Skip to main content

Geospatial Analytics for Park & Protected Land Visitor Reservation Data

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Analytics in Smart Tourism Design

Part of the book series: Tourism on the Verge ((TV))

Abstract

Reservation databases utilized by parks and protected lands (PPLs) are a source of empirical data that holds a wealth of spatiotemporal information about both destination usage (from the supply side) and visitor characteristics (the demand population). Unfortunately, PPL reservation databases are rarely explored with these goals in mind. Geovisualizations of reservation data can be used to identify longitudinal patterns, trends and relationships that can help PPL managers generate knowledge useful in decision support. To demonstrate the knowledge that can be gained through geospatial analytics of PPL reservation data, 12.5 million reservation records from the recreation.gov database between January 1, 2007 and December 30, 2015 are examined. The database includes 3272 distinct destinations that provided camping, permitting or ticketing on U.S. Federal PPLs. This chapter discusses both the value of, and the methodology for, inductively exploring spatiotemporal PPL reservation data through geovisualization. Efforts such as those described in this chapter can provide decision support to managers of Federal, State and County agencies tasked with tourism and resource management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ArcGIS for Desktop. (2016, February). Retrieved March 3, 2016, from http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/

  • ArcGIS Zip Code Layers. (2016, March 31). Retrieved March 31, 2016, from http://www.arcgis.com/home/search.html?q=zip%20code&restrict=true&focus=layers

  • Bahaire, T., & Elliott-White, M. (1999). The application of geographical information systems (GIS) in sustainable tourism planning: A review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(2), 159–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balmford, A., Beresford, J., Green, J., Naidoo, R., Walpole, M., & Manica, A. (2009). A global perspective on trends in nature-based tourism. PLoS Biol, 7(6), e1000144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beeco, J. A., Hallo, J. C., English, W. R., & Giumetti, G. W. (2013). The importance of spatial nested data in understanding the relationship between visitor use and landscape impacts. Applied Geography, 45, 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.09.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beeco, J. A., Hallo, J. C., & Brownlee, M. T. J. (2014). GPS visitor tracking and recreation suitability mapping: Tools for understanding and managing visitor use. Landscape and Urban Planning, 127, 136–145. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. R., & Zabriskie, N. B. (1978). Assisting marketing decisions by computer mapping: A branch banking application. Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 122–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, I. D., & Gimblett, H. R. (2000). Management of recreational areas: GIS, autonomous agents, and virtual reality. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 27(3), 423–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Responsible Travel. (2016). The case for responsible travel: Trends & statistics 2015. Washington, DC. https://ecotourism.app.box.com/s/rxiyp65744sqilmrybfk8mys3qvjbe9g

  • Chavez, D. J. (2001). Managing outdoor recreation in California: Visitor contact studies 1989-1998 (No. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-180.) (p. 100). Albany, NY: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, R. J. (2007). Geographic information systems (GIS) applications in retail tourism and teaching curriculum. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 14(4), 289–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhetri, P. (2015). A GIS methodology for modelling hiking experiences in the Grampians National Park, Australia. Tourism Geographies, 17(5), 795–814. doi:10.1080/14616688.2015.1083609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, N. (2001). Reference systems for measurement. In Exploring geographical information systems (2nd ed., pp. 15–35). Wiley. http://www.citeulike.org/group/2170/article/1104881

  • Crnojevac, I., Gugić, J., & Karlovčan, S. (2010). eTourism: A comparison of online and offline bookings and the importance of hotel attributes. Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences, 34(1), 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLappe, R. (2016, February 24). WebEx about data provided by the Recreation One-Stop Program [WebEx].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott-White, M. P., & Finn, M. (1997). Growing in sophistication: The application of geographical information systems in post-modern tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(1), 65–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Every Kid in a Park. (2015, April 24). Retrieved March 16, 2016, from http://www.nationalparks.org/ook/every-kid-in-a-park

  • Gahegan, M. (2009). Visual exploration and explanation in Geography analysis with light. In Geographic data mining and knowledge discovery (2nd ed., pp. 291–324). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, L., Haesevoets, S., Kuijpers, B., & Vaisman, A. A. (2009). Spatial aggregation: Data model and implementation. Information Systems, 34(6), 551–576. doi:10.1016/j.is.2009.03.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J., Chaudhuri, S., Bosworth, A., Layman, A., Reichart, D., Venkatrao, M., et al. (1997). Data cube: A relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab, and sub-totals. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1(1), 29–53. doi:10.1023/A:1009726021843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haklay, M., Singleton, A., & Parker, C. (2008). Web mapping 2.0: The neogeography of the GeoWeb. Geography Compass, 2(6), 2011–2039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanink, D. M., & Stutts, M. (2002). Spatial demand for national battlefield parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 707–719. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00085-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanink, D. M., & White, K. (1999). Distance effects in the demand for wildland recreational services: the case of national parks in the United States. Environment and Planning A, 31(3), 477–492. doi:10.1068/a310477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschey, J. (2014). Symbiotic relationships: Pragmatic acceptance of data scraping. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 29. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2419167

  • Lansky, D. (2016, March 9). It’s time for the Moneyball of destination marketing. Retrieved March 15, 2016, from https://www.tnooz.com/article/destination-marketing-analytics/

  • Loomis, J. (2004). How bison and elk populations impact park visitation: A comparison of results from a survey and a historic visitation regression model. Society & Natural Resources, 17(10), 941–949. doi:10.1080/08941920490505338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. E. (2014). Research to guide management of outdoor recreation and tourism in parks and protected areas. Koedoe, 56(2), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D. (1999). The value and scope of geographical information systems in tourism management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(1), 77–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mckercher, B., & Lew, A. A. (2003). Distance decay and the impact of effective tourism exclusion zones on international travel flows. Journal of Travel Research, 42(2), 159–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F. L. (2008). Using a GIS in market analysis for a tourism-dependent retailer in the Pocono Mountains. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(3–4), 325–340. doi:10.1080/10548400802508416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. J., & Han, J. (2009). Geographic data mining and knowledge discovery: An overview. In Geographic data mining and knowledge discovery (pp. 1–26). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • myAmerica Developer Summit. (2015, April). Retrieved April 6, 2016, from http://openglobe.github.io/myamerica-devsummit/

  • Neuvonen, M., Pouta, E., Puustinen, J., & Sievanen, T. (2010). Visits to national parks: Effects of park characteristics and spatial demand. Journal for Nature Conservation, 18(3), 224–229. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2009.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, A., Zerger, A., & Itami, B. (2005). Geo-temporal tracking and analysis of tourist movement. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 69(1-2), 135–150. doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2005.02.036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olston, C., & Najork, M. (2010). Web crawling. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 4(3), 175–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panel Discussion on Changing the Culture for Open Data, § Government Data Sharing Community of Practice. (2015). The Loft, 600 F Street NW, Washington, DC 2004. http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/674021.pdf

  • Python. (2016). Retrieved April 4, 2016, from https://www.python.org/

  • Recreation Information Database—RIDB. (2016). Retrieved April 5, 2016, from https://ridb.recreation.gov/

  • Supak, S., Brothers, G., Bohnenstiehl, D., & Devine, H. (2015). Geospatial analytics for federally managed tourism destinations and their demand markets. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 173–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supak, S. K., Devine, H. A., Brothers, G. L., Rozier Rich, S., & Shen, W. (2014). An open source web-mapping system for tourism planning and marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(7), 835–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thelwall, M., & Stuart, D. (2006). Web crawling ethics revisited: Cost, privacy, and denial of service. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(13), 1771–1779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2011). Towards a green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication (p. 419). http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/Green%20EconomyReport_Final_Dec2011.pdf

  • Van Berkel, D. B., Munroe, D. K., & Gallemore, C. (2014). Spatial analysis of land suitability, hot-tub cabins and forest tourism in Appalachian Ohio. Applied Geography, 54, 139–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A. (2000). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations (Vol. 8). Boston: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4651-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, I. D., Wohlfart, T., Brown, G., & Lasa, A. B. (2015). The use of public participation GIS (PPGIS) for park visitor management: A case study of mountain biking. Tourism Management, 51, 112–130. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, J., Forer, P., Sun, Q., & Simmons, D. (2013). Multiple-view strategies for enhanced understanding of dynamic tourist activity through geovisualization at regional and national scales. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40(4), 349–360. doi:10.1080/15230406.2013.783449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stacy Supak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Supak, S., Brothers, G., Ghahramani, L., Van Berkel, D. (2017). Geospatial Analytics for Park & Protected Land Visitor Reservation Data. In: Xiang, Z., Fesenmaier, D. (eds) Analytics in Smart Tourism Design. Tourism on the Verge. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44263-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics