Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences that can move and multiply along the chromosomes. Considered for a long time as genomic parasites, they are now acknowledged as key players of genome function and evolution. Accordingly, the presence of TEs in a genome may affect the chromatin structure of the regions in which they are inserted. TEs allow us to revisit self and nonself distinction at the genomic level, through the complex relationships they display with the genome and the epigenome and their interaction with the environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agrawal A, Eastman QM, Schatz DG (1998) Transposition mediated by RAG1 and RAG2 and its implications for the evolution of the immune system. Nature 394:744–751. doi:10.1038/29457
Akkouche A, Grentzinger T, Fablet M, Armenise C, Burlet N, Braman V, Chambeyron S, Vieira C (2013) Maternally deposited germline piRNAs silence the tirant retrotransposon in somatic cells. EMBO Rep 14:458–464. doi:10.1038/embor.2013.38
Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA (2005) Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila. Science 309:764–767. doi:10.1126/science.1112699
Aravin AA, Hannon GJ, Brennecke J (2007) The Piwi-piRNA pathway provides an adaptive defense in the transposon arms race. Science 318:761–764. doi:10.1126/science.1146484
Belancio VP, Deininger PL, Roy-Engel AM (2009) LINE dancing in the human genome: transposable elements and disease. Genome Med. 1:97. doi:10.1186/gm97
Biémont C (2010) A brief history of the status of transposable elements: from junk DNA to major players in evolution. Genetics 186:1085–1093. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.124180
Biessmann H, Mason JM, Ferry K, d’Hulst M, Valgeirsdottir K, Traverse KL, Pardue ML (1990) Addition of telomere-associated HeT DNA sequences “heals” broken chromosome ends in Drosophila. Cell 61:663–673
Blaise S, de Parseval N, Bénit L, Heidmann T (2003) Genomewide screening for fusogenic human endogenous retrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene conserved on primate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:13013–13018. doi:10.1073/pnas.2132646100
Blumenstiel JP, Erwin AA, Hemmer LW (2016) What Drives Positive Selection in the Drosophila piRNA Machinery? The Genomic Autoimmunity Hypothesis. Yale J. Biol. Med. 89:499–512
Brennecke J, Aravin AA, Stark A, Dus M, Kellis M, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ (2007) Discrete small RNA-generating loci as master regulators of transposon activity in Drosophila. Cell 128:1089–1103. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.043
Carnelossi EAG, Lerat E, Henri H, Martinez S, Carareto CMA, Vieira C (2014) Specific activation of an I-like element in Drosophila interspecific hybrids. Genome Biol. Evol. 6:1806–1817. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu141
Casacuberta E, González J (2013) The impact of transposable elements in environmental adaptation. Mol Ecol 22:1503–1517. doi:10.1111/mec.12170
Chambeyron S, Popkova A, Payen-Groschêne G, Brun C, Laouini D, Pelisson A, Bucheton A (2008) piRNA-mediated nuclear accumulation of retrotransposon transcripts in the Drosophila female germline. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105:14964–14969. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805943105
Charlesworth B, Langley CH (1989) The population genetics of Drosophila transposable elements. Annu Rev Genet 23:251–287. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.001343
Chuong EB, Elde NC, Feschotte C (2016) Regulatory evolution of innate immunity through co-option of endogenous retroviruses. Science 351:1083–1087. doi:10.1126/science.aad5497
Chuong EB, Elde NC, Feschotte C (2017) Regulatory activities of transposable elements: from conflicts to benefits. Nat Rev Genet 18:71–86. doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.139
Clark LA, Wahl JM, Rees CA, Murphy KE (2006) Retrotransposon insertion in SILV is responsible for merle patterning of the domestic dog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:1376–1381. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506940103
Coufal NG, Garcia-Perez JL, Peng GE, Yeo GW, Mu Y, Lovci MT, Morell M, O’Shea KS, Moran JV, Gage FH (2009) L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells. Nature 460:1127–1131. doi:10.1038/nature08248
Cowley M, Oakey RJ (2013) Transposable elements re-wire and fine-tune the transcriptome. PLoS Genet 9:e1003234. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003234
Craddock EM (2016) Profuse evolutionary diversification and speciation on volcanic islands: transposon instability and amplification bursts explain the genetic paradox. Biol. Direct 11:44. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0146-1
David VA, Menotti-Raymond M, Wallace AC, Roelke M, Kehler J, Leighty R, Eizirik E, Hannah SS, Nelson G, Schäffer AA, Connelly CJ, O’Brien SJ, Ryugo DK (2014) Endogenous retrovirus insertion in the KIT oncogene determines white and white spotting in domestic cats. G3 Bethesda Md 4:1881–1891. doi:10.1534/g3.114.013425
Fablet M (2014) Host control of insect endogenous retroviruses: small RNA silencing and immune response. Viruses 6:4447–4464. doi:10.3390/v6114447
Fablet M, Akkouche A, Braman V, Vieira C (2014) Variable expression levels detected in the Drosophila effectors of piRNA biogenesis. Gene 537:149–153. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.095
Fablet M, Bueno M, Potrzebowski L, Kaessmann H (2009) Evolutionary origin and functions of retrogene introns. Mol Biol Evol 26:2147–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp125
Fablet M, Vieira C (2011) Evolvability, epigenetics and transposable elements. BioMol Concepts 2:333–341
Guio L, Barrón MG, González J (2014) The transposable element Bari-Jheh mediates oxidative stress response in Drosophila. Mol Ecol 23:2020–2030. doi:10.1111/mec.12711
Han BW, Wang W, Li C, Weng Z, Zamore PD (2015) Noncoding RNA. piRNA-guided transposon cleavage initiates Zucchini-dependent, phased piRNA production. Science 348:817–821
Hancks DC, Kazazian HH (2016) Roles for retrotransposon insertions in human disease. Mob DNA 7. doi:10.1186/s13100-016-0065-9
Hancks DC, Kazazian HH Jr (2012) Active human retrotransposons: variation and disease. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. Molecular and genetic bases of disease 22:191–203. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.006
Hilditch L, Matadeen R, Goldstone DC, Rosenthal PB, Taylor IA, Stoye JP (2011) Ordered assembly of murine leukemia virus capsid protein on lipid nanotubes directs specific binding by the restriction factor, Fv1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108:5771–5776. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100118108
Hoen DR, Bureau TE (2015) Discovery of novel genes derived from transposable elements using integrative genomic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 32:1487–1506. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv042
Hollister JD, Gaut BS (2009) Epigenetic silencing of transposable elements: a trade-off between reduced transposition and deleterious effects on neighboring gene expression. Genome Res 19:1419–1428. doi:10.1101/gr.091678.109
Huang S, Tao X, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Li P, Beilinson HA, Zhang Y, Yu W, Pontarotti P, Escriva H, Le Petillon Y, Liu X, Chen S, Schatz DG, Xu A (2016) Discovery of an Active RAG Transposon Illuminates the Origins of V(D)J Recombination. Cell 166:102–114. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.032
Jensen PA, Stuart JR, Goodpaster MP, Goodman JW, Simmons MJ (2008) Cytotype regulation of P transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster: repressor polypeptides or piRNAs? Genetics 179:1785–1793. doi:10.1534/genetics.108.087072
Jinek M, Doudna JA (2009) A three-dimensional view of the molecular machinery of RNA interference. Nature 457:405–412. doi:10.1038/nature07755
Jones BC, Wood JG, Chang C, Tam AD, Franklin MJ, Siegel ER, Helfand SL (2016) A somatic piRNA pathway in the Drosophila fat body ensures metabolic homeostasis and normal lifespan. Nat. Commun. 7:13856. doi:10.1038/ncomms13856
Jordan IK, Rogozin IB, Glazko GV, Koonin EV (2003) Origin of a substantial fraction of human regulatory sequences from transposable elements. Trends Genet. TIG 19:68–72
Kaessmann H, Vinckenbosch N, Long M (2009) RNA-based gene duplication: mechanistic and evolutionary insights. Nat Rev Genet 10:19–31. doi:10.1038/nrg2487
Karijolich J, Abernathy E, Glaunsinger BA (2015) Infection-Induced Retrotransposon-Derived Noncoding RNAs Enhance Herpesviral Gene Expression via the NF-κB Pathway. PLoS Pathog 11:e1005260. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005260
Kelleher ES, Edelman NB, Barbash DA (2012) Drosophila interspecific hybrids phenocopy piRNA-pathway mutants. PLoS Biol 10:e1001428. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001428
Khurana JS, Wang J, Xu J, Koppetsch BS, Thomson TC, Nowosielska A, Li C, Zamore PD, Weng Z, Theurkauf WE (2011) Adaptation to P element transposon invasion in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 147:1551–1563. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.042
Kidwell MG (1977) Reciprocal differences in female recombination associated with hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res 30:77–88
Kim D-S, Huh J-W, Kim H-S (2007) Transposable elements in human cancers by genome-wide EST alignment. Genes Genet. Syst. 82:145–156
Klenov MS, Lavrov SA, Stolyarenko AD, Ryazansky SS, Aravin AA, Tuschl T, Gvozdev VA (2007) Repeat-associated siRNAs cause chromatin silencing of retrotransposons in the Drosophila melanogaster germline. Nucleic Acids Res 35:5430–5438. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm576
Kokošar J, Kordiš D (2013) Genesis and regulatory wiring of retroelement-derived domesticated genes: a phylogenomic perspective. Mol Biol Evol 30:1015–1031. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst014
Kolaczkowski B, Hupalo DN, Kern AD (2011) Recurrent adaptation in RNA interference genes across the Drosophila phylogeny. Mol Biol Evol 28:1033–1042. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq284
Labrador M, Farré M, Utzet F, Fontdevila A (1999) Interspecific hybridization increases transposition rates of Osvaldo. Mol Biol Evol 16:931–937
Langley CH, Montgomery E, Hudson R, Kaplan N, Charlesworth B (1988) On the role of unequal exchange in the containment of transposable element copy number. Genet Res 52:223–235
Le Thomas A, Rogers AK, Webster A, Marinov GK, Liao SE, Perkins EM, Hur JK, Aravin AA, Tóth KF (2013) Piwi induces piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing and establishment of a repressive chromatin state. Genes Dev 27:390–399. doi:10.1101/gad.209841.112
Le T-N, Schumann U, Smith NA, Tiwari S, Au PCK, Zhu Q-H, Taylor JM, Kazan K, Llewellyn DJ, Zhang R, Dennis ES, Wang M-B (2014) DNA demethylases target promoter transposable elements to positively regulate stress responsive genes in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol 15:458. doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0458-3
Levis RW, Ganesan R, Houtchens K, Tolar LA, Sheen FM (1993) Transposons in place of telomeric repeats at a Drosophila telomere. Cell 75:1083–1093
Lister R, O’Malley RC, Tonti-Filippini J, Gregory BD, Berry CC, Millar AH, Ecker JR (2008) Highly integrated single-base resolution maps of the epigenome in Arabidopsis. Cell 133:523–536. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.029
Lopez-Maestre H, Carnelossi EAG, Lacroix V, Burlet N, Mugat B, Chambeyron S, Carareto CMA, Vieira C (2017) Identification of misexpressed genetic elements in hybrids between Drosophila-related species. Sci. Rep. 7:40618. doi:10.1038/srep40618
Lu J, Clark AG (2010) Population dynamics of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their targets in Drosophila. Genome Res 20:212–227. doi:10.1101/gr.095406.109
Malone CD, Brennecke J, Dus M, Stark A, McCombie WR, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ (2009) Specialized piRNA pathways act in germline and somatic tissues of the Drosophila ovary. Cell 137:522–535. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.040
Malone CD, Hannon GJ (2009) Small RNAs as guardians of the genome. Cell 136:656–668. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.045
Martin A, Troadec C, Boualem A, Rajab M, Fernandez R, Morin H, Pitrat M, Dogimont C, Bendahmane A (2009) A transposon-induced epigenetic change leads to sex determination in melon. Nature 461:1135–1138. doi:10.1038/nature08498
McClintock B (1950) The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 36:344–355
Meister G (2013) Argonaute proteins: functional insights and emerging roles. Nat Rev Genet 14:447–459. doi:10.1038/nrg3462
Melayah D, Bonnivard E, Chalhoub B, Audeon C, Grandbastien MA (2001) The mobility of the tobacco Tnt1 retrotransposon correlates with its transcriptional activation by fungal factors. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 28:159–168
Metcalfe CJ, Bulazel KV, Ferreri GC, Schroeder-Reiter E, Wanner G, Rens W, Obergfell C, Eldridge MDB, O’Neill RJ (2007) Genomic instability within centromeres of interspecific marsupial hybrids. Genetics 177:2507–2517. doi:10.1534/genetics.107.082313
Mi S, Lee X, Li X, Veldman GM, Finnerty H, Racie L, LaVallie E, Tang XY, Edouard P, Howes S, Keith JC, McCoy JM (2000) Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis. Nature 403:785–789. doi:10.1038/35001608
Micard D, Couderc JL, Sobrier ML, Giraud G, Dastugue B (1988) Molecular study of the retrovirus-like transposable element 412, a 20-OH ecdysone responsive repetitive sequence in Drosophila cultured cells. Nucleic Acids Res 16:455–470
Miller WJ, McDonald JF, Nouaud D, Anxolabéhère D (1999) Molecular domestication–more than a sporadic episode in evolution. Genetica 107:197–207
Mohn F, Handler D, Brennecke J (2015) Noncoding RNA. piRNA-guided slicing specifies transcripts for Zucchini-dependent, phased piRNA biogenesis. Science 348:812–817
Morgan HD, Sutherland HG, Martin DI, Whitelaw E (1999) Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse. Nat Genet 23:314–318. doi:10.1038/15490
Muotri AR, Chu VT, Marchetto MCN, Deng W, Moran JV, Gage FH (2005) Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition. Nature 435:903–910. doi:10.1038/nature03663
Obbard DJ, Gordon KHJ, Buck AH, Jiggins FM (2009a) The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:99–115. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0168
Obbard DJ, Jiggins FM, Halligan DL, Little TJ (2006) Natural selection drives extremely rapid evolution in antiviral RNAi genes. Curr. Biol. CB 16:580–585. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.065
Obbard DJ, Welch JJ, Kim K-W, Jiggins FM (2009b) Quantifying adaptive evolution in the Drosophila immune system. PLoS Genet 5:e1000698. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000698
O’Neill RJ, O’Neill MJ, Graves JA (1998) Undermethylation associated with retroelement activation and chromosome remodelling in an interspecific mammalian hybrid. Nature 393:68–72. doi:10.1038/29985
Pélisson A, Song SU, Prud’homme N, Smith PA, Bucheton A, Corces VG (1994) Gypsy transposition correlates with the production of a retroviral envelope-like protein under the tissue-specific control of the Drosophila flamenco gene. EMBO J 13:4401–4411
Perrat PN, DasGupta S, Wang J, Theurkauf W, Weng Z, Rosbash M, Waddell S (2013) Transposition-driven genomic heterogeneity in the Drosophila brain. Science 340:91–95. doi:10.1126/science.1231965
Petrov DA, Aminetzach YT, Davis JC, Bensasson D, Hirsh AE (2003) Size matters: non-LTR retrotransposable elements and ectopic recombination in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol 20:880–892. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg102
Picard G (1976) Non-mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: hereditary transmission of I factor. Genetics 83:107–123
Pietzenuk B, Markus C, Gaubert H, Bagwan N, Merotto A, Bucher E, Pecinka A (2016) Recurrent evolution of heat-responsiveness in Brassicaceae COPIA elements. Genome Biol 17:209. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1072-3
Prud’homme N, Gans M, Masson M, Terzian C, Bucheton A (1995) Flamenco, a gene controlling the gypsy retrovirus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 139:697–711
Rebollo R, Horard B, Hubert B, Vieira C (2010) Jumping genes and epigenetics: Towards new species. Gene 454:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2010.01.003
Rebollo R, Karimi MM, Bilenky M, Gagnier L, Miceli-Royer K, Zhang Y, Goyal P, Keane TM, Jones S, Hirst M, Lorincz MC, Mager DL (2011) Retrotransposon-induced heterochromatin spreading in the mouse revealed by insertional polymorphisms. PLoS Genet 7:e1002301. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002301
Rebollo R, Romanish MT, Mager DL (2012) Transposable elements: an abundant and natural source of regulatory sequences for host genes. Annu Rev Genet 46:21–42. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155621
Rook GAW (2012) Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 42:5–15. doi:10.1007/s12016-011-8285-8
Rozhkov NV, Hammell M, Hannon GJ (2013a) Multiple roles for Piwi in silencing Drosophila transposons. Genes Dev 27:400–412. doi:10.1101/gad.209767.112
Rozhkov NV, Schostak NG, Zelentsova ES, Yushenova IA, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB (2013b) Evolution and dynamics of small RNA response to a retroelement invasion in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol 30:397–408. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss241
Saito K, Nishida KM, Mori T, Kawamura Y, Miyoshi K, Nagami T, Siomi H, Siomi MC (2006) Specific association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions in the Drosophila genome. Genes Dev 20:2214–2222. doi:10.1101/gad.1454806
Senti K-A, Brennecke J (2010) The piRNA pathway: a fly’s perspective on the guardian of the genome. Trends Genet. TIG 26:499–509. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.08.007
Sienski G, Dönertas D, Brennecke J (2012) Transcriptional silencing of transposons by Piwi and maelstrom and its impact on chromatin state and gene expression. Cell 151:964–980. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.040
Siomi H, Siomi MC (2015) RNA. Phased piRNAs tackle transposons. Science 348:756–757. doi:10.1126/science.aab3004
Siomi MC, Sato K, Pezic D, Aravin AA (2011) PIWI-interacting small RNAs: the vanguard of genome defence. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12:246–258. doi:10.1038/nrm3089
Slotkin RK, Martienssen R (2007) Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nat Rev Genet 8:272–285. doi:10.1038/nrg2072
Song X, Cao X (2017) Transposon-mediated epigenetic regulation contributes to phenotypic diversity and environmental adaptation in rice. Curr Opin Plant Biol 36:111–118. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2017.02.004
Strachan DP (1989) Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299:1259–1260
Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, Gray MM, Zhao K, Zhu L, Padhukasahasram B, Karlins E, Davis S, Jones PG, Quignon P, Johnson GS, Parker HG, Fretwell N, Mosher DS, Lawler DF, Satyaraj E, Nordborg M, Lark KG, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA (2007) A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs. Science 316:112. doi:10.1126/science.1137045
Todeschini A-L, Teysset L, Delmarre V, Ronsseray S (2010) The epigenetic trans-silencing effect in Drosophila involves maternally-transmitted small RNAs whose production depends on the piRNA pathway and HP1. PLoS ONE 5:e11032. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011032
Uchiyama T, Hiura S, Ebinuma I, Senda M, Mikami T, Martin C, Kishima Y (2013) A pair of transposons coordinately suppresses gene expression, independent of pathways mediated by siRNA in Antirrhinum. New Phytol 197:431–440. doi:10.1111/nph.12041
Vagin VV, Sigova A, Li C, Seitz H, Gvozdev V, Zamore PD (2006) A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science 313:320–324. doi:10.1126/science.1129333
van Valen L (1973) A new evolutionary law. Evol Theory 10:71–74
Van’t Hof AE, Campagne P, Rigden DJ, Yung CJ, Lingley J, Quail MA, Hall N, Darby AC, Saccheri IJ (2016) The industrial melanism mutation in British peppered moths is a transposable element. Nature 534:102–105. doi:10.1038/nature17951
Vela D, Fontdevila A, Vieira C, García Guerreiro MP (2014) A genome-wide survey of genetic instability by transposition in Drosophila hybrids. PLoS ONE 9:e88992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088992
Vieira C, Lepetit D, Dumont S, Biémont C (1999) Wake up of transposable elements following Drosophila simulans worldwide colonization. Mol Biol Evol 16:1251–1255
Volff J-N (2006) Turning junk into gold: domestication of transposable elements and the creation of new genes in eukaryotes. BioEssays News Rev. Mol. Cell. Dev. Biol. 28:913–922. doi:10.1002/bies.20452
Wang W, Han BW, Tipping C, Ge DT, Zhang Z, Weng Z, Zamore PD (2015) Slicing and Binding by Ago3 or Aub Trigger Piwi-Bound piRNA Production by Distinct Mechanisms. Mol Cell 59:819–830. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.007
Waterland RA, Jirtle RL (2003) Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 23:5293–5300
Wicker T, Sabot F, Hua-Van A, Bennetzen JL, Capy P, Chalhoub B, Flavell A, Leroy P, Morgante M, Panaud O, Paux E, SanMiguel P, Schulman AH (2007) A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements. Nat Rev Genet 8:973–982. doi:10.1038/nrg2165
Yan Y, Buckler-White A, Wollenberg K, Kozak CA (2009) Origin, antiviral function and evidence for positive selection of the gammaretrovirus restriction gene Fv1 in the genus Mus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:3259–3263. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900181106
Zanni V, Eymery A, Coiffet M, Zytnicki M, Luyten I, Quesneville H, Vaury C, Jensen S (2013) Distribution, evolution, and diversity of retrotransposons at the flamenco locus reflect the regulatory properties of piRNA clusters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110:19842–19847. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313677110
Zemojtel T, Vingron M (2012) P53 binding sites in transposons. Front. Genet. 3:40. doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00040
Zhang F, Peterson T (2005) Comparisons of Maize pericarp color1 Alleles Reveal Paralogous Gene Recombination and an Organ-Specific Enhancer Region. Plant Cell 17:903–914. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.029660
Zhou Q, Ellison CE, Kaiser VB, Alekseyenko AA, Gorchakov AA, Bachtrog D (2013) The epigenome of evolving Drosophila neo-sex chromosomes: dosage compensation and heterochromatin formation. PLoS Biol 11:e1001711. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001711
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fablet, M., Salces-Ortiz, J., Menezes, B.F., Roy, M., Vieira, C. (2017). Self and Nonself from a Genomic Perspective: Transposable Elements. In: Pontarotti, P. (eds) Evolutionary Biology: Self/Nonself Evolution, Species and Complex Traits Evolution, Methods and Concepts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61569-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61569-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61568-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61569-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)