Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update - Vol. II pp 515–539Cite as

Cognitive Impairment/Dementia in Chronic Renal Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem that is increasing in prevalence, especially in the elderly. CKD and/or end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have numerous comorbidities that increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia (CI/D). In fact, almost every stage of CKD is associated with an increased risk of CI/D; the risk increases as the severity of CKD increases. The mechanisms responsible for this increased risk are largely due to the accelerated vascular disease of CKD/ESRD that leads to an increase in vascular dementia. However, other factors such as increased risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes, uremic toxins, and suboptimal aspects of dialytic therapies also contribute to the development and progression of CI/D. The importance of CI/D in CKD/ESRD patients is that it impairs quality of life, and carries with it a greater risk of hospitalization, disability, dialysis withdrawal, and mortality. Despite the magnitude of the problem, CI/D is largely under-recognized in the renal patient, and optimal management strategies are unknown. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis/pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic considerations for CI/D in patients with CKD/ESRD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Shiao CC, Wu PC, Huang TM, Lai TS, Yang WS, Wu CH, et al. Long-term remote organ consequences following acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015;19:438.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Nongnuch A, Panorchan K, Davenport A. Brain–kidney crosstalk. Crit Care. 2014;18(3):225.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to brain inflammation and functional changes. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. 2008;19(7):1360–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mazumder MK, Giri A, Kumar S, Borah A. A highly reproducible mice model of chronic kidney disease: evidences of behavioural abnormalities and blood–brain barrier disruption. Life Sci. 2016;161:27–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chillon J-M, Massy ZA, Stengel B. Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(10):1606–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Krishnan AV, Kiernan MC. Neurological complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(10):542–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Novak M, Winkelman JW, Unruh M. Restless legs syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35(4):347–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rizzo MA, Frediani F, Granata A, Ravasi B, Cusi D, Gallieni M. Neurological complications of hemodialysis: state of the art. J Nephrol. 2012;25(2):​170–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;107(1):1–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kelley AS, McGarry K, Gorges R, Skinner JS. The burden of health care costs for patients with dementia in the last 5 years of life. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(10):729–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kurella Tamura M, Yaffe K. Dementia and cognitive impairment in ESRD: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Kidney Int. 2011;79(1):14–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gaxatte C, Daroux M, Bloch J, Puisieux F, Deramecourt V, Boulanger E. Cognitive impairment and chronic kidney disease: which links? Nephrol Ther. 2011;7(1):10–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McQuillan R, Jassal SV. Neuropsychiatric complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6(8):471–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Prohovnik I, Post J, Uribarri J, Lee H, Sandu O, Langhoff E. Cerebrovascular effects of hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(11):1861–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Toyoda K, Fujii K, Fujimi S, Kumai Y, Tsuchimochi H, Ibayashi S, et al. Stroke in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a 22-year single-center study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(6):1058–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Patel N, Dalal P, Panesar M. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: a narrative review. Semin Dial. 2008;21(5):​493–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rakowski DA, Caillard S, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC. Dementia as a predictor of mortality in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(5):​1000–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ying I, Levitt Z, Jassal SV. Should an elderly patient with stage V CKD and dementia be started on dialysis? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(5):971–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. System USRD. USRDS 2006 annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Murtagh FE, Marsh JE, Donohoe P, Ekbal NJ, Sheerin NS, Harris FE. Dialysis or not? A comparative survival study of patients over 75 years with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(7):1955–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Abbott KC, Glanton CW, Trespalacios FC, Oliver DK, Ortiz MI, Agodoa LY, et al. Body mass index, dialysis modality, and survival: analysis of the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II Study. Kidney Int. 2004;65(2):​597–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kurella M, Chertow GM, Luan J, Yaffe K. Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(11):1863–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kurella Tamura M, Larive B, Unruh ML, Stokes JB, Nissenson A, Mehta RL, et al. Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients: the Frequent Hemodialysis Network trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1429–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Murray AM, Tupper DE, Knopman DS, Gilbertson DT, Pederson SL, Li S, et al. Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology. 2006;67(2):216–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sehgal AR, Grey SF, DeOreo PB, Whitehouse PJ. Prevalence, recognition, and implications of mental impairment among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30(1):41–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jin YP, Gatz M, Johansson B, Pedersen NL. Sensitivity and specificity of dementia coding in two Swedish disease registries. Neurology. 2004;63(4):739–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pereira AA, Weiner DE, Scott T, Chandra P, Bluestein R, Griffith J, et al. Subcortical cognitive impairment in dialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2007;11(3):309–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269(18):2386–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Services DoHaHSCfMM. ESRD medical evidence report-CMS2728. Revised on 2006-03-01.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kurella M, Mapes DL, Port FK, Chertow GM. Correlates and outcomes of dementia among dialysis patients: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(9):​2543–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Murray AM. Cognitive impairment in the aging dialysis and chronic kidney disease populations: an occult burden. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2008;15(2):​123–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):​260–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion DoDT, CDC. National Chronic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet, 2014. 2014:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kurella Tamura M, Wadley V, Yaffe K, McClure LA, Howard G, Go R, et al. Kidney function and cognitive impairment in US adults: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(2):​227–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(23):2227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Busse A, Hensel A, Guhne U, Angermeyer MC, Riedel-Heller SG. Mild cognitive impairment: long-term course of four clinical subtypes. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2176–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST, Becker JT, Fitzpatrick A, Dulberg C, et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(10):1385–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bugnicourt J-M, Godefroy O, Chillon J-M, Choukroun G, Massy ZA. Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: the neglected kidney–brain axis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(3):353–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Etgen T. Kidney disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2015;7(1):29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lu R, Kiernan MC, Murray A, Rosner MH, Ronco C. Kidney–brain crosstalk in the acute and chronic setting. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(12):707–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Weiner DE, Seliger SL. Cognitive and physical function in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(3):291–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. A decade after the KDOQI CKD guidelines: impact on the cardiovascular disease–CKD paradigm. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;​60(5):710–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Khatri M, Nickolas T, Moon YP, Paik MC, Rundek T, Elkind MSV, et al. CKD associates with cognitive decline. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. 2009;20(11):​2427–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kurella M, Yaffe K, Shlipak MG, Wenger NK, Chertow GM. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in menopausal women. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(1):66–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Seliger SL, Siscovick DS, Stehman-Breen CO, Gillen DL, Fitzpatrick A, Bleyer A, et al. Moderate renal impairment and risk of dementia among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(7):1904–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30(3):421–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Helmer C, Stengel B, Metzger M, Froissart M, Massy ZA, Tzourio C, et al. Chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline, and incident dementia: the 3C Study. Neurology. 2011;77(23):2043–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Seliger SL, Longstreth Jr WT, Katz R, Manolio T, Fried LF, Shlipak M, et al. Cystatin C and subclinical brain infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(12):​3721–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Seliger SL, Sarnak MJ. Subclinical vascular disease of the brain in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(1):8–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Elias MF, Elias PK, Seliger SL, Narsipur SS, Dore GA, Robbins MA. Chronic kidney disease, creatinine and cognitive functioning. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(8):2446–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Madan P, Kalra OP, Agarwal S, Tandon OP. Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(2):440–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Etgen T, Sander D, Chonchol M, Briesenick C, Poppert H, Förstl H, et al. Chronic kidney disease is associated with incident cognitive impairment in the elderly: the INVADE study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(10):3144–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Slinin Y, Paudel ML, Ishani A, Taylor BC, Yaffe K, Murray AM, et al. Kidney function and cognitive performance and decline in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(11):2082–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Report UAD. Chapter II: incidence and prevalence of ESRD. 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Collins AJ, Kasiske B, Herzog C, Chavers B, Foley R, Gilbertson D, et al. Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2006 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(1 Suppl 1):A6–7, S1–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Leinau L, Murphy TE, Bradley E, Fried T. Relationship between conditions addressed by hemodialysis guidelines and non-ESRD-specific conditions affecting quality of life. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(3):572–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Fukunishi I, Kitaoka T, Shirai T, Kino K, Kanematsu E, Sato Y. Psychiatric disorders among patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy. Nephron. 2002;91(2):​344–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bernick C, Kuller L, Dulberg C, Longstreth Jr WT, Manolio T, Beauchamp N, et al. Silent MRI infarcts and the risk of future stroke: the cardiovascular health study. Neurology. 2001;57(7):1222–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Vermeer SE, Den Heijer T, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Breteler MM, et al. Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke. 2003;34(2):​392–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Nakatani T, Naganuma T, Uchida J, Masuda C, Wada S, Sugimura T, et al. Silent cerebral infarction in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23(2):​86–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Naganuma T, Uchida J, Tsuchida K, Takemoto Y, Tatsumi S, Sugimura K, et al. Silent cerebral infarction predicts vascular events in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67(6):2434–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wetmore JB, Phadnis MA, Ellerbeck EF, Shireman TI, Rigler SK, Mahnken JD. Relationship between stroke and mortality in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(1):80–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kurella Tamura M, Meyer JB, Saxena AB, Huh JW, Wadley VG, Schiller B. Prevalence and significance of stroke symptoms among patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Neurology. 2012;79(10):981–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ovbiagele B. Chronic kidney disease and risk of death during hospitalization for stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2011;301(1–2):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bozbas H, Atar I, Yildirir A, Ozgul A, Uyar M, Ozdemir N, et al. Prevalence and predictors of arrhythmia in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Ren Fail. 2007;29(3):331–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Aoki J, Ikari Y, Nakajima H, Mori M, Sugimoto T, Hatori M, et al. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67(1):333–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Darby AE, DiMarco JP. Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with structural heart disease. Circulation. 2012;125(7):945–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Anter E, Jessup M, Callans DJ. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: treatment considerations for a dual epidemic. Circulation. 2009;119(18):2516–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Shen CH, Zheng CM, Kiu KT, Chen HA, Wu CC, Lu KC, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis: a nationwide, population-based study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(25):e3933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. De Vriese AS, Caluwe R, Raggi P. The atrial fibrillation conundrum in dialysis patients. Am Heart J. 2016;174:111–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Boriani G, Savelieva I, Dan GA, Deharo JC, Ferro C, Israel CW, et al. Chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances or implantable electrical devices: clinical significance and implications for decision making — a position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Europace. 2015;17(8):1169–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. System USRD. Chapter 4: cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wizemann V, Tong L, Satayathum S, Disney A, Akiba T, Fissell RB, et al. Atrial fibrillation in hemodialysis patients: clinical features and associations with anticoagulant therapy. Kidney Int. 2010;77(12):​1098–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Winkelmayer WC, Patrick AR, Liu J, Brookhart MA, Setoguchi S. The increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(2):349–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Charytan DM, Foley R, McCullough PA, Rogers JD, Zimetbaum P, Herzog CA, et al. Arrhythmia and sudden death in hemodialysis patients: protocol and baseline characteristics of the Monitoring in Dialysis Study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(4):721–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Yaffe K, Ackerson L, Kurella Tamura M, Le Blanc P, Kusek JW, Sehgal AR, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive function in older adults: findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort cognitive study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(2):338–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Prins ND, van Dijk EJ, den Heijer T, Vermeer SE, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions and the risk of dementia. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(10):1531–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Toyoda K. Cerebral small vessel disease and chronic kidney disease. J Stroke. 2015;17(1):31–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Khatri M, Wright CB, Nickolas TL, Yoshita M, Paik MC, Kranwinkel G, et al. Chronic kidney disease is associated with white matter hyperintensity volume: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Stroke. 2007;38(12):3121–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3666.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Brønnum-Hansen H, Davidsen M, Thorvaldsen P. Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2131–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Saeed F, Kousar N, Qureshi K, Laurence TN. A review of risk factors for stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2009;2(1):126–31.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Power A. Stroke in dialysis and chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif. 2013;36(3–4):179–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Seliger SL, Gillen DL, Tirschwell D, Wasse H, Kestenbaum BR, Stehman-Breen CO. Risk factors for incident stroke among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(10):2623–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Yoo DJ, Agodoa L, Yuan CM, Abbott KC, Nee R. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in patients with end stage renal disease. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Linthorst GE, Avis HJ, Levi M. Uremic thrombocytopathy is not about urea. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. 2010;21(5):753–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Galbusera M, Remuzzi G, Boccardo P. Treatment of bleeding in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2009;22(3):​279–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ho SJ, Gemmell R, Brighton TA. Platelet function testing in uraemic patients. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2008;13(1):49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Di Minno G, Martinez J, McKean ML, De La Rosa J, Burke JF, Murphy S. Platelet dysfunction in uremia. Multifaceted defect partially corrected by dialysis. Am J Med. 1985;79(5):552–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Genovesi S, Santoro A. Warfarin and stroke outcomes in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(10):2090–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Harmon JP, Zimmerman DL, Zimmerman DL. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: risks versus benefits review. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(6):624–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Iseki K, Kinjo K, Kimura Y, Osawa A, Fukiyama K. Evidence for high risk of cerebral hemorrhage in chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1993;44(5):​1086–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ochiai H, Uezono S, Kawano H, Ikeda N, Kodama K, Akiyama H. Factors affecting outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Ren Fail. 2010;32(8):923–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kim JK, Shin JJ, Park SK, Hwang YS, Kim TH, Shin HS. Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes of acute intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013;54(4):296–301.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JFE. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2007;116(1):85–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Watanabe K, Watanabe T, Nakayama M. Cerebro-renal interactions: impact of uremic toxins on cognitive function. Neurotoxicology. 2014;44:184–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, Eloot S, Glorieux G. Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins. Semin Dial. 2009;22(4):340–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D’Agostino RB, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(7):476–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(15):1042–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Harker LA, Harlan JM, Ross R. Effect of sulfinpyrazone on homocysteine-induced endothelial injury and arteriosclerosis in baboons. Circ Res. 1983;53(6):​731–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Haruna Y, Kashihara N, Satoh M, Tomita N, Namikoshi T, Sasaki T, et al. Amelioration of progressive renal injury by genetic manipulation of Klotho gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(7):​2331–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Hu MC, Kuro-o M, Moe OW. Secreted Klotho and chronic kidney disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;728:126–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Nagai T, Yamada K, Kim HC, Kim YS, Noda Y, Imura A, et al. Cognition impairment in the genetic model of aging Klotho gene mutant mice: a role of oxidative stress. FASEB J. 2003;17(1):50–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Zachara BA, Wlodarczyk Z, Masztalerz M, Adamowicz A, Gromadzinska J, Wasowicz W. Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood of patients before and after allogenic kidney transplantation. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004;97(1):1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Locatelli F, Canaud B, Eckardt KU, Stenvinkel P, Wanner C, Zoccali C. Oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease: an emerging threat to patient outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(7):1272–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Filiopoulos V, Hadjiyannakos D, Takouli L, Metaxaki P, Sideris V, Vlassopoulos D. Inflammation and oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Int J Artif Organs. 2009;32(12):872–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Markesbery WR, Carney JM. Oxidative alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain pathol (Zurich, Switzerland). 1999;9(1):133–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Grammas P, Ovase R. Inflammatory factors are elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2001;22(6):837–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, D’Hooge R. Nitric oxide in uremia: effects of several potentially toxic guanidino compounds. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;84:S25–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Bernstein H-G, Bogerts B, Keilhoff G. The many faces of nitric oxide in schizophrenia. A review. Schizophrenia Res. 2005;78(1):69–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Fujisaki K, Tsuruya K, Yamato M, Toyonaga J, Noguchi H, Nakano T, et al. Cerebral oxidative stress induces spatial working memory dysfunction in uremic mice: neuroprotective effect of tempol. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(3):529–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sundelof J, Kilander L, Helmersson J, Larsson A, Ronnemaa E, Degerman-Gunnarsson M, et al. Systemic inflammation and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: a prospective population-based study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(1):79–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Amore A, Coppo R. Immunological basis of inflammation in dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(Suppl 8):16–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Jofré R, Rodriguez-Benitez P, López-Gómez JM, Pérez-Garcia R. Inflammatory syndrome in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(12 suppl 3):S274–S80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rozas VV, Port FK, Easterling RE. An outbreak of dialysis dementia due to aluminum in the dialysate. J Dial. 1978;2(5–6):459–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Foundation NK. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:S1.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Farhoudi M, Abedi Azar S, Abdi R. Brain hemodynamics in patients with end-stage renal disease between hemodialysis sessions. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2012;6(2):110–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hata R, Matsumoto M, Handa N, Terakawa H, Sugitani Y, Kamada T. Effects of hemodialysis on cerebral circulation evaluated by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke. 1994;25(2):408–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Skinner H, Mackaness C, Bedforth N, Mahajan R. Cerebral haemodynamics in patients with chronic renal failure: effects of haemodialysis. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94(2):203–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Pereira AA, Weiner DE, Scott T, Sarnak MJ. Cognitive function in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(3):448–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Chiu YW, Teitelbaum I, Misra M, de Leon EM, Adzize T, Mehrotra R. Pill burden, adherence, hyperphosphatemia, and quality of life in maintenance dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(6):1089–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Ying I, Levitt Z, Jassal SV. Should an elderly patient with stage V CKD and dementia be started on dialysis? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2014;9(5):971–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Amira O. Prevalence of symptoms of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease. Niger J Clin Pract. 2011;14(4):460–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Cohen SD, Norris L, Acquaviva K, Peterson RA, Kimmel PL. Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1332–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hedayati SS, Minhajuddin AT, Toto RD, Morris DW, Rush AJ. Validation of depression screening scales in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis Off J National Kidney Foundation. 2009;54(3):433–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Thomas C, Kreisel SH, Oster P, Driessen M, Arolt V, Inouye SK. Diagnosing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients with dementia: adapting the confusion assessment method to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1471–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK. Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(4):210–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kurella M, Luan J, Yaffe K, Chertow GM. Validation of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) cognitive function subscale. Kidney Int. 2004;66(6):​2361–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Godefroy O, Fickl A, Roussel M, Auribault C, Bugnicourt JM, Lamy C, et al. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1712–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Wilder D, Cross P, Chen J, Gurland B, Lantigua RA, Teresi J, et al. Operating characteristics of brief screens for dementia in a multicultural population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1995;3(2):96–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Belle SH, Seaberg EC, Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, DeKosky S, Kuller LH. Effect of education and gender adjustment on the sensitivity and specificity of a cognitive screening battery for dementia: results from the MoVIES Project. Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Neuroepidemiology. 1996;15(6):321–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Fratiglioni L, Jorm AF, Grut M, Viitanen M, Holmen K, Ahlbom A, et al. Predicting dementia from the Mini-Mental State Examination in an elderly population: the role of education. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(3):281–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Williams MA, Sklar AH, Burright RG, Donovick PJ. Temporal effects of dialysis on cognitive functioning in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(4):705–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Tornatore JB, Hill E, Laboff JA, McGann ME. Self-administered screening for mild cognitive impairment: initial validation of a computerized test battery. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17(1):​98–105.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Clinical interaction between brain and kidney in small vessel disease. Cardiol Res Prac. 2011;2011:306189.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Vogels SC, Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ, Koek HL. The association of chronic kidney disease with brain lesions on MRI or CT: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2012;71(4):331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Moodalbail DG, Reiser KA, Detre JA, Schultz RT, Herrington JD, Davatzikos C, et al. Systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging findings in children and adults with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2013;8(8):1429–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. American Academy of Neurology guideline summary for clinicians: detection, diagnosis and management of dementia. 2013. http://tools.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/dementia_guideline.pdf.

  142. Albert M DC, DeKosky S, De Leon M, Foster NL, Fox N, et al. The use of MRI and PET for clinical diagnosis of dementia and investigation of cognitive impairment: a consensus report. [Last accessed on 3rd October 2016]. Available from: http://www.alz.org Neuroimaging Work Group of the Alzheimer’ Association; 2004.

  143. Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M, Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA. 2006;295(23):2765–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ad-hoc working group of ERBP, Fliser D, Laville M, Covic A, Fouque D, Vanholder R, et al. A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) position statement on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines on acute kidney injury: part 1: definitions, conservative management and contrast-induced nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(12):4263–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Johnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE. Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(4):a006213.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Chen HJ, Zhang LJ, Lu GM. Multimodality MRI findings in patients with end-stage renal disease. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:12.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Le Bihan D, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Clark CA, Pappata S, Molko N, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13(4):534–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Cowper SE, Robin HS, Steinberg SM, Su LD, Gupta S, LeBoit PE. Scleromyxoedema-like cutaneous diseases in renal-dialysis patients. Lancet. 2000;356(9234):​1000–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Kuo PH, Kanal E, Abu-Alfa AK, Cowper SE. Gadolinium-based MR contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Radiology. 2007;242(3):​647–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Rodby RA. Dialytic therapies to prevent NSF following gadolinium exposure in high-risk patients. Semin Dial. 2008;21(2):145–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Zhang LJ, Wen J, Ni L, Zhong J, Liang X, Zheng G, et al. Predominant gray matter volume loss in patients with end-stage renal disease: a voxel-based morphometry study. Metab Brain Dis. 2013;28(4):​647–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Chen HJ, Zhang LJ, Lu GM. Multimodality MRI findings in patients with end-stage renal disease. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:697402.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Chai C, Zhang M, Long M, Chu Z, Wang T, Wang L, et al. Increased brain iron deposition is a risk factor for brain atrophy in patients with haemodialysis: a combined study of quantitative susceptibility mapping and whole brain volume analysis. Metab Brain Dis. 2015;30(4):1009–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Fleisher AS, Sherzai A, Taylor C, Langbaum JB, Chen K, Buxton RB. Resting-state BOLD networks versus task-associated functional MRI for distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease risk groups. Neuroimage. 2009;47(4):1678–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Manganaro D, Vilotti C, Pizzolato G. Risk factors for vascular dementia: hypotension as a key point. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(2):395–402.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Erkinjuntti T. Clinical criteria for vascular dementia: the NINDS–AIREN criteria. Dementia. 1994;5(3–4):​189–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Cappa A, Calcagni ML, Villa G, Giordano A, Marra C, De Rossi G, et al. Brain perfusion abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease: comparison between patients with focal temporal lobe dysfunction and patients with diffuse cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(1):22–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Alexopoulos P, Sorg C, Forschler A, Grimmer T, Skokou M, Wohlschlager A, et al. Perfusion abnormalities in mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia in Alzheimer’s disease measured by pulsed arterial spin labeling MRI. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(1):69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Roquet D, Sourty M, Botzung A, Armspach JP, Blanc F. Brain perfusion in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease: an arterial spin labeling MRI study on prodromal and mild dementia stages. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2016;8:29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Kanai H, Hirakata H, Nakane H, Fujii K, Hirakata E, Ibayashi S, et al. Depressed cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure: a positron emission tomography study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(4 Suppl 1):S129–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Duron E, Hanon O. Antihypertensive treatments, cognitive decline, and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(3):903–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Obisesan TO. Hypertension and cognitive function. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(2):259–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Fried L. Albuminuria and cognitive impairment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(3):376–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Disease KCPGftMoBPiCK. Chapter 3: blood pressure management in CKD ND patients without diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 2012;2(5):357–62.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Group TSR. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2103–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Schreiber Jr MJ. Clinical case-based approach to understanding intradialytic hypotension. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(4 Suppl 4):S37–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Sawada T, Yamada H, Dahlof B, Matsubara H, Group KHS. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: KYOTO HEART Study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(20):2461–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Fuentes B, Fernandez-Dominguez J, Ortega-Casarrubios MA, SanJose B, Martinez-Sanchez P, Diez-Tejedor E. Treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers before stroke could exert a favourable effect in acute cerebral infarction. J Hypertens. 2010;28(3):​575–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Fournier A, Oprisiu-Fournier R, Serot J-M, Godefroy O, Achard J-M, Faure S, et al. Prevention of dementia by antihypertensive drugs: how AT1-receptor-blockers and dihydropyridines better prevent dementia in hypertensive patients than thiazides and ACE-inhibitors. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(9):​1413–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Lovell MA, Abner E, Kryscio R, Xu L, Fister SX, Lynn BC. Calcium channel blockers, progression to dementia, and effects on amyloid beta peptide production. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Turnbull F, Woodward M, Neal B, Barzi F, Ninomiya T, Chalmers J, et al. Do men and women respond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(21):2669–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;3(3).

    Google Scholar 

  173. Khella S, Bleicher MB. Stroke and its prevention in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1343–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Wattanakit K, Cushman M, Stehman-Breen C, Heckbert SR, Folsom AR. Chronic kidney disease increases risk for venous thromboembolism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(1):135–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Reinecke H, Brand E, Mesters R, Schäbitz W-R, Fisher M, Pavenstädt H, et al. Dilemmas in the management of atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(4):705–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Saracyn M, Brodowska-Kania D, Niemczyk S. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients receiving haemodialysis: is it time to abandon it? Scientific World Journal. 2013;2013:170576.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, Carliner NH, Colling CL, Gornick CC, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans affairs stroke prevention in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(20):1406–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Shah M, Avgil Tsadok M, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, Eisenberg MJ, Rahme E, et al. Warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing dialysis. Circulation. 2014;129(11):1196–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Carrero J, Evans M, Szummer K, et al. WArfarin, kidney dysfunction, and outcomes following acute myocardial infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2014;311(9):919–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Wiesholzer M, Harm F, Tomasec G, Barbieri G, Putz D, Balcke P. Incidence of stroke among chronic hemodialysis patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Am J Nephrol. 2001;21(1):35–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Clase CM, Holden RM, Sood MM, Rigatto C, Moist LM, Thomson BKA, et al. Should patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation receive chronic anticoagulation? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(10):3719–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JJC, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):e1–e76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Herzog CA, Asinger RW, Berger AK, Charytan DM, Diez J, Hart RG, et al. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2011;80(6):572–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Chan KE, Giugliano RP, Patel MR, Abramson S, Jardine M, Zhao S, et al. Nonvitamin K anticoagulant agents in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or on dialysis with AF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(24):2888–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, Foley DJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology. 2000;54(6):​1265–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Morris M, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS. Vitamin e and cognitive decline in older persons. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(7):1125–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Cote S, Carmichael PH, Verreault R, Lindsay J, Lefebvre J, Laurin D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2012;8(3):219–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Yip AG, Green RC, Huyck M, Cupples LA, Farrer LA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer’s disease risk: the MIRAGE Study. BMC Geriatr. 2005;5(1):1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(26):2764–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Durga J, van Boxtel MPJ, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9557):​208–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Brady CB, Gaziano JM, Cxypoliski RA, Guarino PD, Kaufman JS, Warren SR, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cognition in CKD: the Veterans Affairs homocysteine study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(3):​440–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Troen AM, Scott TM, D’Anci KE, Moorthy D, Dobson B, Rogers G, et al. Cognitive dysfunction and depression in adult kidney transplant recipients: baseline findings from the FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial (FACT). J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(2):268–76.e1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Kurella Tamura M, Vittinghoff E, Yang J, Go AS, Seliger SL, Kusek JW, et al. Anemia and risk for cognitive decline in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17:13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Marsh JT, Brown WS, Wolcott D, Carr CR, Harper R, Schweitzer SV, et al. rHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1991;39(1):155–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. KDOQI. KDOQI clinical practice guideline and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease: 2007 update of hemoglobin target. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(3):471–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Locatelli F, Barany P, Covic A, De Francisco A, Del Vecchio L, Goldsmith D, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes guidelines on anaemia management in chronic kidney disease: a European Renal Best Practice position statement. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(6):1346–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Shaffi K, Tighiouart H, Scott T, Lou K, Drew D, Weiner D, et al. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(6):979–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  198. Liu GL, Pi HC, Hao L, Li DD, Wu YG, Dong J. Vitamin D status is an independent risk factor for global cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143782.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Jovanovich AJ, Chonchol M, Brady CB, Kaufman JD, Kendrick J, Cheung AK, et al. 25-vitamin D, 1,25-vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23 and cognitive function in men with advanced CKD: a veteran population. Clin Nephrol. 2014;82(5):S1–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Health NIo. Vitamin D supplementation on physical and cognitive function — Pilot Study.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Harris S, Lamping D, Brown E, Constantinovici N. Clinical outcomes and quality of life in elderly patients on peritoneal dialysis versus hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2002;22(4):463–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Mizumasa T, Hirakata H, Yoshimitsu T, Hirakata E, Kubo M, Kashiwagi M, et al. Dialysis-related hypotension as a cause of progressive frontal lobe atrophy in chronic hemodialysis patients: a 3-year prospective study. Nephron Clin Pract. 2004;97(1):c23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Kurella Tamura M, Unruh ML, Nissenson AR, Larive B, Eggers PW, Gassman J, et al. Effect of more frequent hemodialysis on cognitive function in the frequent hemodialysis network trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61(2):228–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Murray AM, Pederson SL, Tupper DE, Hochhalter AK, Miller WA, Li Q, et al. Acute variation in cognitive function in hemodialysis patients: a cohort study with repeated measures. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(2):270–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Jassal SV, Devins GM, Chan CT, Bozanovic R, Rourke S. Improvements in cognition in patients converting from thrice weekly hemodialysis to nocturnal hemodialysis: a longitudinal pilot study. Kidney Int. 2006;70(5):956–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Wolfgram DF, Szabo A, Murray AM, Whittle J. Risk of dementia in peritoneal dialysis patients compared with hemodialysis patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial. 2015;35(2):189–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. United States Renal Data System; USRDS. 2005 Annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Bethesda: MNIoH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Lin Y-T, Wu P-H, Kuo M-C, Chen C-S, Chiu Y-W, Yang Y-H, et al. Comparison of dementia risk between end stage renal disease patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis — a population based study. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Radic J, Ljutic D, Radic M, Kovacic V, Sain M, Curkovic KD. The possible impact of dialysis modality on cognitive function in chronic dialysis patients. Neth J Med. 2010;68(4):153–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Harciarek M, Biedunkiewicz B, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Debska-Slizien A, Rutkowski B. Cognitive performance before and after kidney transplantation: a prospective controlled study of adequately dialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009;15(5):​684–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Kaya Y, Ozturkeri OA, Benli US, Colak T. Evaluation of the cognitive functions in patients with chronic renal failure before and after renal transplantation. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013;113(2):147–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Griva K, Thompson D, Jayasena D, Davenport A, Harrison M, Newman SP. Cognitive functioning pre- to post-kidney transplantation — A prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(11):​3275–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Gelb S, Shapiro RJ, Hill A, Thornton WL. Cognitive outcome following kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(3):1032–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Van Sandwijk MS, Ten Berge IJ, Majoie CB, Caan MW, De Sonneville LM, Van Gool WA, et al. Cognitive changes in chronic kidney disease and after transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100(4):734–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine/Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    Luis Augusto Juncos & Kiran Chandrashekar

  2. Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    Luis Augusto Juncos

  3. Fundación J Robert Cade, Pedro de Oñate 253, Córdoba, X5003DDZ, Argentina

    Luis Isaías Juncos MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Luis Augusto Juncos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kiran Chandrashekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luis Isaías Juncos MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Isaías Juncos MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Cuyo, Catholic University of Argentina, Guaymallen Mendoza, Argentina

    Pascual Ángel Gargiulo

  2. Institute of Neurobiology Foundation, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Humberto Luis Mesones-Arroyo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Juncos, L.A., Chandrashekar, K., Juncos, L.I. (2017). Cognitive Impairment/Dementia in Chronic Renal Disease. In: Gargiulo, P., Mesones-Arroyo, H. (eds) Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update - Vol. II. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_36

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53125-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53126-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation