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The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Liver Injury

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Molecules, Systems and Signaling in Liver Injury

Part of the book series: Cell Death in Biology and Diseases ((CELLDEATH))

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Abstract

Alterations in gut microbiota in patients with chronic liver diseases were first noted more than 80 years ago. Increasing translocation of microbial products from the leaky gut is considered one of the major contributors to the onset and the progression of liver disease. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, detailed information about the link between intestinal microbiota and liver disease has been intensively studied in animals and humans. Trillions of bacteria colonize the gut and are in a symbiotic state in healthy subjects. The disruption of this microbiota homeostasis, including certain harmful bacterial overgrowth and reduction of beneficial bacteria, is known as dysbiosis and affects liver health profoundly. Understanding the link connecting the changes in gut microbiota composition and function as well as in liver physiology and pathology will promote the development of strategies for prevention of liver disease and drug target identification. In this chapter, we discuss how microbiota homeostasis is disrupted in liver diseases, focusing on alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic liver disease, and we review their treatments.

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Abbreviations

4-HNE:

4-Hydroxynonenal

AC:

Alcoholic cirrhosis

ACLF:

Acute-on-chronic liver failure

ALD:

Alcoholic liver disease

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

AST:

Aspartate transaminase

AXOS:

Arabinoxylanoligosaccharide

BCAA:

Branched chain amino acid

BCFA:

Branched chain fatty acid

CDR:

Cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio

CRAMP:

Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide

DCA:

Deoxycholic acid

DEN:

Diethylnitrosamine

FMT:

Fecal microbiota transplantation

FOS:

Fructooligosaccharide

FXR:

Farnesoid X receptor

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

GOS:

Galactooligosaccharide

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HE:

Hepatic encephalopathy

HFD:

High-fat diet

HOMA:

Homeostasis model assessment

IFALD:

Failure-associated liver disease

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

LGG:

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MCD:

Methionine-choline deficiency

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MELD:

Model for end-stage liver disease

MHE:

Minimal HE

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH:

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kB

NLRP:

Nod-like receptor protein

NOD2:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2

OFC:

Oligofructose

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

sAH:

Severe alcoholic hepatitis

SBP:

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

SCFA:

Short-chain fatty acid

SIBO:

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

TJ:

Tight junction

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

γGT:

Gamma glutamyl transferase

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  1. Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA

    Wenke Feng & Craig McClain

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  1. Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Therapy, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

    Wen-Xing Ding

  2. Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Xiao-Ming Yin

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Feng, W., McClain, C. (2017). The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Liver Injury. In: Ding, WX., Yin, XM. (eds) Molecules, Systems and Signaling in Liver Injury. Cell Death in Biology and Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58106-4_11

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