Abstract
When English Language Learners (ELLs) are learning science, they are often overwhelmed because they are experiencing cognitive overload given that they are learning a new language along with science (Cummins 1981). It is overwhelming to process new language sounds, words, sentences, and paragraph structures while at the same time processing new science content. Many ELLs are confused by incongruities between the language of expository text and the teacher’s oral instructional language. Even when the differences are understood, they are confused by being expected to seamlessly transition back and forth between oral and written language. In addition, science texts often assume background knowledge that some ELLs may not yet have. Faced with an overload, typically ELLs become reticent to speak and are less engaged in learning (Mohr and Mohr 2007). In order to avoid communication breakdowns,
One day, Ana was circulating around the class monitoring the summaries being written by small groups of English Language Learners (ELLs). She found that their writing was confusing. By questioning them, it became clear that they had misinterpreted the word “grounds” as in the grounds for a decision with the concept of “grounds” as in earth and fields. She intervened by implementing a language teaching strategy in which students are taught key science words by associating them with actions and using them in sentences, such as making a motion for bouncing while saying “The soccer ball bounced on the ground.” and making another motion for the other meaning while saying “The data collected about plant growth became the grounds for the watering schedule.” Then the ELLs returned to the original assignment, the summaries, with greater success.
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Notes
- 1.
WIDA stands for the World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment, a consortium of states dedicated to the development and implementation of English language proficiency standards and tests for ELLs. Levels 3 and 4 fall in the middle of the 6 WIDA levels, so these students are considered to be intermediate ELLs who are developing and expanding beyond the beginner level. The performance descriptors for grades 9–12 can be found on the WIDA website www.wida.us 2012 ELD standards page.
- 2.
In CLT “realia” is the term used for manipulatives, models, and miniature objects.
- 3.
The General Service List (GSL) contains the 2000 most frequent words of English (Nation 2008) and is found on http://www.newgeneralservicelist.org/.
- 4.
The Academic Word List (AWL) (Nation 2008) contains 570 word families that appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. It can be accessed on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Word_List.
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Lado, A., Wright, A. (2017). Practical Language Learning Strategies that Increase Science Learning and Engagement. In: de Oliveira, L., Campbell Wilcox, K. (eds) Teaching Science to English Language Learners. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53594-4_9
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