, Watson P, Nestor PJ. Focal posterior cingulate atrophy in incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(1):25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Scheltens P, Leys D, Barkhof F, Huglo D, Weinstein HC, Vermersch P, et al. Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on MRI in “probable” Alzheimer’s disease and normal ageing: diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(10):967–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Landin-Romero R, Kumfor F, Leyton CE, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Disease-specific patterns of cortical and subcortical degeneration in a longitudinal study of Alzheimer’s disease and behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. NeuroImage. 2017;151:72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Mendez MF, Martin RJ, Smyth KA, Whitehouse PJ. Disturbances of person identification in Alzheimer’s disease: a retrospective study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(2):94–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Della Sala S, Muggia S, Spinnler H, Zuffi M. Cognitive modelling of face processing: evidence from Alzheimer patients. Neuropsychologia. 1995;33(6):675–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Tippett LJ, Blackwood K, Farah MJ. Visual object and face processing in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: from segmentation to imagination. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(4):453–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Becker JT, Lopez OL, Boller F. Understanding impaired analysis of faces by patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex. 1995;31(1):129–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Werheid K, Clare L. Are faces special in Alzheimer’s disease? Cognitive conceptualisation, neural correlates, and diagnostic relevance of impaired memory for faces and names. Cortex. 2007;43(7):898–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Lavallée MM, Gandini D, Rouleau I, Vallet GT, Joannette M, Kergoat M-J, et al. A qualitative impairment in face perception in Alzheimer’s disease: evidence from a reduced face inversion effect. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;51:1225–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Cheng P-J, Pai M-C. Dissociation between recognition of familiar scenes and of faces in patients with very mild Alzheimer disease: an event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(9):1519–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Saavedra C, Olivares EI, Iglesias J. Cognitive decline effects at an early stage: evidence from N170 and VPP. Neurosci Lett. 2012;518(2):149–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Schefter M, Werheid K, Almkvist O, Lönnqvist-Akenine U, Kathmann N, Winblad B. Recognition memory for emotional faces in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: an event-related potential study. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2013;20(1):49–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Phillips LH, Scott C, Henry JD, Mowat D, Bell JS. Emotion perception in Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorder in old age. Psychol Aging. 2010;25(1):38–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Bucks RS, Radford SA. Emotion processing in Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Ment Health. 2004;8(3):222–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Kumfor F, Sapey-Triomphe L-A, Leyton CE, Burrell JR, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Degradation of emotion processing ability in corticobasal syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2014;137(11):3061–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Bertoux M, de Souza LC, Sarazin M, Funkiewiez A, Dubois B, Hornberger M. How preserved is emotion recognition in Alzheimer disease compared with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2015;29(2):154–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Klein-Koerkamp Y, Beaudoin M, Baciu M, Hot P. Emotional decoding abilities in Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32(1):109–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Kumfor F, Irish M, Leyton CE, Miller L, Lah S, Devenney E, et al. Tracking the progression of social cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(10):1076–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Cadieux NL, Greve KW. Emotion processing in Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(05):411–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Henry JD, Ruffman T, McDonald S, O’Leary M-AP, Phillips LH, Brodaty H, et al. Recognition of disgust is selectively preserved in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(5):1363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Gregory C, Lough S, Stone V, Erzinclioglu S, Martin L, Baron-Cohen S, et al. Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: theoretical and practical implications. Brain. 2002;125(4):752–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Black SE. False-belief understanding in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2009;31(4):489–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Leslie AM, Friedman O, German TP. Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004;8(12):528–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Dodich A, Cerami C, Crespi C, Canessa N, Lettieri G, Iannaccone S, et al. Differential impairment of cognitive and affective mentalizing abilities in neurodegenerative dementias: evidence from behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50(4):1011–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Nash S, Henry JD, Mcdonald S, Martin I, Brodaty H, Peek-O’Leary MA. Cognitive disinhibition and socioemotional functioning in Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007;13(6):1060–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Sturm VE, Yokoyama JS, Seeley WW, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Rankin KP. Heightened emotional contagion in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease is associated with temporal lobe degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(24):9944–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Midorikawa A, Leyton CE, Foxe D, Landin-Romero R, Hodges JR, Piguet O. All is not lost: positive behaviors in Alzheimer’s disease and behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia with disease severity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;54:549–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Sturm VE, McCarthy ME, Yun I, Madan A, Yuan JW, Holley SR, et al. Mutual gaze in Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal and semantic dementia couples. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2011;6(3):359–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Hargrave R, Maddock RJ, Stone V. Impaired recognition of facial expressions of emotion in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(1):64–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Cerami C, Dodich A, Canessa N, Crespi C, Marcone A, Cortese F, et al. Neural correlates of empathic impairment in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(6):827–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Hornberger M, Piguet O. Episodic memory in frontotemporal dementia: a critical review. Brain. 2012;135(3):678–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Collette F, Van der Linden M, Salmon E. Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex. 1999;35(1):57–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Kipps CM, Nestor PJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. The role of emotion and sarcasm processing. Brain. 2009;132(3):592–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Bertoux M, de Souza L, Cruz L, O’Callaghan C, Greve A, Sarazin M, et al. Social cognition deficits: the key to discriminate behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease regardless of amnesia? J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;49(4):1065–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Kipps CM, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Nonprogressive behavioral frontotemporal dementia: recent developments and clinical implications of the ‘bvFTD phenocopy syndrome’. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010;23(6):628–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Kipps CM, Nestor PJ, Fryer TD, Hodges JR. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: not all it seems? Neurocase. 2007;13(4):237–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Devenney E, Forrest SL, Xuereb J, Kril JJ, Hodges JR. The bvFTD phenocopy syndrome: a clinicopathological report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:1155–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Diehl-Schmid J, Schmidt EM, Nunnemann S, Riedl L, Kurz A, Förstl H, et al. Caregiver burden and needs in frontotemporal dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2013;26:221–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Kumfor F, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Ecologically valid assessment of emotional enhancement of memory in progressive nonfluent aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(1):201–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Yang C, Zhang T, Li Z, Heeramun-Aubeeluck A, Liu N, Huang N, et al. The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(241):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Ekman P. An argument for basic emotions. Cognit Emot. 1992;6(3-4):169–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. Russell JA. A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980;39:1161–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Aviezer H, Hassin RR, Ryan J, Grady C, Susskind J, Anderson A, et al. Angry, disgusted, or afraid?: studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychol Sci. 2008;19(7):724–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Van den Stock J, Vandenbulcke M, Sinke CBA, Goebel R, de Gelder B. How affective information from faces and scenes interacts in the brain. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(10):1481–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Ibañez A, Manes F. Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1354–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  212. Mesulam M. Frontal cortex and behavior. Ann Neurol. 1986;19(4):320–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Melloni M, Lopez V, Ibanez A. Empathy and contextual social cognition. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2014;14(1):407–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Baez S, García A, Ibanez A. The social context network model in psychiatric and neurological diseases, Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Berlin: Springer; 2016. p. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Schilbach L, Timmermans B, Reddy V, Costall A, Bente G, Schlicht T, et al. Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behav Brain Sci. 2013;36(4):393–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Gleichgerrcht E, Torralva T, Roca M, Pose M, Manes F. The role of social cognition in moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. Soc Neurosci. 2010;6(2):113–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Baez S, Kanske P, Matallana D, Montañes P, Reyes P, Slachevsky A, et al. Integration of intention and outcome for moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia: brain structures and signatures. Neurodegener Dis. 2016;16(3-4):207–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Bertoux M, Cova F, Pessiglione M, Hsu M, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients fo not succumb to the Allais paradox. Front Neurosci. 2014;8(287):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Sommer T, Peters J, Gläscher J, Büchel C. Structure-function relationships in the processing of regret in the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct. 2009;213(6):535–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Liljegren M, Naasan G, Temlett J, Perry DC, Rankin KP, Merrilees J, et al. Criminal behavior in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(3):295–300.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  221. Jensen P, Fenger K, Bolwig TG, Sørensen SA. Crime in Huntington’s disease: a study of registered offences among patients, relatives and controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(4):467–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Manes F, Torralva T, Ibáñez A, Roca M, Bekinschtein T, Gleichgerrcht E. Decision-making in frontotemporal dementia: clinical, theoretical and legal implications. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;32(1):11–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Levy BR, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, Troncoso J, Resnick SM. A culture-brain link: negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Psychol Aging. 2016;31(1):82–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Johnson R, Harkins K, Cary M, Sankar P, Karlawish J. The relative contributions of disease label and disease prognosis to Alzheimer’s stigma: a vignette-based experiment. Soc Sci Med. 2015;143:117–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Williams JK, Erwin C, Juhl AR, Mengeling M, Bombard Y, Hayden MR, et al. In their own words: reports of stigma and genetic discrimination by people at risk for Huntington disease in the international RESPOND-HD study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010;153B(6):1150–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  226. O’Callaghan C, Bertoux M, Irish M, Shine JM, Wong S, Spiliopoulos L, et al. Fair play: social norm compliance failures in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2016;139(1):204–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Miltiades HB, Thatcher WG. Social engagement during game play in persons with Alzheimer’s ‘Innovative practice’. Dementia. Jan 2017:1–6. doi:10.1177/1471301216687920

  228. Kindell J, Keady J, Sage K, Wilkinson R. Everyday conversation in dementia: a review of the literature to inform research and practice. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2017;52:392–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Young JA, Lind C, Steenbrugge W. A conversation analytic study of patterns of overlapping talk in conversations between individuals with dementia and their frequent communication partners. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2016;51(6):745–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Kennedy DP, Adolphs R. The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(11):559–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  231. Desgranges B, Laisney M, Bon L, Duval C, Mondou A, Bejanin A, et al. TOM-15: une épreuve de fausses croyances pour évaluer la théorie de l’esprit cognitive. Rev Neuropsychol. 2012;4(3):216–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  232. Bowers D, Blonder LX, Heilman KM. The Florida affect battery. Gainsville, Florida: Center for Neuropsycholgical Studies; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Benton AL, Hamsher K, Varney NR, Spreen O. Test of facial recognition: Form SL. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Rollins J, Flanagan S, McDonald S. The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT). Oxford, UK: Pearson; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Happé FG. An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24(2):129–54.

    Google Scholar 

  236. White SJ, Coniston D, Rogers R, Frith U. Developing the Frith-Happé animations: A quick and objective test of theory of mind for adults with autism. Autism Res. 2011;4(2):149–54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by funding to Forefront, a collaborative research group dedicated to the study of frontotemporal dementia and motor neurone disease, from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia program grant (#APP1037746) and the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Memory Node (#CE110001021). FK is supported by an NHMRC-ARC Dementia Research Development Fellowship (#APP1097026). LCdL is supported by ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC and ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*. JVdS is supported by Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (FWO), Alzheimer Research Foundation (P#14013), and KU Leuven Starting Grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Fiona Kumfor & Jessica L. Hazelton

  2. The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Fiona Kumfor & Jessica L. Hazelton

  3. ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Fiona Kumfor

  4. Laboratory for Translational Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    François-Laurent De Winter & Jan Van den Stock

  5. Department of Old Age Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    François-Laurent De Winter & Jan Van den Stock

  6. Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France

    Laurent Cleret de Langavant

  7. Centre de référence maladie de Huntington, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, 9400, Créteil, France

    Laurent Cleret de Langavant

  8. Laboratoire de NeuroPsychologie Interventionnelle, Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médical (INSERM) U955, Equipe 01, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France

    Laurent Cleret de Langavant

  9. Département d’Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure – PSL* Research University, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75005, Paris, France

    Laurent Cleret de Langavant

Authors
  1. Fiona Kumfor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jessica L. Hazelton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. François-Laurent De Winter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laurent Cleret de Langavant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jan Van den Stock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fiona Kumfor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Agustín Ibáñez

  2. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Lucas Sedeño

  3. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Adolfo M. García

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kumfor, F., Hazelton, J.L., De Winter, FL., de Langavant, L.C., Van den Stock, J. (2017). Clinical Studies of Social Neuroscience: A Lesion Model Approach. In: Ibáñez, A., Sedeño, L., García, A. (eds) Neuroscience and Social Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68421-5_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation