Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ankle Foot Orthoses for the Athlete

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine

Abstract

Ankle braces have emerged as a standard therapeutic modality in the treatment of the athlete. Over the past 30 years, more research has been published studying the treatment effects of ankle braces than any research on foot inserts or foot orthotics. Still, there remain many misconceptions and questions about the use of bracing of the athlete. This chapter will provide an overview of the types, indications, and effects of braces used in the lower extremity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Newman Dorland WA. Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary. 32nd ed. Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2012. ISBN-13: 978-1416062578.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bunch WH, Keagy RD, Kritter AE, et al. Atlas of orthotics: biomechanical principles and application. 2nd ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Close JF, Inman VT, Poor PM, et al. The function of the subtalar joint. Clin Orthop. 1967;50:159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Manter Manter JT. Movements of the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. Anat Rec. 1941;80:397–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Vaes P, De Boeck H, Handelberg F, et al. Comparative radiologic study of the influence of ankle joint bandages on ankle stability. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13:46–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lofvenberg R, Karrholm J. The influence of ankle orthosis on the talar and calcaneal motions in chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:414–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gross MT, Batten AM, Lamm AL, et al. Comparison of DonJoy ankle ligament protector and subtalar sling ankle taping in restricting foot and ankle motion before and after exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19:33–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Greene TA, Hillman SK. Comparison of support provided by a semirigid orthosis and adhesive ankle taping before, during, and after exercise. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:498–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fumich RM, Ellison AE, Guerin GJ, et al. The measured effect of taping on combined foot and ankle motion before and after exercise. Am J Sports Med. 1981;9:165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Laughman RK, Carr TA, Chao EY, et al. Three-dimensional kinematics of the taped ankle before and after exercise. Am J Sports Med. 1980;8:425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Shapiro MS, Kabo JM, Mitchell PW, et al. Ankle sprain prophylaxis: an analysis of the stabilizing effects of braces and tape. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:78–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ashton-Miller JA, Ottaviani RA, Hutchinson C, Wojtys EM. What best protects the inverted weightbearing ankle against further inversion? Evertor muscle strength compares favorably with shoe height, athletic tape, and three orthoses. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:800–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Vaes P, Duquet W, Casteleyn PP, Handelberg F, Opdecam P. Static and dynamic roentgenographic analysis of ankle stability in braced and nonbraced stable and functionally unstable ankles. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:692–702.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Podzielny S, Henning EM. Restriction of foot supination by ankle braces in sudden fall situations. Clin Biomech. 1997;12(4):253–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cordova ML, Armstrong CW, Rankin JM, Yeasting RA. Ground reactgion forces and EMG activity with ankle bracing during inversion stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1363–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Siegler S, Liu W, Sennett B, Nobilini RJ, Dunbar D. The three-dimensional passive support characteristics of ankle braces. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26:299–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Simpson KJ, Cravens S, Higbie E, Theodorou C, DelRey P. A comparison of the Sport Stirrup, Malleoloc, and Swede-O ankle orthotses for the foot-ankle kinematics of a rapid lateral movement. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20:396–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gudibanda A, Wang Y. Effect of the ankle stabilizing orthosis on foot and ankle kinematics during cutting maneuvers. Res Sports Med. 2005;13:111–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wright IC, Neptune RR, van den Bogert AJ, Nigg BM. The influence of foot positioning on ankle sprains. J Biomech. 2000;33:513–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cordova ML, Ingersoll CD, LeBlanc MJ. Influence of ankle support on joint range of motion before and after exercise: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:170–177; Discussion 2000; 178–182.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nishikawa T, Kurosaka M, Yoshiya S, Lundin TM, Grabiner MD. Effects of prophylactic ankle supports on pronation during gait. Int Orthop. 2002;26:281–385.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Eils E, Rosenbaum D. The main function of ankle braces is to control the joint position before landing. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:263–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Spaulding SJ, Livingston LA, Hartsell HD. The influence of external orthotic support on the adaptive gait characteristics of individuals with chronically unstable ankles. Gait Posture. 2003;17:152–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Omori G, Kawakami K, Sakamoto M, Hara T, Koga Y. The effect of an ankle brace on the 3-dimensional kinematics and tibio-talar contact condition for lateral ankle sprains. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthosc. 2004;12:457–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Eils E, Imberge S, Volker K, Rosenbaum D. Passive stability characteristics of ankle braces and tape in simulated barefoot and shod conditions. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:282–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Romkes J, Brunner R. Comparison of a dynamic and a hinged ankle-foot orthosis by gait analysis in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2002;15:18–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Franceschini M, Massucci M, Ferrari L, Agosti M, Paroli C. Effects of an ankle-foot orthosis on spatiotemporal parameters and energy cost of hemiparetic gait. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17:368–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang RY, Yen L, Lee CC, Lin PY, Wang MF, Yang YR. Effects of an ankle-foot orthosis on walking ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:550–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Geboers JF, Drost MR, Spaans F, Kuipers H, Seelen HA. Immediate and long-term effects of ankle-foot orthosis on muscle activity during walking: a randomized study of patients with unilateral foot drop. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:240–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. de Wit DC, Buurke JH, Nijlant JM, Izerman MJ, Hermens HJ. The effect of an ankle-foot-orthosis on walking ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:550–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kitaoka HB, Crevoisier XM, Harbst K, Hansen D, Kotajarvi B, Kaufman K. The effect of custom-made braces for the ankle and hindfoot on ankle and foot kinematics and ground reaction forces. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:130–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Radtka SA, Oliveira GB, Lindstrom KE, Borders MD. The kinematic and kinetic effects of solid, hinged, and no ankle-foot orthoses on stair locomotion in healthy adults. Gait Posture. 2006;24:211–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hartsell HD, Spaulding SJ. Effectiveness of external orthotic support on passive soft tissue resistance of the chronically unstable ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:144–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Burks RT, Bean BG, Marcus R, Barker HB. Analysis of athletic performance with prophylactic ankle devices. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:104–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hals TM, Sitler MR, Mattacola CG. Effect of a semi-rigid ankle stabilizer on performance in persons with functional ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:552–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jerosch J, Schoppe R. Midterm effects of ankle joint supports on sensomotor and sport-specific capabilities. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2000;8:252–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cordova ML, Scott BD, Ingersoll CD, Leblanc MJ. Effects of ankle support on lower-extremity functional performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:635–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Freeman MA. Instabilities of the foot after lateral ligament injuries of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;47(4):669.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hertel J. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sports Med. 2000;29:361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Garn SN, Newton RA. Kinesthetic awareness in subjects with multiple ankle sprains. Phys Ther. 1988;68:1667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tropp H, Odenrick P. Postural control in single-limb stance. Jour Orthop Res. 1988;6:833.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gauffin H, Tropp H, Odenrick P. Effect of ankle disk training on postural control in patients with functional instability of the ankle joint. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9:141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Forkin DM, Koczur C, Battle R, Newton RA. Evaluation of kinesthetic deficits indicative of balance control in gymnasts with unilateral chronic ankle sprains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;23:245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Perrin PP, Bene MC, Perrin CA, Durupt D. Ankle trauma significantly impairs postural control—a study in basketball players and controls. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18:387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cornwall MW, Murrell P. Postural sway following inversion sprain of the ankle. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1991;81:243–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Orteza LC, Vogelbach WD, Denegar CR. The effect of molded and unmolded orthotics on balance and pain while jogging following inversion ankle sprain. J Athl Train. 1992;27:80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Guskiewicz KM, Perrin DH. Effect of orthotics on postural sway following inversion ankle sprain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;23:326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ochsendorf DT, Mattacola CG, Arnold BL. Effect of orthotics on postural sway after fatigue of the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors. J Athl Train. 2000;35:26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Lundin TM, Feurbach JW, Grabiner MD. Effect of plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fatigue on unilateral postural control. J Appl Biomech. 1993;9:191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hertel J, Denegar CR, Buckley WE, Sharkey NA, Stokes WL. Effect of rearfoot orthotics on postural sway after lateral ankle sprain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hertel J, Denegar CR, Buckley WE, Sharkey NA, Stokes WL. Effect of rear-foot orthotics on postural control in healthy subjects. J Sport Rehabil. 2001;10:36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Percy ML, Menz HB. Effects of prefabricated foot orthotics and soft insoles on postural stability in professional soccer players. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001;91:194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rome K, Brown CL. Randomized clinical trial into the impact of rigid foot orthoses on balance parameters in excessively pronated feet. Clinical Rehab. 2004;18:624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Richie DH. Effects of foot orthoses on patients with chronic ankle instability. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2007;97:19–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Feuerbach MA, Brabiner MO, Koh TJ, Weiker GG. Effect of an ankle orthosis and ankle ligament anesthesia on ankle joint proprioception. Am J Sports Med. 1994;20:223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Jerosch J, Hoffstetter I, Bork H, et al. The influence of orthoses on the proprioception of the ankle joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1995;3:39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Heit E, Lephart S, Rozzi S. The effect of ankle bracing and taping on joint position sense in the stable ankle. J Sport Rehabil. 1996;5:206–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Refshauge KM, Kilbreath SL, Raymond J. The effect of recurrent ankle inversion sprain and taping on proprioception at the ankle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):10–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Refshauge KM, Raymond J, Kilbreath SL, et al. The effect of ankle taping on detection of inversion–eversion movements in participants with recurrent ankle sprain. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(2):371–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Raymond J, Nicholson LL, Hiller CE, Refshauge KM. The effect of ankle taping or bracing on proprioception in functional ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15:386–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Konradsen L, Voight M, Hojsgaard C. Ankle inversion injuries: the role of the dynamic defense mechanism. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lofvengerg R, Karrholm J, Sudelin G, Ahigren O. Prolonged reaction time in patients with chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:414–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Karlsson J, Andreasson GO. The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability: an electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:257.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Nishikawa T, Grabiner MD. Peroneal motoneuron excitability increases immediately following application of a semi-rigid ankle brace. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29:168–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cordova ML, Ingersoll CD. Peroneus longus stretch reflex amplitude increases after ankle brace application. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:258–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Shima N, Maeda A, Hirohashi K. Delayed latency of peroneal reflex to sudden inversion with ankle taping or bracing. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:476–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Baier M, Hopf T. Ankle orthoses effect on single-limb standing balance in athletes with functional ankle instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:939–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kinzey SJ, Ingersoll CD, Knight KL. The effects of selected ankle appliances on postural control. J Athl Train. 1997;32:300–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Cordova ML, Kinzey SJ. The spectral qualities of postural control are unaffected by 4 days of ankle-brace application. J Athl Train. 2002;37:269–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Barkoukis V, Sykaras E, Costa F, Tsorbatzoudis H. Effectiveness of taping and bracing in balance. Percept Mot Skills. 2002;94:566–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wikstrom EA, Arrigenna MA, Tillman MD, Paul AB. Dynamic postural stability in subjects with braced, functionally unstable ankles. J Athl Train. 2006;41:245–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Rao N, Aruin A. The effect of ankle-foot-orthoses on balance impairment: single case study. J Prosthet Orthot. 1999;11:15–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Cattaneo D, Marazzini F, Crippa A, Cardini R. Do static or dynamic AFOs improve balance? Clin Rehabil. 2002;16:894–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kannus P, Renstrom P. Current concepts review: treatment for acute tears of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg. 1991;73A:305–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Kaikkonen A, Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Surgery versus functional treatment in ankle ligament tears. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;326:194–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Burroughs P, Dahners LE. The effect of enforced exercise of the healing of ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:376–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Jarvinen MJ, Lehto MU. The effects of early mobilization and immobilization on the healing process following muscle injuries. Sports Med. 1993;15:78–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Brooks SC, Potter BT, Rainey JB. Treatment for partial tears of the lateral ligament of the ankle: a prospective study. Br Med J. 1981;282:606–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Weinstein ML. An ankle protocol for second-degree ankle sprains. Mil Med. 1993;158:771–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kerkhoffs GM, Struijs PA, Marti RK, et al. Different functional treatment strategies for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;3:CD002938.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Bruns J, Staerk H. Mechanical ankle stabilization due to the use of orthotic devices and peroneal muscle strength: an experimental investigation. Int J Sports Med. 1992;13:611–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Dettori JR, Basmania CJ. Early ankle mobilization, part II: a one-year follow up of acute, lateral ankle sprains (a randomized clinical trial). Mil Med. 1994;159:20–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Verhagen RA, Keizer G, Van Dijk CN. Long-term follow up of inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1995;114:92–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Glasoe WM, Allen MK, Awtry BF, Yack HJ. Weight-bearing immobilization and early exercise treatment following a grade II lateral ankle sprain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29:394–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Scheuffelen C, Rapp W, Gollhofer A, Lohrer H. Orthotic devices in functional treatment of ankle sprain: stabilizing effects during real movement. Int J Sports Med. 1993;14:140–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lamb SE, Marsh JL, Hutton JL, et al. Mechanical supports for acute, severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:575–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Prado MP, Mendes AAM, Amodio DT, et al. A comparative, prospective, and randomized study of two conservative treatment protocols for first-episode lateral ankle ligament injuries. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(3):201–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kerkhoffs GM, van den Bekerom M, Elders LAM, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:854–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lardenoye S, Theunissen E, Cleffken B, et al. The effect of taping versus semi-rigid bracing on patient outcome and satisfaction in ankle sprains: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Kadel NJ, Segal A, Orendurff M, Shofer J, Sangeorzan B. The efficacy of two methods of ankle immobilization in reducing gastrocnemius, soleus and peroneal muscle activity during stance phase of gait. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:406–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mattacola CG, Dwyer MK. Rehabilitation of the ankle after acute sprain or chronic instability. J Athl Train. 2002;37:413–29.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Richie DH. Richie DH. Orthotics: in Core Knowledge in Orthopedics: Foot and Ankle. DiGiovanni CW, Greisgerg J (ed) Elsevier-Mosby, Phila, 2007, pp 16–38.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Imhauser CW, Abidi NA, Frankel DZ, Gavin K, Siegler S. Biomechanical evaluation of the efficacy of external stabilizers in the conservative treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:727–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Spaulding SJ. Monitoring recovery following syndesmosis sprain: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:655–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Garrick JG. The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury, and epidemiology of ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5:241–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Verhagen EALM, Bouter LM, Bahr RM, et al. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:477–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Bahr R, Bahr IA. Incidence of acute volleyball injuries: a prospective cohort study of injury mechanisms and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:166–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Verhagen EA, Bay K. Optimising ankle sprain prevention: a critical review and practical appraisal of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:1082–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Janssen KW, van Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. Bracing superior to neuromuscular training for the prevention of self-reported recurrent ankle sprains: a three-arm randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1235–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Janssen KW, Hendriks MRC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. The cost-effectiveness of measures to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. Results of a 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 42(7):1534–41.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Garrick JG, Requa RK. Role of external support in the prevention of ankle sprains. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1973;5:200–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rovere GD, Clarke TJ, Yates CS, et al. Retrospective comparison of taping and ankle stabilizers in preventing ankle injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:228–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sitler M, Ryan J, Wheeler B, MCBride J, Arciero R, Anderson J, Horodyski M. The efficacy of a semirigid ankle stabilizer to reduce acute ankle injuries in basketball: a randomized clinical study at West Point. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:454–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Surve I, Schwellnus MP, Noakes T, Lombard C. A fivefold reduction in the incidence of recurrent ankle sprains in soccer players using the sport-stirrup orthosis. Am J Sports Med. 1994;12:601–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Olmsted LC, Vela LI, Denegar CR, Hertel J. Prophylactic ankle taping and bracing: a numbers-needed-to treat and cost-benefit analysis. J Athl Train. 2004;39:95–100.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. McGuine TA, Brooks A, Hetzel S. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1840–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. McGuine TA, Hetzel S, Wilson J, Brooks A. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;40(1):49–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. California School of Podiatric Medicine, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA, USA

    Douglas H. Richie Jr. D.P.M.

  2. School of Podiatric Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA

    Douglas H. Richie Jr. D.P.M.

Authors
  1. Douglas H. Richie Jr. D.P.M.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Douglas H. Richie Jr. D.P.M. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine Fellow, American College of Sports Medicine Chief of Podiatric Surgery, Lakeland Regional Health Medical Center, Florida Southern College Foot and Ankle Associates, Lakeland, Florida, USA

    Matthew B. Werd

  2. Lakeland, Florida, USA

    E. Leslie Knight

  3. Adjunct Clinical Faculty, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Paul R. Langer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richie, D.H. (2017). Ankle Foot Orthoses for the Athlete. In: Werd, M., Knight, E., Langer, P. (eds) Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52136-7_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52136-7_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52134-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52136-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation