Abstract
The 10 year People’s War in Nepal (1986–2006) had a profound impact on infrastructure. Acts of sabotage which destroyed existing roads and bridges as well as withdrawal of foreign investment curtailed most construction projects. With formation of a new government in the wake of the war reconstruction and new development is on the rise-one of the key focuses is on connecting all 75-district headquarters by road. A renewed push for better north-south connectivity is integrated in a plan for regional trade between India, Nepal, and China. The precarious geo-political underpinnings of Nepal’s geographical position between India and China makes road building a very complex multi-scalar proposition. The complexity of this challenge speaks to the importance of generating interdisciplinary research and development planning-which will necessitate cooperation and collaboration. The so-called Trans Himalayan Highway (a.k.a. Rasuwagadhi-Galchi-Raxaul Highway) is the shortest overland route from Tibet to India. As such it features prominently in many sub regional, regional and potentially international trade and commerce proposals for connecting China, India, South Asia and Europe. The Chinese financed Rasuwagadhi-Syaphrubesi section of this highway has been under intense scrutiny—it is being groomed to become the main access point for China-Nepal-India overland trade. Officially opened in December 2014 the Rasuwagadhi border has undergone huge changes recently.
First, from the forced closing of the Friendship Highway following a landslide in August 2014, which rerouted traffic to Rasuwagadhi and a temporary early opening in August 2014. Second, by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and the after math of destruction of both the road and the border facilities on either side. Third, the promulgation of the new Nepali constitution (September 2015) and the resulting embargo on Nepal’s southern border leading to fuel supplies from China through Rasuwaghadi. And finally the extension of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to Shigatse, Tibet with the intended continuation to the Tibet border town of Kyirong, just north of Rasuwaghadi and talks of extending the rail to Kathmandu and possibly Lumbini on Nepal’s southern border. These changes are embedded in a matrix of discourse concerning trilateral trade, geopolitical influence, and national security between China, Nepal, and India. Ultimately Nepal is in a position to benefit from the aid and influence coming from both Beijing and Delhi, but a persistent and crippling tradition of corruption and nepotism embedded in the chronically unstable Nepali government threatens to undermine any concrete benefit for Nepali citizens and keep the country locked into a decades old pattern of failed development programs and infrastructure stagnation. While the future holds many concrete substantial opportunities to develop new Himalayan Mobilities such as China’s One Belt One Road Initiative among many others, the way in which these opportunities play out is dependent on Nepal’s ability to curb its endemic political instability, corruption, and nepotism, and the greater economic and geopolitical developments of China, India, Asia, and Europe.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
sKyid rong Tibetan pronounced Kyirong meaning “Happy Valley”.
- 2.
Mang-yul is the Tibetan name of a valley sbas yul pronounced beyul (extending north from the present day Nepal-Tibet boundary at Rasuwagadhi) in the ancient Tibetan Kingdom of Gung thang.
- 3.
sbas yul Tibetan pronounced beyul meaning “hidden lands” refers to valley sanctuaries which according to legend were hidden away by the great Buddhist tantric adept Padmasambhava to be used in times of need. “The hidden land is both a refuge for meritorious individuals from all strata of Tibetan society during a time of moral and political degeneration, as well as a place of accomplishment for those who are spiritually inclined. It is a land where the yogi can spend extended time in retreat and where a gter-ston can reveal sacred treasures.” Childs 1999: 128) gter-ston Tibetan pronounced terton refers to a treasure revealer of sacred texts hidden by Padmasambhava and his consort Yeshe Tsgoyal.
- 4.
Gung thang Kingdom was founded under Sakya rule in the thirteenth century C.E. by Bumdegon (1253–1280) lasted until 1620 when the King of Tsang conquered it.
- 5.
Trishuli Sanskrit meaning the Hindu God Shiva’s trident.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
bikasit is the Nepali word for developed.
- 12.
bikas is the Nepali word for development.
- 13.
This phrase refers to the political system in Nepal in which the outer workings claim to be a democracy but the inner workings of each party are “tightly controlled by senior leaders who stifle any attempt at internal democracy.” (Foreign Hand 2016).
References
600 Containers Stranded. (2014, August 14). 600 containers stranded due to obstruction of highway. Karobar Daily. Retrieved from http://www.karobardaily.com/news/2014/08/600-containers-stranded-due-to-obstruction-of-highway.
Adhikari, R. (Ed.). (2015). Silk route: Enhancing Nepal-China connectivity: Celebrating 60th year of the establishment of diplomatic relation between Nepal and China. Seminar on silk route, Kathmandu, march 23, 2015. Kathmandu: Institute of Foreign Affair.
An Ex-revolutionary Becomes Prime Minister—Again. (2016, August 4). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21703439-appointment-unlikely-bring-much-needed-stability-country-ex-revolutionary.
Armington, S. (1985). Trekking in the Nepal Himalaya (4th ed.). South Yarra: Lonely Planet.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2008). ADB, Roads, and HIV/AIDS: A resource book for the transport sector. Retrieved from http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADB-HIV-Toolkit/ADB-HIV-Toolkit.pdf.
Aydan, O., & Ulusay, R. (2015). A quick report on the 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake and its geo-engineering aspects. IAEG, 26pp
Barry, E. (2015, December 18). Nepal avalanche carried half the force of an Atomic Bomb. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/19/world/asia/nepal-avalanche-langtang.html.
Basnyet, S. (1989). Micro–level environmental management: Observations on public and private responses in Kakani Panchayat, ICIMOD occasional paper no. 12. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.
Bauer, K. (2004). High frontiers. New York: Columbia University Press.
Beazley, R. E. (2016a). Divine Madmen, Zombie Slayers, Imperial Soldiers, and Royal Assassins: Footsteps along a himalayan power corridor. Manuscript in preparation.
Beazley, R. E. (2016b). Himalayan Trauma: Administrative thrombosis and citizens’ response to 2015 Nepal earthquake. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Beazley, R. E. (2013). Impacts of expanding rural road networks on communities in the annapurna conservation area, Nepal. M.S. Thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Bell, T. (2015a, March 22). Nepal’s failed development, Aljazeera. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/03/nepal-failed-development-150322052502920.html.
Bell, T. (2015b, May 25). One month on, red tape hampers Nepal aid, Aljazeera, aljzeera.com . Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/05/nepal-aid-earthquake-corruption-150524135716175.html.
Bell, T. (2014). Kathmandu. India: Random House India.
Bhattacherjee, K. (2016, February 8). Madhesi end Nepal blockade. The Hindu. Retrieved from http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/madhesis-end-nepal-blockade/article8210239.ece.
Bisht, R. (2016, January). Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal to discuss BBIN Rail Agreement. Governance Today. Retrieved from http://governancetoday.co.in/bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal-to-discuss-bbin-rail-agreement/.
Bohara, A. (2010). Prospects of a Trilateral Trans-Himalayan Economic Cooperation Agreement (THECA): China, Nepal, and India. Retrieved from https://ejournals.unm.edu/index.php/nsc/article/view/223.
Brushett, S., & Osika, J. S. (2005). Lessons learned to date from HIV/AIDS transport corridor projects. World Bank Global HIV/AIDS Program. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTHIVAIDS/Resources/375798-1103037153392/Transport.pdf.
Campbell, B. (1993). The dynamics of cooperation: Households and economy in a tamang community of Nepal. Ph.D. dissertation. The School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia.
Childs, G. (1999). Refuge and revitalization: Hidden Himalayan sanctuaries (Sbas-yul) and the preservation of Tibet’s Imperial Lineage. Acta Orientalia, 60, 126–158.
China Pledged Largest Foreign Aid to Nepal. (2015, August 8). The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-08-24/china-pledged-largest-foreign-aid-to-nepal.html.
China Sends Record Military Personnel Numbers to Nepal. (2015, May 7). China Daily. (Xinhua). Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/07/content_20652513.htm.
Collins, B., & Jibson, R. (2015). Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting from the April 25, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence (ver. 1.1, August 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1142 (p. 50). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151142.
Cowan, S. (2013). All change at rasuwa Garwi. HIMALAYA: The Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 33, 97–102.
Dahal, R., Hasegawa, S., Nonomura, A., Yamanaka, M., Dhakal, S., & Paudyal, P. (2008). Predictive modeling of rainfall-induced landslide hazard in the lesser himalaya of Nepal based on weights-of-evidence. Geomorphology, 102, 496–510.
Dangal, D. (2015, June 9). Post-quake, tatopani under existential threat. Republica. Retrieved from http://www.myrepublica.com/society/item/23656-post-quake-tatopani-under-existential-threat.html.
Diemberger, H. (2007). When a woman becomes a religious dynasty: The Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet. New York: Columbia University Press.
Durham University. (2015). Nepal earthquake landslide locations, 30 June 2015, Durham University Nepal Landslide Data Website. Retrieved from https://data.hdx.rwlabs.org/dataset/nepal-earthquake-landslide-locations-30-june-2015.
Foreign Aid Commitment Doubled this Fiscal. (2015, July 11). The Himalayan Times. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/foreign-aid-commitment-doubled-this-fiscal/.
Foreign Hand. (2016, February 5–11). The stifling burden of hierarchy. The Nepali Times. Retrieved from http://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Moving-Target/stifling-burden-of-hierarchy-in-Nepali-politics,659#.VrYTKBtd0w1.facebook.
Fuquan, Y. (2004). The “Ancient Tea and Horse Caravan Road,” the “Silk Road” of Southwest China, Silk Road Journal, 2(1). Retrieved from http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/2004vol2num1/tea.htm.
Fürer-Haimendorf, C. V. (1975). Himalayan traders: Life in highland Nepal. London: John Murray.
Giri, S. (2015, May 23). Power demand in Valley halves post-quake. Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-05-22/power-demand-in-valley-halves-post-quake.html.
Gleba, M., Vanden Berghe, I., & Aldenderfer, M. (2016). Textile technology in Nepal in the 5th-7th centuries CE: The case of Samdzong. STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, 2(1), 25–35. doi:10.1080/20548923.2015.1110421.
Government of Nepal, Department of Roads (GoN/DoR). (2013–2014). Strategic Road Network 2013–2014. Retrieved from http://www.dor.gov.np/documents/6.%20Strategic%20Road%20Network%202013_14%20Map.pdf.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (GoN/MoSTE). (2015). Nepal earthquake 2015: Rapid environmental assessment. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.
Govt Mulling Transit Treaty with China, Says Gyawali. (2015, November 1). The Himalayan Times. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/govt-mulling-transit-treaty-with-china-says-gyawali/.
Gurung, P. (2016, January). Cover story: Battling it out on Kathmandu roads. Republica. Retrieved from http://admin.myrepublica.com/the-week/story/36038/cover-story-battling-it-out-on-kathmandu-roads.html.
Harvey, P., & Knox, H. (2015). Roads: An anthropology of infrastructure and expertise. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Haviland, C. (2015, September 19). Why is Nepal’s new constitution controversial? BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34280015.
Hayes, G., Briggs, R., Barnhart, W., et al. (2015). Rapid characterization of the 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake sequence and its seismotectonic context. Seismological Research Letters, 86(6), 1557–1567.
von der Heide, S. (2012). Linking routes from the silk road through Nepal – The ancient passage through Mustang and its importance as a Buddhist cultural landscape. In Proceedings of the Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14–16, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.mukogawau.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_613.pdf.
India to link Kathmandu with Delhi, Kolkata by rail. Economic Times. Retrieved from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57257220.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.
International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). (2015). Impact of Nepal earthquake 2015 on Langthang Valley. Retrieved from http://www.icimod.org/?q=20085.
Kargel, J. S., et al. (2015a). Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aac8353. Retrieved from sciencemag.org/content/early/recent.
Kargel, J. S., et al. (2015b). Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Science, 351(6269), 140–150. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8353.
Khanal, R. (2015, October 30). Govt to procure fuel from China. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-25/govt-to-procure-fuel-from-china.html.
Knörzer, K.-H. (2000). 3000 years of agriculture in a valley of the high Himalayas. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 9, 219–222.
Lanxing, H. (1992). New archaeological findings in Tibet. Beijing Review, Updated: May 6, 2008 No. 31, 1992. Retrieved from http://www.bjreview.com.cn/special/tibet/txt/2008-05/06/content_115066.htm.
Lin, K. (2011). Le développement du réseau routier en chine: Inconéequences et inégalitiés. Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 18(3), 151–179.
Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., Pell, A., Deadman, P., Kratz, T., Lubchenco, J., Ostrom, E., Ouyang, Z., Provencher, W., Redman, C. L., Schneider, S. H., & Taylor, W. (2007). Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317(5844), 1513–1516.
Lord, A. (2016). Citizens of a hydropower nation: Territory and agency at the frontiers of hydropower development in Nepal. Economic Anthropology, 3, 145–160.
Lord, A. (2014). Making a ‘hydropower nation:’ subjectivity, mobility, and work in the Nepalese hydroscape. HIMALAYA: Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 34, 111–121.
MacFarlane, A. M., Hodges, K. V., & Lux, D. (1992). A structural analysis of the main central thrust zone, langtang National Park, Central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104(11), 1389–1402.
Maillart, E. (1966). Nepal: The China road. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, 53(2), 143–146. doi:10.1080/03068376608731945.
Manandhar, R. (2014, August 8). Black market thrives after roadblock. Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/08/08/nation/black-market-thrives-after-roadblock/265921.html.
Murton, G., Lord, A., & Beazley, R. (2016). “a handshake across the himalayas:” Chinese investment, hydropower development, and state formation in Nepal. Eurasian Economics and Geography. doi:10.1080/15387216.2016.1236349.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2015). Nepal Landslides 2015. Retrieved from http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/87000/87172/nepal_2015_landslides_zoom_lrg.jpg.
Nepal Army. (2010). Road projects of the Nepalese army. Retrieved from http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/bpd.php.
Panday, R. (1999). Nepal’s failed development: Reflections on the mission and the maladies. Kathmandu: Nepal South Asia Centre.
Pokhrel, S. (2015, December 4). My voice: Road construction in Nepal. Republica. Retrieved from http://admin.myrepublica.com/lifestyle/story/32229/my-voice-road-construction-in-nepal.html.
Pokharel, K. (2015, November 26). The two-month blockade of Nepal explained. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/11/26/the-two-month-blockade-of-nepal-explained/.
Pradhani, K. (2015, October 29). Nepal finds China oil cheaper than India’s. The Times of India. Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nepal-finds-China-oil-cheaper-than-Indias/articleshow/49574590.cms.
Prasain, S., & Khanal, R. (2015, October 29). Nepal inks historic oil agreement with China. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-10-29/nepal-inks-historic-oil-agreement-with-china.html.
Puwar, N. (2004). Space invaders: Race, gender and bodies out of place. New York: Berg.
Qiu, J. (2015). Nepal earthquake caused fewer landslides than feared Satellite images show some mountains unscathed. Nature–News, Naature.com. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/nepal-earthquake-caused-fewer-landslides-than-feared-1.19038.
Rai, O. (2016, June 10). Tapping Nepal’s power potential. China Daily Asia, Asia Weekly. Retrieved from http://epaper.chinadailyasia.com/asia-weekly/article-8106.html.
Rana, P., & Karmacharya, B. (2014). A connectivity-driven development strategy for Nepal: From a landlocked to a land-linked state. ADBI Working Paper 498. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Retrieved from http://www.adbi.org/working-paper/2014/09/08/6409.connectivity.dev.strategy.nepal/.
Rankin, K. (2004). The cultural politics of markets: Economic liberalization and social change in Nepal. London: Pluto Books.
Rathaur, H. (2015, November 3). Having brought in fuel, drivers demand Rasuwa road upgrade. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://epaper.ekantipur.com/epaper/the-kathmandu-post/2015-11-03/2015-11-03.pdf.
Regmi, M. (1970). An official Nepali account of the Nepal-China war, Regmi Research Series, Year 2, No. 8, (p. 177). Cornell University Library. (1969). Regmi research series. Kathmandu, Nepal: Regmi Research Ltd.
Regmi, A., Yoshida, K., Pourghasemi, H., et al. (2014). Landslide susceptibility mapping along Bhalubang—Shiwapur area of mid-western Nepal using frequency ratio and conditional probability models. Journal of Mountain Science, 11(5), 1266. doi:10.1007/s11629-013-2847-6.
Rigby, J. (2016, April 25). Nepal earthquake anniversary: One year on, not one home rebuilt by government. The Telegraph, telegraph.com. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/25/nepal-earthquake-anniversary-one-year-on-not-one-home-rebuilt-by/.
Robb, E. S. M., et al. (2015). Geotechnical effects of the 2015 magnitude 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and aftershocks. Seismological Research Letters, 86(6), 1514–1523.
Rogers, C. (2004). Secrets of Manang: The story behind the phenomenal rise of Nepal’s famed business community. Kathmandu: Mandala.
Samiti, R. (2015a, November 8). 27 Fuel tankers enter Nepal from China today. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/27-fuel-tankers-enter-nepal-from-china-today/.
Samiti, R. (2015b, November 1). Fuel will be imported via northern border: Maskey. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/fuel-will-be-imported-via-northern-border-maskey/.
Shakya, M. (2009). Risk, vulnerability and tourism in developing countries: The case of Nepal. Bochum Studies in International Development 56. Berlin.
Shakya, S. (2016, February 2). Reverse gear: Global advisory firms are now considering putting Nepal on a watch list for investments. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-02-02/reverse-gear.html.
Shrestha, A. (2001). Bleeding mountains of Nepal a story of corruption, greed, misuse of power and resources. Kathmandu: Ekta Books.
Shrestha, A. (2014, July 31). China plans rail link with Nepal. Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/07/31/business/china-plans-rail-link-with-nepal/392951.htm.
Shrestha, D. (2015a, December 18–24). The wild west: Rasuwa was projected as an alternative trade route to China, but is plagued by delays and corruption. The Nepali Times. Retrieved from http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/delays-and-corruption-in-Rasuwa,2762.
Shrestha, H. (2015b, March 29). Xi announces Rs 14b in new aid. Nepal Mountain News. Retrieved from http://www.nepalmountainnews.com/cms/2015/03/29/xi-announces-rs-14b-in-new-aid/.
Shrestha, P. (2015c, November 6). 7 new routes to be used: Besides 2 in use, Nepal and China agree to upgrade passes being used by locals for trade. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-06/7-new-rou tes-to-be-used.html.
Shrestha, P., Lord, A., Mukherji, A., Shrestha, R. K., Yadav, L., Rai, N. (2016). Benefit sharing and sustainable hydropower: Lessons from Nepal. ICIMOD Research Report 2016/2. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sigley, G. (2012). The ancient tea horse road: The politics of cultural heritage in Southwest China, China Heritage Quarterly, No. 29, March 2012. Retrieved from http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=029_sigley.inc&issue=029.
Sijapati, B., Baniya, J., Bhandari, A., et al. (2015). Migration and resilience: Experiences from the Nepal 2015 earthquake, research paper VIII. Kathmandu: Centre for the Study of Labor and Mobility. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_379082.pdf.
Snellinger, A. (2013). Kathmandu becoming a (Post) modern city: Road Expansion Project. Retrieved from http://www.amandasnellinger.com/kathmandu-becoming-a-post-modern-city-road-expansion-project/.
Thapa, K. (2015a, May 30). Rasuwa starts relocating quake displaced people. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-08-06/rasuwa-starts-relocating-quake-displaced-people.html.
Thapa, K. (2015b, October 31). Tankers in north border to take fuel from China. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-31/tankers-in-north-border-to-take-fuel-from-china.html.
Thapa, K. (2015c, November 2). 12 tankers arrive from Kerung: Bring in 80,000 litre petrol in first lot, The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-02/12-tankers-arrive-from-kerung.html.
Tiwari, A. (2016, June) Biratnagar developmental projects in limbo. Republica. Retrieved from http://admin.myrepublica.com/society/story/44505/biratnagar-developmental-projects-in-limbo.html.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2006). Developing rural transport and infrastructure. Millennium development goals needs assessment for Nepal. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org.np/publication/html/mdg_NAN/Chapter_9.pdf.
United States Agency International Development (USAID). (2015a, June 25). Nepal earthquake fact sheet #21, Fiscal Year (FY) 2015. Retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/working-crises-and-conflict/responding-times-crisis/where-we-work.
United States Agency International Development (USAID). (2015b, September 2). Nepal earthquake fact sheet #23, Fiscal Year (FY) 2015. Retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/working-crises-and-conflict/responding-times-crisis/where-we-work.
United States Agency International Development (USAID). (2015c, December 23). Nepal earthquake fact sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2016. Retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/working-crises-and-conflict/responding-times-crisis/where-we-work.
Uteng, T. (2011). Gender and mobility in the developing World. World Development Report 2012 gender equality and development background Paper. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1322671773271/uteng.pdf.
Van Spengen, W. (2000). Tibetan border worlds: A geohistorical analysis of trade and traders. New York: Kegan Paul International.
Vehicles Carrying Chinese Imports to Nepal Arrive in Kyirong. (2015, November 6). Setopati. Retrieved from http://setopati.net/politics/10091/Vehicles-carrying-Chinese-imports-to-Nepal-arrive-in-Kerung/.
Walker, B. (2015, April 29). Chinese dam workers stranded after Nepal Quake, thethirdpole.net . Retrieved from http://www.thethirdpole.net/2015/04/29/chinese-dam-workers-stranded-after-nepal-quake/.
WB Okays $55m Loan for Roads, Bridges. (2016, August 27). The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved from http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-08-27/wb-okays-55m-loan-for-roads-bridges.html.
World Bank (WB). (2005). Nepal: North south transport corridor options, International Development Association Assistance Strategy Note, March 1, 2005. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/34004316-1111699655514/20690624/NorthSouthCorridor03105.pdf.
Yan, C. (2011, January 18). Road-building rage to leave U.S. in dust, China real time report. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2011/01/18/road-building-rage-to-leave-us-in-dust/.
Yang, B. (2009). Between winds and clouds: The making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). New York: Columbia University Press.
Yeh, E. (2013). Taming Tibet. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beazley, R.E., Lassoie, J.P. (2017). The Future of Himalayan Mobilities. In: Himalayan Mobilities. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55757-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55757-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55755-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55757-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)