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International Workshop on Digital Watermarking

IWDW 2016: Digital Forensics and Watermarking pp 379–392Cite as

Watermarking with Fixed Decoder for Aesthetic 2D Barcode

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 10082))

Abstract

An aesthetic 2D-barcode, e.g. QR code, carries a given message in the payload and yet its visual appearance resembles another given logo image. The requirement of embedding a message in a “cover” image is similar to digital watermarking but with a crucial difference that, for the aesthetic 2D-barcode, the decoder is predetermined and fixed. Hence the designs and performances of the aesthetic 2D-barcode heavily rely on the predetermined decoder. In this paper, we focus on the underlying systematic encoding function in QR code. We first formulate a framework that optimizes the visual appearance of the codeword and yet meets the coding requirement. Since finding such an optimal codeword is computationally expensive, we next propose a heuristic to search for a feasible solution, and incorporate image processing operations to enhance the visual appearance. Although our method is designed for QR code, our approach can be applied to other 2D-barcodes that employ similar coding mechanisms of error correction code.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://opencv.org [Online; accessed 17-August-2016].

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Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K00185.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan

    Minoru Kuribayashi & Nobuo Funabiki

  2. School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, Singapore, S117417, Republic of Singapore

    Ee-Chien Chang

Authors
  1. Minoru Kuribayashi
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  2. Ee-Chien Chang
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  3. Nobuo Funabiki
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Minoru Kuribayashi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    Yun Qing Shi

  2. Korea University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Hyoung Joong Kim

  3. University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Fernando Perez-Gonzalez

  4. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Feng Liu

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Kuribayashi, M., Chang, EC., Funabiki, N. (2017). Watermarking with Fixed Decoder for Aesthetic 2D Barcode. In: Shi, Y., Kim, H., Perez-Gonzalez, F., Liu, F. (eds) Digital Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10082. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53465-7_28

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53465-7_28

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53464-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53465-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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