Abstract
Rule-based systems constitute the state of the art solutions in the area of artificial intelligence. They provide fast, human readable and self explanatory mechanism for encoding knowledge. Due to large popularity of rules, dozens of inference engines were developed over last few decades. They differ in the reasoning efficiency depending on many factors such as model characteristics or deployment platform. Therefore, picking a reasoning engine that best fits the requirement of the system becomes a non-trivial task. The primary objective of the work presented in this paper was to provide a fully automated framework for benchmarking rule-based reasoning engines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The full regulation text is available online. See: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:119:TOC.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
See: http://www.easyrules.org.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
The complete documentation of the generation process, with sample models used for benchmarks in this paper, can be found on the project website: https://bitbucket.org/sbobek/xtt-generator.
- 10.
- 11.
The translation module source code can be found on the project website: https://bitbucket.org/sbobek/hmr-converter.
- 12.
- 13.
GNU Octave is a high-level interpreted language, primarily intended for numerical computations. See: https://www.gnu.org/software/octave.
References
Adrian, W.T., Bobek, S., Nalepa, G.J., Kaczor, K., Kluza, K.: How to reason by HeaRT in a semantic knowledge-based wiki. In: Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, ICTAI 2011, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 438–441, November 2011. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6103361&tag=1
Bobadilla, J., Ortega, F., Hernando, A., Gutiérrez, A.: Recommender systems survey. Knowl. Based Syst. 46, 109–132 (2013). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705113001044
Bobek, S.: Methods for modeling self-adaptive mobile context-aware sytems. Ph.D. thesis, AGH University of Science and Technology, April 2016. Supervisor: G.J. Nalepa
Bobek, S., Nalepa, G.J.: Uncertain context data management in dynamic mobile environments. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 66, 110–124 (2017). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X1630187X
Bobek, S., Nalepa, G.J., Ślażyński, M.: Challenges for migration of rule-based reasoning engine to a mobile platform. In: Dziech, A., Czyżewski, A. (eds.) MCSS 2014. CCIS, vol. 429, pp. 43–57. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07569-3_4
Bock, J., Haase, P., Ji, Q., Volz, R.: Benchmarking OWL reasoners. In: van Harmelen, F., Herzig, A., Hitzler, P., Lin, Z., Piskac, R., Qi, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the ARea 2008 Workshop, vol. 350. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, June 2008. http://ceur-ws.org
Boley, H., Paschke, A., Shafiq, O.: RuleML 1.0: the overarching specification of web rules. In: Dean, M., Hall, J., Rotolo, A., Tabet, S. (eds.) RuleML 2010. LNCS, vol. 6403, pp. 162–178. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16289-3_15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16289-3_15
Brant, D., Grose, T., Lofaso, B., Miranker, D.: Effects of database size on rule system performance: five case studies. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB) (1991)
Bratko, I.: Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edn. Addison Wesley, Redwood City (2000)
Dey, A.K.: Providing architectural support for building context-aware applications. Ph.D. thesis, Atlanta, GA, USA (2000). aAI9994400
Forgy, C.: Rete: a fast algorithm for the many patterns/many objects match problem. Artif. Intell. 19(1), 17–37 (1982)
Giarratano, J.C., Riley, G.D.: Expert Systems. Thomson, Toronto (2005)
Goodman, B., Flaxman, S.: EU regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a “right to explanation” (2016). arXiv:1606.08813. Comment: Presented at 2016 ICML Workshop on Human Interpretability in Machine Learning (WHI 2016), New York, NY
Hanson, E.N., Hasan, M.S.: Gator: an optimized discrimination network for active database rule condition testing. Technical report 93–036, CIS Department University of Florida, December 1993
Jang, J.H., Yang, S.H.: Development of the rule-based inference engine for the advanced context-awareness. Int. J. Smart Home 9(4), 195–202 (2015)
Kaczor, K.: Knowledge formalization methods for semantic interoperability in rule bases. Ph.D. thesis, AGH University of Science and Technology, February 2015. Supervisor: G.J. Nalepa
Kaczor, K.: Practical approach to interoperability in production rule bases with Subito. In: Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L.A., Zurada, J.M. (eds.) ICAISC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9120, pp. 637–648. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19369-4_56
Ligęza, A.: Logical foundations for knowledge-based control systems - knowledge representation, reasoning and theoretical properties. Sci. Bull. AGH Autom. 63(1529), 144 (1993). Kraków
Lim, B.Y., Dey, A.K.: Investigating intelligibility for uncertain context-aware applications. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp 2011, New York, NY, USA, pp. 415–424 (2011). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2030112.2030168
Mahmud, U., Javed, M.Y.: Context inference engine (CIE): inferring context. Int. J. Adv. Pervasive Ubiquitous Comput. 4(3), 13–41, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/japuc.2012070102
Miranker, D.P., Lofaso, B.J.: The organization and performance of a treat-based production system compiler. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 3(1), 3–10 (1991)
Miranker, D.P.: TREAT: a better match algorithm for AI production systems, long version. Technical report 87–58, University of Texas, July 1987
Nalepa, G.J., Bobek, S., Ligęza, A., Kaczor, K.: HalVA - rule analysis framework for XTT2 Rules. In: Bassiliades, N., Governatori, G., Paschke, A. (eds.) RuleML 2011. LNCS, vol. 6826, pp. 337–344. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22546-8_27. http://www.springerlink.com/content/c276374nh9682jm6/
Nalepa, G.J., Ligęza, A., Kaczor, K.: Overview of knowledge formalization with XTT2 Rules. In: Bassiliades, N., Governatori, G., Paschke, A. (eds.) RuleML 2011. LNCS, vol. 6826, pp. 329–336. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22546-8_26
Nalepa, G.J.: Loki–semantic wiki with logical knowledge representation. In: Nguyen, N.T. (ed.) Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence III. LNCS, vol. 6560, pp. 96–114. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19968-4_5. http://www.springerlink.com/content/y91w134g03344376/
Nalepa, G.J., Bobek, S.: Rule-based solution for context-aware reasoning on mobile devices. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. 11(1), 171–193 (2014)
Nalepa, G.J., Kluza, K., Kaczor, K.: Proposal of an inference engine architecture for business rules and processes. In: Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L.A., Zurada, J.M. (eds.) ICAISC 2013. LNCS, vol. 7895, pp. 453–464. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38610-7_42. http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-3-642-38609-1
Ostermayer, L.: Seamless cooperation of java and prolog for rule-based software development. In: Proceedings of the RuleML 2015 Challenge, the Special Track on Rule-based Recommender Systems for the Web of Data, the Special Industry Track and the RuleML 2015 Doctoral Consortium hosted by the 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML 2015), Berlin, Germany, 2–5 August 2015 (2015). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1417/paper2.pdf
Pan, Z.: Benchmarking dl reasoners using realistic ontologies. In: Grau, B.C., Horrocks, I., Parsia, B., Patel-Schneider, P.F. (eds.) OWLED. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 188. CEUR-WS.org (2005). http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/owled/owled2005.html#Pan05
Weert, P.V.: Efficient lazy evaluation of rule-based programs. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22(11), 1521–1534 (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bobek, S., Misiak, P. (2017). Framework for Benchmarking Rule-Based Inference Engines. In: Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L., Zurada, J. (eds) Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing. ICAISC 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10246. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59060-8_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59060-8_36
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59059-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59060-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)