Abstract
The #hashtag in Twitter is hailed as a powerful tool for interaction. It can, for instance, spread and deepen democracy via citizen engagement through the inclusion of new voices into public spaces, and in fact can help create new public spaces. This research is a critical analysis of journalists’ and media personalities’ use of Twitter during the #Rhodes Must Fall campaign in South Africa. The article examines social media practices by analysing responses to the University of Cape Town’s #Rhodes must fall campaign in 2015. The methods deployed are both quantitative and qualitative. First, tweets are extracted via an innovative API extraction method to assess how many people in South Africa engaged during the debate using the hashtag, and of these how many were media personalities and mainstream journalists. The commonplace assumption here is that the hashtag is used to engage with people and provoke responses. However, the question here is to what extent did this occur? Theoretically, the article is embedded in democratic theory, accepting participative democracy as a foregrounder but moving beyond this to the radical democracy model, which asserts that the more diverse voices in the various disparate publics, the more expansive and deeper democracy can be. Deploying radical democracy’s theory vis-a-vis agonistic struggle in robust and clashing spaces and views, this research scrutinizes how the new media platform Twitter, is fulfilling this potential. The article will delineate what the Rhodes Must Fall campaign was about, how the hashtag was used during the campaign, and how mainstream journalists and media personalities engaged, or did not engage, with the various publics during the campaign which captured the national and international imaginations.
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Notes
- 1.
Twitter is a social media platform which allows those networked to each other to communicate in 140 characters, or ‘Your news in 140 characters’ as Wilma Stassen has put it (2010) in the article ‘Your news in 140 characters: Exploring the role of social media in journalism,’ Global Media Journal, African Edition 2010 Vol 4 (1).
- 2.
Munsamy, R. Daily Maverick (2015) It’s not about the statues, Stupid! 9 April 2015.
- 3.
To the experience of white university members told they were not allowed to speak and air their views, nor should they be appropriating black culture by wearing beads and bracelets or braids as hairstyles.
- 4.
This resulted in 2016 with a new activist hashtag, #ForBlackGirlsOnly.
- 5.
Citizen journalism, part of the new media ecologies since the internet, can be broadly defined as a two-way stream between citizens and newsrooms—understood to mean better participation and diversity in news and access to traditional newsrooms. Nonetheless it is a contested term given its broadness but the main issue for this article is the extent to which citizens (in this case student activists) can be empowered by getting their views in the public domain, hitherto closed off to them.
- 6.
The content analysis looked for a question mark or typical interrogative words.
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Daniels, G. (2016). Scrutinizing Hashtag Activism in the #MustFall Protests in South Africa in 2015. In: Mutsvairo, B. (eds) Digital Activism in the Social Media Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40949-8_9
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