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Electron Impact Excitation

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Polarization, Alignment, and Orientation in Atomic Collisions

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics ((SSAOPP,volume 96))

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Abstract

The case study part of this book begins in Sect. 7.1 with the presentation of a few examples where either unpolarized or spin-polarized electron beams are used to excite unpolarized atoms. Only the emitted light and its polarization, but not the scattered electrons, are observed. The intensity of the light corresponds to the so-called optical excitation function. After proper normalization and accounting for a possible anisotropy in the radiation, excitation functions are often used to determine absolute cross sections for the process of interest. Furthermore, the light polarization components correspond to the “angle-integrated Stokes parameters.” They are determined by the angle-integrated state multipoles that represent alignment and orientation of the excited target state, averaged over all projectile scattering angles. Angle-differential observation of Stokes and STU parameters is discussed in Sect. 7.2. The discussion focuses on some benchmark cases, involving light targets such as helium and sodium and heavy targets such as mercury and cesium. Special attention is given to the noble-gas targets Ne–Xe. These continue to represent a major challenge to theory, partly due to difficulties associated with the structure calculation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The original data of Williams [89] should actually be corrected for scattering angles \(\theta \ge 90^\circ \) [160]. The revised data agree well with the theoretical predictions and also with new data [92] plotted in Fig. 7.30.

  2. 2.

    Data for this problem are often published in terms of the parameter set \(\lambda \!\equiv \! (1 + \bar{P}_1)/2\), \(R \!\equiv \! - \bar{P}_2/2\sqrt{2}\), \(I \!\equiv \! \bar{P}_3/2\sqrt{2}\). Unfortunately, this set does not reveal directly the connection to the form of the charge cloud.

  3. 3.

    This parameter was measured by Hegemann et al. [104, 105], but at total collision energies of 4.0 and 12.1 eV compared to the NIST experiments at 4.1 and 10.0 eV. Of course, if experimental results for the U or V parameter were available, evaluation of the missing phase angle is straightforward from (7.64).

  4. 4.

    This group also investigated the \(\mathrm{3p \rightarrow 4s}\) transition, which will be further discussed in Chap. 9.

  5. 5.

    The signal also contains an unpolarized part from the \(\mathrm{3s} \rightarrow \mathrm{2p}\) transition, which was accounted for in the theory.

  6. 6.

    The inverted commas indicate that the LS notation for this state is only an approximation, since it is heavily mixed and must be described by an intermediate-coupling scheme. The number in square brackets denotes the angular momentum of the Xe\(^+\) core.

  7. 7.

    Due to the lack of angle-differential experimental data for excitation processes, we concentrate on elastic scattering here.

  8. 8.

    If the spin-orbit interaction is important, the exchange asymmetry not only depends on the relative orientation of the projectile and target polarizations, but also on their orientation with respect to the scattering plane. For \(A_{nn}\), both initial polarizations are chosen perpendicular to the scattering plane.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Nils Andersen

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA

    Klaus Bartschat

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  1. Nils Andersen
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  2. Klaus Bartschat
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Andersen, N., Bartschat, K. (2017). Electron Impact Excitation. In: Polarization, Alignment, and Orientation in Atomic Collisions. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 96. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55216-3_7

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